유해 남조류 Microcystis 종에 의한 녹조현상은 매년 빈번하게 일어나며, 이로 인한 수자원의 질적 변화와 먹는 물 확보에 문제가 발생하고 있다. Microcystis 종에 의한 피해를 막고자 개발된 naphthoquinone (NQ) 유도체 물질의 장점 분석을 위해 국내에서 빈번히 사용되는 황토를 이용한 microcosm 실험을 하고자 하였다. 그 결과, NQ 40, NQ 2-0 물질은 선행 연구 결과와 동일하게 유해 남조류 Microcystis 종을 선택적으로 99.9%, 99.6% 제어했으며, 식물플랑크톤 종 다양성을 증진시켰다. 그러나, 황토를 처리한 실험구는 실험 초기 일시적인 조류 제어효과를 보인 후 다시 증가하였으며, 유용 조류를 포함한 모든 식물플랑크톤에게 적용되어 다른 조류의 성장은 이루어지지 않았다. 뿐만 아니라, NQ 물질을 처리한 처리구는 비생물학적, 생물학적요인 모두 영향을 미치지 않았으며, 대조구와 유사한 경향이 관찰되었다. 따라서, 최종적으로 개량된 유해 남조류 제어물질 NQ 2-0은 높은 살조효과, 선택적 제어효과, 저독성, 자연분해에 의한 비잔류성 뿐만 아니라, 편의성 및 경제성까지 갖춘 새로운 살조물질로서 현재까지 개발된 살조물질 보다 현장 생태계 적용에 가장 적합한 친환경 녹조제어 물질이라고 판단된다.

Most previous studies exploring the relative effectiveness of superiority and parity claims in comparative advertising were based on the regulatory focus theory. However, the findings of these studies provided limited implications for practice. The current research attempts to examine the relative effectiveness of superiority versus parity claims in comparative advertising from the perspective of construal level theory. Recent research has found that the fitness between message framing and construal level can enhance processing fluency of information. Specifically, loss-framed messages are more impactful when paired with low-level construals, whereas gain-framed messages are more effective when paired with high-level construals. Accordingly, the current study predicts that a superiority claim, which states sponsor brand is better than the competitors, is more effective in enhancing brand attitude than parity claim when the construal level is high. Conversely, a parity claim, which argues sponsor brand asserts parity with the comparison target, lead to more favorable brand attitude than superiority claims in the condition of low-level construal. This study conducted a (superiority claim vs. parity claim) × 2 (high-level construal vs. low-level construal) experimental designs to examine proposed hypotheses. The manipulation of construal level either highlighted a concrete “how” message or an abstract “why” message. The results showed that the superiority (parity) claim leads to more positive brand attitude and purchase intention than the parity (superiority) claim when customers are presented with message highlights an abstract “why” (concrete “how”) construal. Based on the findings, this study suggests that superiority claims combine with the “why”-oriented thoughts can enhance the effectiveness of the comparative advertising. In contrast, when parity claims are used, “how” -oriented, thoughts should be integrated in comparative advertising.

PURPOSES : The aim of this article is to compare and identify eco-friendly competitiveness between (regional) motorway and high-speed rail(HSR) from the perspective of CO2 emission in the Republic of Korea. METHODS : In order for an analysis of low-carbon competitiveness between the two modes, CO2e emission, CO2eppk (equivalent CO2 gram per passenger kilometer), is employed as a comparison index. As for HSR, the index is calculated based on the passenger transport data and the gross of CO2e produced by Kyungbu high-speed line in 2013. Additionally, the gross of CO2e is computed by the greenhouse gas emission factors of domestic electricity generation mix. Regarding the index of motorway, it is directly calculated using both the official CO2e emission factor and the passenger-car occupancy of motorway. RESULTS: The results revealed, in the case of inter-regional transport, that the CO2e emission of displacement-based cars is 54.9% less than that of HSR, as the domestic electric power systems heavily relies on the thermal power plants over 66%. Note that internal combustion engines commonly used for vehicles are more energy-efficient than steam-driven turbines usually utilized for thermal power generation. CONCLUSIONS: It can be seen, at the very least in our study, that HSR has no superiority over motorway in the case of CO2e emission under the situations of domestic electricity generation mix. In addition, advanced eco-friendly vehicles have strong advantages over HSR. Therefore, all-out efforts should be made to develop and harvest renewable energy sources in order to achieve low-carbon HSR, sparing fossil fuels.

