Among the public notices of the NSSC, five notices related to safeguards, including “Education of Nuclear Control, International Regulatory Materials, Preparation of Regulation of NMAC (Nuclear Material Accounting and Control), the National Inspection of NMAC, and Reporting of International Regulatory Materials” The regulations on the National Inspection of NMAC have remained the same since some revisions were made on December 26, 2017, raising the need to revise the public notice due to changes in the domestic and international safeguards regulatory environment. Accordingly, this paper analyzes the public notice of the National Inspection of NMAC and proposes the revision direction. The regulation regarding the National Inspection of NMAC comprises sections such as Purpose and Definition, Types - Scope - Frequency of the National Inspection, Notification of the National Inspection’s plan, and Management of Violation. Appendices include the contents of the violation table, explanations regarding types of violations, and various forms related to the National Inspection, which are attached separately. IAEA mentioned that ROK was selected as a pilot country for the Improved SLA (State-Level Approach) project starting in November 2020. IAEA explained that a quantitative and standardized methodology was adopted and developed for this purpose. As a result, the Unannounced Inspection at LWR facilities will transition to the Random Interim Inspection. Additionally, the Physical Inventory Verification in CANDU facilities will increase to once a year per reactor. This status will change the frequency and intensity of inspection at domestic nuclear facilities. Furthermore, domestically, there is an ongoing trend of continuous growth and diversification of nuclear facilities. In light of the changing domestic and international safeguards environment, it is necessary to set a direction for revising the regulation regarding the National Inspection of NMAC that was partially amended in 2017 to align with the current status. Firstly, due to the increased burden on operators resulting from the increased number of IAEA inspections following the application of Improved SLA, there is a need to streamline the National Inspection of NMAC frequency to enhance overall regulatory efficiency. Furthermore, the definition section should also be revised to include matters related to the regulation to reflect the current reality accurately. Considering the operation and name changes of new domestic nuclear facilities, there may be a need to add or modify computer input codes. While pursuing the revision of regulations regarding the National Inspection of NMAC, an analysis of the need for revision of other regulations related to safeguards should also be conducted, and directions should be set. Through this process, improving the regulatory framework that forms the basis of safeguards can help prevent confusion among operators and promote regulatory efficiency. We can better cope with these changes by proactively adapting to the rapidly changing domestic and international nuclear environment.

Regulators conduct inspections and issue non-compliance notice, and it is necessary to examine whether this is equivalent a corrective order. A corrective order imposes binding obligations on a business, and violations of it can result in sanctions such as fines, license revocation, or suspension. Therefore, if it is a corrective order, it must go through procedures such as prior notification under the Administrative Procedure Act. However, so far, no such procedures have been followed when issuing non-compliance notice. There are three possible interpretations of it: 1) the issuance of a non-compliance notice is not a corrective order but a part of an inspection, 2) the issuance of a non-compliance notice is a corrective order but not a disposition, and 3) the process of hearing opinions and prior notification was carried out during the inspection. However, if it is a part of an inspection, it should be issued by KINAC or KINS, which is entrusted with the inspection, but it is issued by the Nuclear Safety and Security Commission, and it is a disposition because it makes specific demands, and the corrective orders themselves have not gone through the procedure of hearing opinions. Therefore, in order for a non-compliance notice to be enforceable unlike a recommendation and to be issued by the Nuclear Safety and Security Commission instead of the inspection agency, the law should be amended and the procedure of prior notice and hearing opinions required by the Administrative Procedure Act should be carried out at the issuance stage.

Prior studies have focused primarily on the issue of consumers’ privacy concerns in personalized advertising, but little is known about the effect of transparency awareness using data collection notifications on consumers. This study focuses on the relationship between consumers’ perceptions of the AI algorithms underlying online behavioral advertising (OBA) and the advertising effects. Our research model indicates that displaying data collection notifications regarding OBA and personalized ads increases favorable perceptions of AI systems, such as transparency. Moreover, the model suggests that personalized ads induce higher perceived surveillance than non-personalized ads.

