very important also for future generations in managing and inheriting CPR. A study was conducted on the CPR case of the village fishery managed by the Jongdal-ri Fishing Village Cooperative of Jeju Special Self-governing Province. The eight principles presented by Ostrom (1990) as the designed principles of sustainable CPR, that is to say, Clearly defined boundaries, Congruence between appropriation and provision rules and local conditions, Collective-choice arrangements, Monitoring, Graduated sanctions, Conflict-resolution mechanisms, Minimal recognition of rights to organize, and Nested enterprises, were analyzed. It was confirmed that the object case, Jongdal-ri Fishing Village Cooperative was managed based on these principles. Autonomous management rules are established by each fishing village cooperative community to fit their respective characteristics. Besides mere establishment of the rules, these rules should be preferentially be put into practice. The Jongdal-ri Fishing Village Cooperative successfully put them into practice, and was designated as the most superior fishing village cooperative community successively for three years. Collection was prohibited during a closed season for preservation of resources, and those of which the body length was shorter than that specified in the rules were not caught. That is to say, communities can sustainably manage CPR by complying with the conditions to be sustainable as well as following and putting in practice the rules, providing a CPR management system for future generations.

도시림 개선을 위한 노력은 꾸준하게 진행되어 왔으나 사회적인 욕구를 제대로 반영하였는지에 대한 평가가 없어 향후 지속적인 개선 및 관리의 방향을 제안하기는 어려운 상태이다. 사회환경과 생물환경이 어우러진 도시림을 효율적으로 개선하기 위해서는 양적 증대 뿐만아니라 생물의 분포 및 서식, 인간의 이용성을 평가할 수 있는 연결성, 건전성, 접근성 등 질적인 측면을 동시에 고려할 수 있는 생태적 건전성에 대한 평가지표의 필요성에 따라 연구를 진행하였다. 연구는 생태적 건전성 평가시 중요한 항목에 대한 상대적 중요도 평가, 문헌고찰을 통한 세부 지표 선정, 타당성 검토의 체계를 갖는다. 결과적으로 도시림은 자연림과는 다른 기능이 존재한다는 전제로, 도시림 평가는 고유의 기능인 생태성 뿐만아니라 인간의 간섭을 고려할 수 있는 사회성, 관리성이 충분하게 고려되어야 하나 중요도에 대한 설문조사 결과 생태성이 다른 가치에 우선하는 것으로 나타났다. 이에 생태적 건전성을 평가할 수 있는 세부지표를 선정하였는데, 식생관련 지표로는 희귀성, 훼손잠재성, 자연성, 면적, 다양성, 발생기간, 야생조류관련 지표로는 숲 발달정도, 면적을 추출하여 분산분석을 실시한 결과 안정성, 자연성, 다양성, 잠재성, 서식가능성이 평가지표로 선정되었다.

In the past few decades, much attention has been focused on corporate social responsibility (CSR) (Dahlrud, 2008; McWilliams & Siegel, 2001; Maignan & Ralston, 2002; Montiel, 2008), consumer responses to CSR initiatives (Brown & Dacin, 1997; Sen & Bhattacharya, 2001) and more recently, employee attitudes towards CSR (Kim et al., 2010; Michailides & Lipsett, 2012; Rupp et al., 2006; Zhu et al., 2012). Although awareness of environmental sustainability has increased over the past few decades, the current market share of sustainable products remains low. Because of their market position, large-scale and high- volume customer interactions (Vella et al., 2009), supermarkets appear to be appropriate venues for investigating perceived sustainability initiatives (Hampl & Loock, 2013). Our study examined the extent to which supermarkets are perceived to have embedded sustainability initiatives in their marketing strategies and to have taken sustainable tactical measures on the store floor. In addition, the study considered the roles played by social identification (as an indicator for intrinsic motives) and by perceived external prestige (as an indicator for extrinsic motives). Based on a literature review and semi-structured qualitative interviews with the chief executive officers (CEOs) of Dutch supermarkets (n = 8), we conducted an online panel survey among the managers of these supermarkets (n = 99). The results of the qualitative study show that although CEOs’ opinions differed regarding the relevance of sustainability, the majority of CEOs indicated that the implementation of a sustainability strategy is strongly dependent on the intrinsic motivation of board members, the family business in general or local entrepreneurs (supermarket managers). Specifically, the role of the supermarket manager was recognized as important concerning sustainability initiatives on the shop floor. The results of the quantitative study show the positive impacts of managers’ social identification with a sustainable consumer group and managers’ perceived external prestige on the perceived environmental sustainability initiatives of Dutch supermarkets. The study finds that managers’ social identifications are powerful ways to engender employee loyalty. Moreover, organizations that are perceived to have more external prestige are perceived as being more capable of developing sustainability policies.

