This qualitative study explores how foreign non-native English speaking teachers (FNNESTs) perceive themselves as English educators and how they exert agency to be better perceived as professionals. Given the close relationship between teacher identity and its implications for educational outcomes, this study is based on Norton’s (2008) perspective on identity, which posits identity as dynamic, contradictory, and constantly changing across time and place. The data collection process included four semistructured interviews with two FNNESTs and four interactions on social networking sites. According to the results, the identities of FNNESTs were shaped through their initial language learning experiences, exposure to critically oriented scholarship in graduate school, their future anticipations, and mostly through their agency in the immediate professional context in which they currently teach. That is, four unique identities and one common identity were identified among the participants. In summary, FFNESTs do not perceive themselves as lacking but rather value their diverse language skills and past experiences as language learners.

The common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina), which is native to North America, started to be imported into South Korea as pets in the 1990s. The turtle was sold in supermarkets and pet shops nationwide at low prices such as 20 USD. These non-native turtles, with their large size and strong predatory nature, have been consistently discovered in the wild in South Korea beginning in 2014, and they were designated as an ecosystem-disturbing species (EDS) in October 2022. Until June 30, 2023, a collection system was implemented to reduce the abandonment problem of C. serpentina due to their designation as an EDS. In this study, we analyzed the impacts of the legal designation as an ecologically disturbing species and the collection system of C. serpentina on their abandonment and surrender. Our findings showed that designation as EDS did not affect the abandonment of C. serpentina. Meanwhile, the collection system led to cases of immediate surrender. Within 3 years of post-purchase, 41.8% of the turtles were surrendered, and 67.5% were surrendered when they reached 3 kg. Determining the impact of the legal designation as an EDS may be currently limited due to the difficulty of detecting C. serpentina in the wild. On the other hand, cases of surrender through the collection system are considered to be effective as they have been shown to reduce the abandonment of this newly designated ecosystem-disturbing species.

Recently, in relation to climate change, many studies have been conducted to predict the potential habitat area and distribution range of tilapia and the suitability of habitat for each species. Most tilapia are tropical fish that cannot survive at water temperatures below 10 to 12°C, although some tilapia can survive at 6 to 8°C. This study predicted habitable areas and the possibility of spreading of habitat ranges of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus and Oreochromis aureus) known to inhabit domestic streams. Due to climate change, it was found that habitats in the Geum River, Mangyeong River, Dongjin River, Seomjin River, Taehwa River, Hyeongsan River, and the flowing in East Sea were possible by 2050. In addition, it was confirmed that tilapia could inhabit the preferred lentic ecosystem such as Tamjin Lake, Naju Lake, Juam Lake, Sangsa Lake, Jinyang Lake, Junam Reservoir, and Hoedong Reservoir. In particular, in the case of tilapia, which lives in tributaries of the Geumho River, Dalseo Stream, and the Nakdong River, its range of habitat is expected to expand to the middle and lower of the Nakdong River system. Therefore, it is judged that it is necessary to prepare physical and institutional management measures to prevent the spread of the local population where tilapia currently inhabits and to prevent introduction to new habitats.

This paper aims to investigate Korean EFL learners’ pragmatic performance in request speech acts in comparison with native speakers of English. Written discourse completion tasks (WDCT) are used to examine how native and non-native speakers request in terms of request strategies, internal modifications, and external modifications. The results show that first, Korean learners had a higher frequency of inappropriate strategies than native speakers. Second, they lacked the quantity and variety of internal modifications both lexically and syntactically. However, regarding external modifications, their use of supportive moves was similar to that of natives in frequency and order. In addition, this study identified newly emergent supportive moves that are Korean-specific and detrimental to communication goals. The findings shed light on pragmatic instruction in the Korean EFL situation by providing research-informed data. Several pedagogical implications are suggested for application in teaching.

The two main hypotheses that explain why invasive alien plants successfully colonize new environments are: 1) invasive alien plants are functionally different from native plants in a community, and 2) the plants can adapt well to new environments because they are functionally similar to native plants. The present study investigated the functional traits of naturalized alien herbaceous plants and their native neighbors in a riparian park area near the Hapcheon-Changyeong weir along the Nakdong River to determine which of the two hypotheses applied to the study area. According to the results, leaf functional traits, such as leaf area, specific leaf area, leaf thickness, leaf dry matter content, leaf nitrogen content, and leaf carbon content differed between naturalized alien and native plants, which could be attributed to the higher leaf nitrogen contents in naturalized alien plants than in native plants. The high leaf nitrogen contents are associated with high photosynthetic rates, which lead to effective resource use and rapid growth; therefore, naturalized alien plants growing in the study area were considered to have such functional traits. The results of the present study support the hypothesis that the successful establishment of invasive alien plants is attributed to the functional trait differences between invasive and native plants.

