Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are highly conserved cellular proteins that contribute to adaptive responses of organisms to a variety of stressors. In response to stressors, cellular levels of HSPs are increased and play critical roles in protein stability, folding and molecular trafficking. The mRNA expression pattern of two well-known heat shock protein transcripts, HSP70 and HSP90 were studied in two tissues of nerve ganglia, cerebral ganglion and pleuropedal ganglion of Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai). It was observed that both HSP70 and HSP90 transcripts were upregulated under heat stress in both ganglion tissues. Expression level of HSP70 was found higher than HSP90 in both ganglia whereas cerebral ganglion showed higher expression than pleuropedal ganglion. The HSP70 and HSP90 showed higher expression at Day-1 after exposed to heat stress, later decreased at Day-3 and Day-7 onwards. The present result suggested that HSP70 and HSP90 synthesize in nerve ganglion tissues and may provide efficient protection from stress.

Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RTqPCR) is a rapid and precise method of analysis to quantify the level of gene expression and is widely used in the diagnosis of diseases and quantitative analysis of genes. In RT-qPCR analysis, a reference gene (or housekeeping gene) is used for normalization of experimental results. Since this method of analysis detects a small quantity of the product, it is highly sensitive and it is important for the accuracy and reproducibility of the experiment to select a reference gene suitable for gene expression studies. As the expression levels of the reference gene are affected under different conditions, in order to determine the suitability of the housekeeping gene used as the reference gene, it is necessary to verify the expression stability. In the current study, the stability of the expression of 11 housekeeping genes (B2M, SDHA, GAPDH, RPL13, VIM, EEF1A1, HPRT1, GUSB, RPL19, ACTB, and ABL1) was investigated in the tissues of long-tailed chickens (heart, thigh, and breast). Expression stability evaluation was analyzed with four software: BestKeeper, NormFinder, geNorm, and RefFinder. In our study, GAPDH in heart tissue, HPRT1 in thigh tissue, and RPL13 in breast tissue were selected as the most stable reference genes. Evaluation of the expression stability of housekeeping genes can provide important data in gene expression studies by selecting an appropriate reference gene according to various conditions.

오존은 수돗물 정수장에서 이용되는 소독 물질로 미세오염 물질들을 비롯해서 박테리아나 병원성 미생물체를 효과적으로 제거하는 것으로 많은 연구가 보고되어 있다. 본 연 구에서는 실내 사육 중인 붉은 체색을 지닌 Glyptotendipes tokunagai를 대상으로 서로 다른 농도의 오존 노출에 따른 영향을 파악하기 위해 치사율, 체색 변화와 heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) 유전자 발현을 측정하였다. 오존에 노출 된 G. tokunagai에서 농도-시간 의존적으로 치사율 증가가 관찰되었다. 또한 체색 변화는 오존 농도에 따라 붉은색의 체색이 체절마다 엷어지며 탈색되고 경직되는 현상이 보였다. HSP70 유전자 발현은 저농도인 0.2~0.5 ppm에서 노출 10분과 20분에 유의한 수준으로 높게 나타났으나 (P<0.05), 30 분 노출 후에는 발현량이 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 생리적으로 저산소층에 대해 적응능력이 뛰어난 깔따구 경우에도 오존은 매우 강력한 치사 효과를 유발하여 30분 노출 후 경직과 헤모글로빈 파괴로 인한 탈색이 유발되는 것을 보여주었다. 따라서 본 결과는 수돗물 정수장에서 병원성 미생물을 제거하는 데 사용되는 오존이 수생물에 주는 영향성을 파악하는 기초자료로서 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

In this study, we investigated whether infusion of colorectal cancer cell line and PMSG could increase endometrial cancer. As a result, our study confirmed that the injection of colorectal cancer can cause inflammation and cancer in the uterus and increase the VEGF gene in the uterus. The study also found that endometrial cancer was associated with PMSG.

Enamel knot (EK)—a signaling center—refers to a transient morphological structure comprising epithelial tissue. EK is believed to regulate tooth development in early organogenesis without its own cellular alterations, including proliferation and differentiation. EKs show a very simple but conserved structure and share functions with teeth of recently evolved vertebrates, suggesting conserved signaling in certain organs, such as functional teeth, through the course of evolution. In this study, we examined the expression patterns of key EK-specific genes including Dusp26 , Fat4, Meis2, Sln , and Zpld1 during mice embryogenesis. Expression patterns of these genes may reveal putative differentiation mechanisms underlying tooth morphogenesis.

The oral care probiotic strain Weissella cibaria CMU (oraCMU) inhibits volatile sulphur compounds associated with halitosis, presumably by inhibiting the growth of associated oral pathogens. In the present study, we investigated whether oraCMU inhibits the production of these compounds by suppressing the expression of mgl . This gene encodes L-methionine-α-deamino-γ-mercaptomethane-lyase (METase) and is involved in the production of methyl mercaptan (CH3SH) by Porphyromonas gingivalis . Therefore, we specifically investigated the effects of oraCMU on the growth, CH3SH production, METase activity, and mgl expression of P. gingivalis . The minimum inhibitory concentrations of cell-free supernatant and secreted proteins from oraCMU were 125 mg/mL and 800 µg/mL, respectively. At sub-minimum inhibitory concentration levels, these metabolites inhibited CH3SH production, but they also reduced P. gingivalis viability. Only heat-killed oraCMU decreased CH3SH production without affecting P. gingivalis viability. Heat-killed oraCMU also inhibited METase activity toward L-methionine and mgl mRNA expression (p < 0.05). In summary, we demonstrated the inhibition of volatile sulphur compounds via the antimicrobial action of oraCMU and, for the first time, the inhibition of such compounds by heat-killed oraCMU, which occurred at the molecular level.