This paper integrates scholarly work and industry practices in fashion design, marketing, and consumer behavior as the basis for presenting six principles of fashion design and marketing for sustainability and social change. Criteria for effective marketing strategies are offered.

Marketers might find the task of gauging the public’s perceptions of a landfill-to-park transformation as one of the more challenging products to market. A current project is Freshkills Park in New York City. The theoretical approach was to test proximity and experience history with familiarity, attitude toward, and intent to visit the site.

Sustainable marketing, as recently noticed by academics and practitioners, refers to a form of marketing that makes a net positive contribution to society in terms of environmental, social, and economic developments. Firms’ interest in sustainability as part of business performance beyond mere financial goals has been increased. Various sources, including societal mandates incorporated into regulations, concern about loss of sales, and a potential decline in corporate reputation pressures companies into implementing proper sustainability management. The purpose of this study is to clarify measures of perceived sustainability from the marketing perspective, analyze the effects of perceived sustainability on customer equity, and develop the recent theoretical frameworks and implications that will enable sustainable marketing concepts to be globally competitive. The measures of perceived sustainability items enable researchers to examine relationships among perceptions of sustainability and other key customer equity variables, such as value equity, brand equity, and relationship equity. For this and other reasons, the MPS may have value to practitioners. By understanding perceived sustainability, they can develop economic, social, environmental and communication performances that effectively utilize sustainability. The measures of perceived sustainability offers researchers a tool for measuring perceived sustainability that is consistent with the literature on sustainability, while recognizing the reality that sustainability is a multidimensional construct. The rigor reflected in the multiple methods for generating scale items and the multiple stages in the scale development process results in a scale that should be useful to both researchers and practitioners.

The purpose of this study is to identify operational definition and measurements of sustainability for eco-design. The measures of perceived sustainability items enable for eco-design researchers and practitioners to clarify relationships among perceptions of sustainability and other key customer equity variables, such as value equity, brand equity, and relationship equity. The multiple methods for generating scale items and the multiple stages in the scale development process results in a scale that should be useful to both eco-design researchers and practitioners. This study offers a valuable tool for measuring perceived sustainability for eco-design researchers and practitioners from the sustainable marketing perspectives.

Megacities in Asia such as Seoul, Tokyo, Singapore is modern and historical at the same time. Although technologically developed and highly urbanized, these megacities’ urban fabric and life-style heavily rely on human scale – the software of the urban – as its main shaping force. This interesting mixture and contrast is what gives this city its unique characteristics. It is very motivating to find out how the software – human, community & social aspects of everyday life, rather than hardware of the city – built environment itself, drive the evolution of Seoul to such high degree. Through continuous research and workshops, the software part of the city is investigated and the lowest level elements in urban fabrication - human are looked at in two distinguish methods; computational and analogue. Differences and similarities between them are questioned, by investigating the contrast between digital and physical, virtual and actual in the thinking process. The study looks at the formation of urbanism and architecture on the level of local communities, mapping the social data, and trying to approach this idea in multiple level and perspectives.