글로벌화가 진행됨에 따라 외래생물에 대한 문제가 점점 커지고 있으며, 전 세계적인 규모로 확대되고 있다. 국내의 경우, 야생에서 서식하는 외래종 중 외래거북이 발견되는 사례가 빠르게 증가하고 있다. 1970년대 처음으로 수입된 붉은귀거북 (Trachemys scripta elegans)을 포함하여, 15여 종의 외래거북이 최근 국내 야생에서 확인되었다. 게다가, 2019년 10월 15일, 광주광역시에 위치한 풍암천에서 악어거북(Macrochelys temminckii) 한 개체가 발견되었다. 외래생물 관련 문제가 커지는 시기에 큰 크기와 공격적인 성향을 가진 악어거북의 발견 사례는 큰 이슈가 되었으며, 다수의 대중매체를 통해 기사화되 었다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 악어거북 발견 기사에 달린 댓글(의견)들을 통해 대중들이 가지고 있는 외래생물에 대한 인식을 알아보고자 하였다. 악어거북 기사에 달린 댓글은 총 1,100개였다. 그 중 342개(31.1%)가 외래생물과 연관성을 보였다. 연관성이 있었던 글(n=342) 중 외래생물이 문제가 될 것이라는 댓글은 전체의 97.7%(n=334)였다. 외래생물이 문제가 되는 이유(n=42)에는 생태계교란(n=31, 73.8%)과 공격성(n=11, 26.2%)이 포함되었다. 외래생물 침입 문제가 발생하는 원인으로는 책임감 부재(n=122, 51.7%)가 가장 많이 언급되었으며, 무분별한 수입 및 거래(n=99, 42.0%), 관련 제도 부재(n=13, 5.5%), 처리 방법의 부재(n=2, 0.8%)가 뒤를 이었다. 대중은 외래생물 문제를 해결하기 위한 방안(n=129)으로 등록제(animal registration)의 필요성(n=59, 45.7%)을 가장 많이 언급하였다. 본 연구를 통해 대중이 외래생물에 대한 심각성을 인식하고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구에서 확인한 외래생물에 대한 대중들의 인식과 의견은 연구자와 정부가 충분히 참고할 필요가 있으며, 추후 외래생물의 관리를 위한 정책 방향을 설정하는데 중요한 근거가 될 것이다.

교통수단의 발달과 애완동물 시장의 확장은 외래생물의 국가 간 이동을 증가시키는 주요한 원인이 되고 있다. 게다가 최근 인터넷을 통한 판매는 애완동물 거래를 활성화하는 요인이 된다. 국내의 경우, 외래생물의 수입은 꾸준히 증가하고 있는 반면 수입된 외래생물들이 어떻게 그리고 얼마나 거래되고 있는지는 명확하지 않다. 일반적으로 야생에서 발견되는 외래생물 대부분이 방생의 결과라는 점을 고려하면, 애완동물의 거래 현황을 파악하는 것은 야생으로 유입될 수 있는 잠재적인 외래생물을 파악하는 것과 동일하다고 볼 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 2019년 1월 22일에서 2월 10일까지 총 25개 온라인 펫샵을 대상으로 판매되고 있는 외래 양서파충류의 종수, 빈도, 가격 등을 조사하였다. 조사 결과, 총 677종의 외래 양서파충류가 판매되고 있었으며, 그 중 뱀류이나 도마뱀류를 포함한 유린목(Squamata)이 전체 65.4%(443종)로 가장 많았다. 2019년도 온라인 펫샵에서 판매하는 외래 양서파충류 수는 과거 2015년 공식적으로 수입된 325종 보다 약 2.1배 많았다. 가장 많은 매장에서 판매하는 양서류는 Litoria caerulea(화이트청개구리)(21개 펫샵)였으며, 파충류는 Correlophus ciliatus(크리스디 드도마뱀붙)(24개)였다. 외래 양서파충류의 가격은 최저 3천원이었으며, 최고가로 판매되는 종은 유린목의 Rhacodactylus leachianus(리취자이언트도마뱀붙이)의 1억원이었다. 온라인 펫샵에서 판매되고 있는 외래 양서파충류 중 야생에서 발견된 종은 총 11종으로 확인되었으며, 비교적 낮은 가격에 판매되고 있었다. 멸종위기야생생물 II급이자 천연기념물 제453호인 남생이와 생태계교란야생생물인 황소개구리(백색증, albino)가 온라인 펫샵에서 판매되는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 온라인 펫샵에서 판매되고 있는 외래 양서파충류 677종 중 21.6%가 CITES으로 지정된 종이었다. 본 연구의 결과를 통해 국내로 수입되어 판매되고 있는 외래 양서파충류의 현황을 파악할 수 있었으며, 이는 야생으로 유입될 가능성이 있는 잠재적인 외래 양서파충류를 평가하고 예측하는 데 중요한 근거가 될 것이다.

2019년 3월 27일 경기도 고양시 일산동구 장항동에 위치하는 일산호수공원에서 일광욕 중이던 외래거북 한 개체가 발견되었다. 발견된 개체의 배갑 색, 배갑 중앙의 무늬, 머리 옆면의 무늬, 등껍질의 형태를 근거로 서부비단거북 (Chrysemys picta bellii)임이 확인되었다. 근처에는 서부비단거북이 아닌 외래거북들이 일광욕하고 있었다. 본 논문에서는 국내 야생에서 처음으로 확인된 서부비단거북의 관찰 사례를 보고하였다. 다양한 외래거북들이 국내 생태계에서 지속적으로 발견되고 있으나 그 실태가 잘 알려지지 않고 있다. 따라서 외래생물의 효과적인 관리를 위해서는 지속적인 조사와 보고가 있어야 할 것이라 판단된다.