Kimchi is a representative traditional food in Korea and a type of vegetable product that is the unique complex lactic acid fermentation in the world. It can be considered as a unique fermented food generated by various flavors, which are not included in raw materials, that can be generated by mixing and fermenting various spices and seasonings, such as red pepper powder, garlic, ginger, and salted fish, added to Chinese cabbages. Functionalities in Kimchi have been approved through several studies and the probiotic function that is mainly based on lactic acid bacteria including their physical functions in its contents has also verified. Studies on the verification of the safety of Kimchi including its physiological functions have been conducted. In particular, the function of lactic acid bacteria, which is a caused of the fermentation of Kimchi. Although the lactic acid bacteria contributed to the fermentation of Kimchi is generated from raw and sub-materials, the lactic acid bacteria attached on Chinese cabbages has a major role in the process in which the fermentation temperature and dominant bacteria are also related to the process. The salt used in a salt pickling process inhibits the growth of the putrefactive and food poisoning bacteria included in the fermentation process of Kimchi and of other bacteria except for such lactic acid bacteria due to the lactic acid and several antimicrobial substances generated in the fermentation process, such as bacteriocin and hydrogen peroxide. In addition, the carbon dioxide gas caused by heterolactic acid bacteria contributes to the inhibition of aerobic bacteria. Furthermore, special ingredients included in sub-materials, such as garlic, ginger, and red pepper powder, contribute to the inhibition of putrefactive and food poisoning bacteria. The induction of the change in the intestinal bacteria as taking Kimchi have already verified. In conclusion, Kimchi has been approved as a safety food due to the fact that the inhibition of food poisoning bacteria occurs in the fermentation process of Kimchi and the extinction of such bacteria.

Corporation had been made by important action rule of business ethics that observes legal standard that is prescribed in each class of administration activity. But it does not keep ethicality of corporation action that conforms law. Law can not include all parts of business ethics because it is forcing essential class for public order preservation and public welfare in right. Moreover, partial corporations are doing to justify unethical action of other evasion of taxes, consultation, manufacturing etc. with legal basis meaning abusing legal standard. For these reason, Insistence that is in point of legal standard and ethical standard is not different each other that is in equal viewpoint is brought.

실제로 서비스를 이용하는 대상인 소비자에게 서비스가 어떻게 인식되고 평가되는지에 대한 명시적인 모형이 부족함에 따라 이를 보완하기 위한 방안으로 서비스품질에 대한 연구가 시작되었다. 본 연구에서는 Parasuraman et all.(1988)의 연구를 토대로 구성한 PZB모형 과 Brady and Cronin(2001)의 연구를 토대로 구성한 BNC모형에 서비스품질모형을 적용하고, 그에 대한 우수성을 비교하였다. 터미널 이용자 를 대상으로 진행한 설문을 활용하여 분석한 결과 PZB모형보다 상대적으로 BNC모형이 더 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 요인이 많아짐에 따라 제공되는 정보의 양이 증가하고, 이로 인하여 설명력이 높아지기 때문에 이러한 결과가 나타난 것으로 보인다. 연구의 결과는 산업의 특성에 따른 차이가 존재하겠지만 본 연구에서 제시한 결과는 추후 항만하역업에 대한 연구범위의 확장으로 이어지기를 기대한다.

This paper is to argue that Superiority effects and non-Superiority effects in multiple wh-questions follow from the Minimality Condition that the u[F] is (bi-directionally) valued by the closest valued matching feature. This Minimality Condition covers both single Agree and multiple Agree, regardless of whether multiple Agree takes place simultaneously or not. This paper will show that Superiority effects take place only in case there are multiple goals (i.e., WHs) for a single unvalued probe u[F], while no Superiority effects arise in case there is only a single valued probe i[F] for multiple unvalued goals (i.e., WHs). In the former case there is a minimality among WHs while in the latter case there is no minimality among WHs, according to the Minimality Condition.

상수관망에서 다양한 제수밸브 분포간의 우열성 평가는 상수관망의 신뢰성 확보를 위해 필수적이다. 기존 상수관망에 새로운 제수밸브를 추가할 경우나 새로운 상수관망을 건설할 경우, 본 연구에서는 서로 다른 제수밸브 분포간의 우열성을 평가하여 좀 더 효율적인 제수밸브 분포를 선택할 수 있는 방법을 제안하고자 한다. 제안된 방법은 상수관 및 제수밸브의 파괴 모의를 바탕으로 하며 제수밸브 분포간의 우열성은 상수관망의 신뢰도를 기준으로 하였다. 상수관망의 신뢰도는