Hypoxia is one of the most common features of cancer. It is also associated with cancer progression and the acquisition of aggressiveness, which includes invasion and metastasis. Oral squamous cell carcinoma accounts for 90% of all oral cancers, and its 5-year survival rate is about 50%. Despite various attempts and trials, its prognosis has not improved. Among numerous adverse prognostic factors, hypoxia is suspected as one of the most important factors, as it increases the aggressiveness of oral cancer cells. We attempted to observe the effect of hypoxia on the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers in oral cancer cells. We analyzed and compared both the mRNA and protein expression levels of epithelial-mesenchymal markers using qRT-PCR and western blotting in both normoxic and hypoxic YD10B oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Eighty-six genes were analyzed through real-time PCR using commercial microarray plates, performed in triplicate. Among the 86 genes, the expression of 24 were increased (≥ 2 fold) by hypoxia, while that of three genes was decreased (≥ 2 fold). Hypoxia significantly affects epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related genes. Further studies on the regulation of these genes may help to develop more efficient therapeutic modalities for oral cancer and to improve prognosis of oral cancer patients.

Insect killing fungus Beauveria bassiana has been widely studied as a biological control agent. However, many studies have been focused on lab or field-based management. Herein this work, comparison of three B. bassiana strains was investigated under a molecular level. The whole genome sequences of ERL836, JEF-007 were analyzed by PacBio (35.5 Mb of ERL836 and 36.5 Mb of JEF-007) and ARSEF2860 referenced from GenBank (33.7 Mb). To compare the three strains, virulence, thermotolerance and chemical resistance were assayed. The transcriptomes of non-infecting B. bassiana and infecting B. bassiana against western flower thrips were analyzed using RNA-seq. This work can provide that genome features, functions, morphology and gene expression could be different under the molecular level, even if in the same species.

The incidence of stomach cancer has been found to be gradually decreasing; however, it remains one of the most frequently occurring malignant cancers in Korea. According to statistics of 2017, stomach cancer is the top cancer in men and the fourth most important cancer in women, necessitating methods for its early detection and treatment. Considerable research in the field of bioinformatics has been conducted in cancer studies, and bioinformatics approaches might help develop methods and models for its early prediction. We aimed to develop a classification method based on deep learning and demonstrate its application to gene expression data obtained from patients with stomach cancer. Data of 60,483 genes from 334 patients with stomach cancer in The Cancer Genome Atlas were evaluated by principal component analysis, heatmaps, and the convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm. We combined the RNA-seq gene expression data with clinical data, searched candidate genes, and analyzed them using the CNN deep learning algorithm. We performed learning using the sample type and vital status of patients with stomach cancer and verified the results. We obtained an accuracy of 95.96% for sample type and 50.51% for vital status. Despite overfitting owing to the limited number of patients, relatively accurate results for sample type were obtained. This approach can be used to predict the prognosis of stomach cancer, which has many types and underlying causes.

Interferon-tau (IFNT) is known as a major conceptus protein that signals the process of maternal recognition of pregnancy in ruminants. Also, multiple interferon genes exist in cattle, However, molecular mechanisms of these bovine IFNT (bIFNT) genes whose expressions are limited have not been characterized. We and others have observed that expression levels of bovine subtype IFNT genes in the tissues of ruminants; thus, bIFNT1 and other new type I (bIFNTc1/c2/c3) gene co-exist during the early stages of conceptus development and non-trophoblast cells. Its genes transcription could be regulated through CDX2 and ETS2 and JUN and/or cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB)-binding protein (CREBBP) expression, a transcription factor implicated in the control of cell differentiation in the trophectoderm. Bovine ear-derived fibroblast cells, were co-transfected with luciferase reporter constructs carrying upstream (positions -1000 to +51) regions of bIFNT1 and other new type I gene and various transcription factor expression plasmids. Compared to each - 1kb-bIFNT1/ c1/c2/c3-Luc increased when this constructs were co-transfected with CDX2, ETS2, JUN and/or CREBBP. Also, Its genes was had very effect on activity by CDX2, either alone or with the other transcription factors, markedly increased luciferase activity. However, the degree of transcriptional activation of the bIFNTc1 gene was not similar to that bIFNT1/c2/c3 gene by expression plasmid. Furthermore, Sequence analyses also revealed that the expression levels of bIFNT1/c2/c3 gene mRNAs expression were highest on day 17, 20 and 22 trophoblast and, Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK), Bovine ear-derived fibroblast (EF), and endometrium (Endo) non-trophoblast cells. But, bIFNTc1 mRNA had not same expression level, bIFNTc1 lowest levels than those of IFNT1/c2/c3 gene in both trophoblast and non-trophoblast cells. These results demonstrate that bovine subtype bIFNT genes display differential, in the trophoblast and non-trophoblast cells.