Invasive non-native species are one of the main threats to biodiversity. Recently, more than 30 non-native species were reported to have established in the four major rivers of South Korea, and introduction of non-native species is gradually accelerating. However, ecological information necessary for prevention and management of non-native species introductions and consequent spread is lacking in South Korea, and especially so for freshwater non-native species. In this study, we assessed eight non-native freshwater fishes established in the Geum River watershed [the Risk Assessment (RA) area] using the Aquatic Species Invasiveness Screening Kit (AS-ISK). Receiver operating curve analysis identified threshold values of 24.75 for the BRA (Basic Risk Assessment) and 35.75 for the BRA+CCA (BRA + Climate Change Assessment). Four species, namely Carassius cuvieri, Lepomis macrochirus, Micropterus salmoides and Oreochromis niloticus were ranked as ‘high risk’; whereas, the lowest scoring non-native species was Coreoperca kawamebari, which is not likely to be invasive in the RA area because it has not established self-reproducing populations and its distribution is currently narrowing across the country. The results of this study indicate that application of AS-ISK allows the assessment of potentially invasive non-native species and provides a framework of action for the development of management guidelines for non-native species and the conservation of native species (cf. ecological traits such as species competition, habitat preference, food resources, and reproduction). As a case study for the Geum River watershed in South Korea, it is recommended that additional screening studies should be carried out for the non-native species in the four major rivers of South Korea.

This study investigates whether a natural order exists for non-native acquisition in the production of English syllable coda obstruents by Korean and Chinese adult native speakers. We recorded L2 English monosyllabic words produced by 66 Chinese and 51 Korean native speakers. The recorded speech was then evaluated by 11 native-speaker listeners of English to determine the accuracy of coda consonants. The results showed that in both Chinese and Korean languages, the mean proportion of L2 forms was consistently ordered across all groups of different proficiencies: Substitution > Insertion > Deletion. Our results support the Natural Order Hypothesis that non-native phonology has the same general order, no matter what might be the language proficiency of the learners or the learners’ native language. However, the results do not support the view that this order is the acquisition sequence or the difficulty order. Other findings include that non-native phonology operates according to recoverability rather than transfer or markedness.

This study compares native English teachers (NETs) and non-native English teachers (NNETs) in their perceptions of errors as well as their actual feedback. Studies comparing NETs and NNETs have focused on actual feedback practice (Green & Hecht, 1985; T. Kobayashi, 1992), with very few studies relating this feedback to their actual perceptions of error correction (Hyland & Anan, 2006; Kim, 2007). In order to better understand this phenomenon, 26 NETs and 24 NNETs completed a questionnaire and provided feedback on a sample academic essay. The results reveal that while both groups showed differing degrees of perceptions, they did not significantly differ from each other in actual feedback, except that NETs preferred coded feedback than NNETs by explaining errors. This study implies that NNETs are as reliable as NETs in correcting errors, but that they differ in how they give feedback.

The present study aims to compare teacher talk and the course book used as a source of vocabulary input. For the research purpose, part of Yenny Corpus (Kwon, 2013) was used to analyze the vocabulary content of the two input sources. Yenny Corpus consists of a total of 247,398 words collected from EFL classes of four native and five non-native university lecturers. In this study, however, the data of 1,416 words by the native teachers and 1,651 words by the non-native teachers with their course book scripts were used. To analyze the quantity and quality of the vocabulary use (e.g., level, diversity) of the two input sources, some representative word lists such as BNC-COCA 25,000 word family list topped on Range Program (Heatley & Nation, 2002) were applied. The results show that the teachers (including both native and non-native teachers) orally provide 8,090 word types while their course books introduce 4,713. The non-native teachers provide a little more vocabulary input compared with the native teachers’ talk. In addition, the level of the vocabulary provided by the non-native teachers seems more appropriate for their students’ vocabulary ability. Nevertheless, in order to generalize the findings further research is needed in different settings.

The purpose of the study is to compare the nature of teacher talk between the native and non-native speaking professors with its focus on language functions and interaction modifications in English-mediated writing instruction. The study analyzed the classroom languages of two professors who were teaching college-level composition courses using the same textbook and syllabus. The classes taught by the two professors were videotaped, transcribed, and analyzed based on the AS-unit. The results showed both professors used all of the five functions in the order of information, suasion, opinion, future plans, and checking. The NS professor, on the other hand, used the information function more often, while the NNS professor relied more on the suasion function. The data also displayed that the NS professor gave more feedback responses, whereas the NNS professor asked more clarification requests and repeated their own utterances. The findings implied that the types and distribution of the teacher talk may be influenced by the subject-matter and the instructional foci of each professor.