본 리뷰의 목적은 벼 종자 저장단백질 구조분석 및 발현특성분석 결과 종합화를 통하여 종자형질 개선 등의 실용화연구를 위한 기반구축을 모색하는데 있다. 최근 벼 염색체염기서열완전해독 연구 결과를 이용한 유용형질 유전자 분리 및 실용화 연구가 많이 진행되고 있다. 특히 벼 종자 저장단백질은 인류에게는 주요 영양원으로 사용되어지며 종자 발아시에는 식물체 성장을 위한 질소원으로 사용되어진다. 벼 종자 저장단백질의 분류는 용매에서의 용해도에 따라 약산성 및 알카리 용해성의 glutelin, 알코올 용해성의 prolamin, 염 용해성의 globulin으로 나눈다. 벼 염색체 상에는 11개의 glutelin 유전자와 33개의 prolamin 유전자가 존재하며 prolamin 유전자의 경우 5번 염색체 15 Mb 부위에 15개의 유전자가 위치하였다. 이와 같이 종자저장단백질 유전자들이 동일 염색체 부위에 위치하고 있는 것은 진화학적으로 동일 염색체에서 유래하였거나 유사한 유전자발현 조절영역을 가지고 있음을 의미한다. Globulin 유전자는 5번 염색체에 단일 유전자로 존재하였다. 마이크로어레이를 이용한 종자저장 단백질 관련 유전자의 조직 특이 발현 양상을 분석한 결과 glutelin과 대다수의 prolamin 합성 유전자는 종자배유에서만 발현을 하였으며 소수의 prolamin과 globulin 합성 유전자는 종자배유와 발아종자에서도 발현을 나타내었다. 종자 저장단백질의 프로모터부위를 분리한 후 종자에서의 발현 양상을 분석한 결과 glutelin type C1 프로모터가 종자의 전체 부위에서 발현을 나타내었으며 glutelin type B5와 α-globulin 프로모터가 많은 양의 발현을 나타내었다. 본 리뷰를 통하여 벼 종자 저장단백질의 구조및 발현특성 연구 진행사항을 살펴보았다. 이러한 연구 동향분석은 종자형질 개선 및 물질생산 등의 실용화 연구를 수행하는 연구자들에게 최근의 연구 현황을 제공할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

In this study, we analyzed seed storage proteins in order to investigate the main factors related to the eating quality of japonica and tongil-type rice varieties. Sensory evaluation was performed by a trained panel to assess the appearance (color and glossiness), flavor, taste, stickiness, texture, and overall score of nine japonica and three tongil-type rice cultivars. Moreover, the pattern of variation in rice storage proteins was examined by electrophoresis of protein extracts. The electrophoretic pattern of rice proteins showed 16.4 kDa albumin, 26.4 kDa globulin, 34-39 kDa and 21-22 kDa glutelin, and 14.3 kDa prolamin. In terms of storage protein, the varietal differences between japonica and tongil-type rice were found in albumin, globulin, and the α-1, and α-2 sub-units of acidic glutelin. Furthermore, the overall sensory evaluation score was observed to be positively correlated with albumin (0.495 ** ) and globulin (0.567 ** ), and negatively correlated with α-1 glutelin (-0.612 ** ). Therefore, the results indicated that albumin, globulin, and α-1 glutelin can affect the eating quality of japonica and tongil-type rice varieties, with the latter having lower eating quality than the former.

barley grain and malt is highly related to beer quality, especially hordein is known to be a more significant factor in malting process than albumin. In this study, we proposed selection criteria for high quality malting barley with aid of grain and malt quality parameter scores and storage protein subunit profile informations. Albumin and hordein were extracted and denatured protein subunits were evaluated with malt and grain quality parameters. Total 13 local adaptability test (LAT) lines were planted in four locations (Naju, Iksan, Jeju, and Jinju) and evaluated for malt and beer making qualities. Seventeen germplasms (world collections for high or low seed storage protein content) were also evaluated for biochemical genetic marker. Denatured seed storage protein subunits of albumin and hordein of all tested lines and germplasms were evaluated using 12% 1D SDS-PAGE. Scored data of protein subunit's presence or absence was applied to Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC) for statistical analysis. Subunits fractionated within specific molecular weight ranges (97.4-31.0, 66.2-31.0, and 45.0-31.0 kDa) were highly correlated with agricultural characteristics. Several LAT lines showing good performance in agricultural characteristics were clustered in dendrogram constructed by biochemical-genetic assay using XLSTAT. Specific band pattern showed in good performance LAT lines were also observed in some germplasms of world collection having low protein contents which are known to have superior quality in malting. The results would provide selection criteria for high quality malting barley in the malting barley breeding program.