Explicit environmental attitude measures tend to produce strong socially desirable responses (Bruni & Schultz, 2010; Milfont & Duckitt, 2010; Stern & Dietz, 1994) and fail to capture more than what participants consciously recall (e.g., explicit belief, past behavior, Dunlap, Van Liere, Mertig, Jones, 2000; Schultz, Shriver, Tabanico, & Khazian, 2004). A number of studies have highlighted the popularity of environmental issues in common discourse in various countries, which leads individuals to eagerly express pro-environmental explicit attitudes (Dunlap, 1998; Leiserowitz, 2005; Meijers & Stapel, 2011). Therefore, an explicit measure of environmental attitudes would hardly be an unbiased indicator of prior knowledge and experience when testing the effect of subtle feeling on judgments: although a participant explicitly reports favorable attitudes toward environment or related issues, it does not necessarily mean that she or he has knowledge and experience to hinder the regulatory fit effects. Using the Implicit Association Test, we examined whether the extent to which individuals are implicitly biased toward (or against) sustainability moderates the regulatory focus by construal level interaction. Scores from the indirect measure of attitudes served as the indicator of the strength of associations between the concept of sustainability and evaluations that may result form its frequent pairing with desirable consumption patterns or repeated exposure to persuasive messages promoting sustainability. Specifically, we showed that the regulatory focus – construal level fit effect will be greater among individuals who have not formed significant associations about sustainability since these individuals are more likely to rely on feeling right from regulatory fit rather than using prior experience or knowledge.

Although vast research has been done to better understand brand knowledge, few studies explore the conscious and the unconscious mental processes that increase brand equity when a brand is linked with value adding entities like persons, events or symbols. In our paper we introduce an integrated approach that includes both the explicit and implicit facets of customers’ brand knowledge and the leveraging effects when a brand is framed by another entity. In order to analyze brand knowledge enhancement effects in sufficient detail, we fall back on the multifaceted model of brand leverage by combining a brand with an external label. Our study results show that the combination of measuring implicit and explicit facets of brand knowledge is a better indicator to predict brand knowledge enhancement, and also that the analysis of subconscious processes help to better position the linked object in customers’ perception in order to foster the brand leveraging success.Although vast research has been done to better understand brand knowledge, few studies explore the conscious and the unconscious mental processes that increase brand equity when a brand is linked with value adding entities like persons, events or symbols. In our paper we introduce an integrated approach that includes both the explicit and implicit facets of customers’ brand knowledge and the leveraging effects when a brand is framed by another entity. In order to analyze brand knowledge enhancement effects in sufficient detail, we fall back on the multifaceted model of brand leverage by combining a brand with an external label. Our study results show that the combination of measuring implicit and explicit facets of brand knowledge is a better indicator to predict brand knowledge enhancement, and also that the analysis of subconscious processes help to better position the linked object in customers’ perception in order to foster the brand leveraging success.

The environmental consequences of consumerism are starting to demand change on the part of consumers, businesses, and the public sector. As consumer activity has been found to be a primary cause of environmental degradation and natural resources depletion, consumers need to become educated and involved in sustainability efforts (Sheth et al., 2011). In the current marketplace, however, consumers generally make purchase decisions without considering the environmental impact of those choices. This paper examines a sustainability claim, which allows consumers to consider the negative consequences of their decisions. Additionally, the consequences are communicated using message framings varying between the personal impact and company impact framing. This paper also considers differing levels of a consumer’s environmental involvement. Consistent with the theoretical concepts of social judgment, in conjunction with self-determination, the findings from this research offer an important expansion on prior work: here, the level of EI determined a boundary condition for the effects of sustainability labeling and message framing. While both groups of consumers evaluated the ad containing full information more favorably than the one with partial information, high-EI consumers preferred the ad focusing on the company’s impacts regarding the environment. Arguably, presenting the responsibilities of the company clarified and justified the use of the claim. However, extrinsic rewards and self-enhancement motives may not be key motivators for high-EI consumers. In fact, asking high-EI consumers to conserve nature and minimize their environmental impacts may be ineffective, since they typically respond more to their personal beliefs. Conversely, extrinsic rewards and recognition seem to be prime motivators for low-EI consumers. To encourage consumers to make more mindful consumption decisions, a communication tool that incorporates sustainability labeling and environmental impact framing seems to offer much promise. Indeed, the ability to connect environmental impacts with consumer choices appears to be an important determinant of the effectiveness of sustainability communication. If an ad fails to clearly convey to consumers the environmental impact of purchasing specific products, the provision of sustainability information on product packaging is of no practical value. A more transparent approach of presenting sustainability information may prove helpful to both consumers and the environment.