일본 외무성과 시마네현 다케시마 문제연구회는 1905년 각의결정과 이에 따른 후속 하위행정법령으로서 시마네현 고시 제40호 등은 일본이 근대법제의 방식으로 다케시마 영토획득을 표현한 것이라고 주장한다. 하지만 1905년 각의결정 등은 국제법을 위반한 조치였다. 우선 1904년 량코섬 영토편입 및 대하원은 명확하게 독도가 일본보다는 대한제국으로부터 가깝다는 서술을 하고 있고, 1905년 각의결정 또한 독도를 타국이 점령했다고 할 만한 형적이 없다고 하여 일본정부는 타국으로서 대한제국이 이해관계를 가질 수 있음을 인식하고 있었다. 그럼에도 이를 대한제국에 확인하지 않은 것은 일본 정부가 독도를 자의적으로 무주지로 판단한 것이며 국제법을 위반한 것이다. 둘째, 1900년 대한제국 칙령 제41호가 공포되어 관보에 게재된 이후 일본이 1905년 각의결정을 하기까지 기간은 대한제국이 행정편제를 통해 명확화한 영토에 대해 실효적인 지배를 확립하기 위한 ‘합리적으로 충분한 기간’이 경과했다고 볼 수 없다. 결국 대한제국이 칙령 제41호를 통해 타국이 독도를 선점하는 것을 합리적으로 충분한 기간 동안 잠정적으로 금지하는 불완전 권원을 보유하고 있었음에도 일본은 이를 침해한 것이다. 셋째, 1904년 량코 섬 영토편입 및 대하원은 독도가 일본의 영토 오키 열도에서 대한제국의 본토인 강원도와 함경도로 왕복하기 위한 항로에서 대한제국과 긴밀한 관계에 있음을 밝히고 있다. 이는 독도가 일본이 아닌 대한제국의 판도에 속해 있으며 울릉도와 독도가 하나의 영향권 내에 있다는 인식을 표현한 것이다. 넷째, 1905년 각의결정은 1904년 량코섬 영토편입 및 대하원의 독도가 대한제국의 울릉도에서 더 가깝다는 서술을 의도적으로 배제하고 있다. 이는 독도가 일본의 오키 섬으로부터의 거리보다 대한제국의 영토에 더 가깝다는 사실을 은폐한 것이다. 이는 근대 이전 영토획득의 근거로 인정되었던 지리적 근접성의 원칙을 의식하여 이 원칙이 독도에 적용되지 않도록 의도한 것이다. 다섯째, 1905년 각의결정과 1904년 량코 섬 영토편입 및 대하원은 독도를 자국의 영토로 편입하려는 것이 대한제국에 공식적으로 알려지는 경우 대한제국의 이의제기로 인해 실패할 것에 대한 우려가 있음을 명확하게 인식하고 있었다. 이러한 이유로 일본정부는 대한제국에 알려질 가능성이 있는 일본의 근대법제로서 황제의 칙령이 아닌 하위의 각의결정의 형식으로 독도를 편입하여 관보게재 부담을 회피한 것이다. 그리고 시마네 현의 고시를 통해 독도를 대상으로 하는 행정조치를 할 수 있는 국내법적 근거만을 마련한 것이다.

To date, chemical managements of plant bacterial diseases are complicated by limitations on use of antibiotics in agriculture, antibiotic resistance development, and limited efficacy of alternative control agents. In this study, thus, we performed screening of eco-friendly farming material (notice no. 2-4-064) containing tannic acid as new antibacterial-activity against 7 plant bacterial pathogens: Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc), Ralstonia solanacearum (Rs), Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli (Aac), Xanthomonas cirti pv. citri (Xcc), Erwinia pyrifoliae (Ep), Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm), and Streptomycesscabies (Sc), Initial screening of antibacterial effects of eco-friendly farming material was performed using the paper disk diffusion method and co-cultivation in broth culture. Tannic acid based eco-friendly farming material showed inhibitory effect against Pcc, Rs, Aac, Xcc, Cmm, and Ss, whereas it did not show inhibition zone against Ep. However, when it tested by co-cultivation in broth culture, it showed strong inhibition effect against all pathogens that declined growth curve compared to bacterial pathogen only. Interestingly, when we observed morphological changes on those pathogens by SEM, cell morphologies of 7 pathogens were slightly changed that seem to be malfunction in their cell envelope.