Seed storage proteins of different solubility were extracted and denatured subunits of each protein were evaluated with malting barley quality parameters. Its been known that each subunit of seed storage protein encoded by each gene and subunit profiles were highly related to end-use quality in cereals. The purpose of this study is to provide selection criteria for high quality malting barleys with aid of bichemical-genetic information. Total 13 regional test lines and three locations (Naju, Jinju, and Jeju) were incorporated in this study. Albumin and hordein were extracted, denatured, and separated in 12% SDS-PAGE. Presence and absence of subunits of each protein were scored. Dendrogram (using XLSTAT program) was constructed to evaluated the relatedness of lines. The correlation between band profiles and quality test were assessed through Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC) for statistics analysis. Hordein subunits can be classified into four groups, A, B, C, and D group. In general, hordein fractions contribute higher than albumine to determine malting quality. Specific molecular weight ranges (97.4-31.0, 66.2-31.0, and 45.0-31.0 kDa) of subunits were highly correlated with malting barley quality parameters. The subunit information would be directly incorporated in providing selection criteria for high quality malting barley in the malting barley breeding program.

This study was carried out to know the variation of soybean seed proteins, 11S and 7S globulins, and their amino acid compositions among different colored soybean varieties, 'Danbaegkong' (yellow), 'Pureunkong' (green) 'Jinyulkong' (brown), and 'Geoumjeongkong l' (black). Soybean seed proteins showed a wide range in molecular size, but the electrophoresis patterns of total seed protein subunits showed a similarity among different colored soybean varieties. Amino acid compositions of total seed proteins were similar for all soybean varieties tested. However, soybean varieties showed low composition rates in sulfur containing amino acids. The composition rates of cysteine and methionine in the 11S globulins were higher than those of total seed proteins and 7S globulins. Glutamic acid and glycine were higher in the 11S and 7S globulins than those of total seed proteins. However, the levels of methionine and phenylalanine are high in the 11S globulins, but those of valine and lysin are slightly lower than the 7S globulins. By using HPLC, we tried to analyse the soybean seed proteins. The 11S globulin was composed of 10 major peaks whereas the 7S globulin was composed of 4 major peaks. The composition rates of 11S related proteins have a tendency to increasing during the maturing whereas those of 7S related proteins have a tendency to decreasing. Composition rates of each peaks among different colored soybean varieties suggested that soybean seed proteins are varied, although they showed similarity in the electrophoresis patterns, and understanding of this characteristics is important for the utilization of soybeans.

Soybean is an important crop because its seed has very high protein relative to others. The quality of soy protein is limited by the concentration of the sulfur-containing amino acids in the amino acid profile. Among the supply of various forms of 0.4mM sulfur as S nutrition during seed fill. only 0.4mM L-methionine can inhibit β-subunit synthesis completely and produce the highest glycinin-containing seeds. Compared to 0.4mM sulfate control, seeds supplied by 0.4mM L-methionine have lower α-, no β-subunit, and highly increased glycinin without altering total protein concentration. Supply of 0.2mM cystine (0.4mM S) did not affect the accumulative pattern of seed storage protein (SSP) subunits. In the supply of L-methionine, 0.2mM treatment showed higher glycinin in seeds but 0.05mM resulted in lower glycinin than tile sulfate control. The relative abundance of α`-subunit was not altered by any N or S nutrition. Under 5mM nitrogen, protein concentration was increased about 3-5% by substituting ammonia for nitrate during seed fill independent of nutrition. The increase resulted in the only increase of 7S protein, mainly β-subunit. Our data suggest that the regulatory system of SSP genes responds to the balance between N and S assimilates supplied from mother plant. and controls the di fferential synthesis of their subunits for the maximum protein accumulation in developing soybean seed.

땅콩 품종에 있어서 종자발아 동안에 단백질의 함량 및 pattern(subunits)의 변화를 조사하였던 바 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 땅콩의 저장단백질 패턴이 다른 남대와 대광의 자엽부에 대한 함수율의 변화는 거의 비슷하였으나 배축부에서는 치상 2일과 3일에 남대가 75.0％, 89.1%였고, 대광이 66.0%, 83.5%로서 남대가 다소 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 가용성 단백질의 함량 변화는 남대와 대광 두 품종 공히 자엽부에서는 2∼3일, 배축부에서는 치상 1∼2일 사이에 현저히 감소되었으며, 치상 5일에 자엽부에서는 28∼29%, 배축부에서는 10%의 함량을 나타내었다. 남대와 대광 두 품종의 arachin의 함량은 자엽부, 배축부에서 모두 남대 품종이 높은 값을 나타내었고, 발아 동안에 생성된 new protein은 자엽부에서 3일, 배축부에서 2일에 최고량을 보였다. arachin type이 상이한 남대와 대광 품종에서 발아동안에 대광의 자엽부에서만 치상 2일경부터 16kD의 band를 나타내었다. 발아가 진행됨에 따라 남대와 대광 품종의 자엽부에서는 66, 43, 40, (35.5)kD의 subunit들이 현저히 감소되어 치상 4일경에 소실되었고, 21.5∼23.0kD의 subunits는 완만한 감소로 유지되었으며, 14∼16kD의 low polypeptides는 점차 승가를 나타내었다. 또한, 배축부에서도 치상 2일 동안에 자엽부와 같은 경향을 나타내었다.