The interest about sustainable development of airport operation field has been increased as the aviation industry has been gradually developed and the influence to the neighboring area of airport has been increased. International organization and airport operator have issued a guidance manual with regard to the sustainability specialized in airport by adopting environment friendly rating system and developing a variety of sustainable practices. In this study, the guideline of sustainability manual appropriate to the local airports will be suggested by reviewing a variety of reference documents issued from foreign airport operators.

본 연구의 목적은 신기술을 바탕으로 급속히 성장한 신재생에너지 분야 기업의 재정적 어려움을 계량적으로 파악하고 부도위험과 지속가능성을 예측하는 것이다. 태양광 및 풍력기업으로 대표되는 신재생에너지산업은 신생기업이 많은 분야이며, 또한 한국의 현실상 중소기업이 많은 영역이라 start-up기업, 중소기업의 연구란 관점에서도 의의가 있다. 기업의 부도가능성 측정에 관한 연구는 재무비율을 이용한 초기모형 구축을 통한 분석, 기업의 지배구조 분석을 통한 모형분석, 위험과 생존요인을 이용한 분석 등이 주를 이룬다. 본 연구의 분석방법으로 많은 국가에서 이용되고 있는 ‘Altman Z-score’를 채택하였다. 분석 표본은 한국의 태양광과 풍력분야 상장기업 121개 이며, KIS-VALUE Data를 중심으로 수집, 분석하였다. 분석 대상기간은 2006년부터 2011년이다. 알트만 스코어로 분석한 결과, 태양광과 풍력기업 중에서 ‘경계 태세(on-alert)’로 분류되어 부도위험에 크게 노출된 기업은 38%,’예의주시(watch)’가 필요한 기업은 38%로, 합하여 76%가 지속가능성에 의문을 받는 기업으로 측정되었다. 신생기업의 경우 순수한 중소기업이 대기업군에 속한 기업보다 지속가능성이 낮았다. 기업규모가 대체적으로 큰 풍력분야 기업과 규모가 작은 태양광분야 기업의 부도위험을 비교한 결과, 풍력기업군의 부도위험이 다소 높게 나타났으나 유의적이지는 않았다. 결과적으로 Altman Z-score의 유용성이 한국의 신재생에너지 산업군 분석에도 검증되었다고 할 수 있다. 본 연구는 신성장산업인 태양광, 풍력기업의 상당수가 부도위험에 직면하였다는 것을 실증적으로 보여준 점에 의의가 있다. 또한 신생 start-up 기업의 연구, 중소기업과 대기업군 기업과의 비교연구를 진전시켰다는 점에 의미가 있다.

Decentralized water supply systems, treating the water in users’vicinity, cutting down the distribution system, utilizing the alternative water resources(rainwater harvesting, water reclamation and reuse and so on.) and saving energy and other resources, could be categorized into POU(Point-Of-Use), POE(Point-Of-Entry) and community small scale system. From the literature review, we could thought that decentralized water supply system and hybrid system(integrating centralized and decentralized water supply system within urban water management) might have strengthening comparative advantages to centralized system with respect to: (1) water security, (2) sustainability, (3) economical affordability. Even though it is difficult to derive and quantify direct benefit advantages from decentralized and hybrid system in comparison with centralized system, (1) operational cost reduction, (2) assurance for safe and stability water supply and (3) greenhouse gas reduction can be expected from successful establishment of the former.

Environmental problem due to environmental pollution and C02 emission has brought a strong attention on issues of sustainable urban development in urban planning area. Many urban planning researches have been argued that 'decentralized concentration' is one of the key issues for the sustainable urban spatial structure. Decentralized city is to create sustainable urban structure by realizing the supply system for urban energy efficiency through restriction of car use, proper urban density, and mixed-use. This study aims at exploring the concept of 'decentralized concentration' and comparing its characteristics of 'decentralized concentration' urban structure found in urban planning theories.

Hanok is the key technology of the 21st century buzzword, as 'healthy homes' and 'eco-friendly' and to meet the demands for the safety and comfort of the human body in space, the possibility is getting attention again. Hanok worth from the perspective of brand marketing, pay raises, and maintain it throughout the whole life cycle of the value based on continuous activities. The systematization, and the efficiency of the way should be carried out to maintain to achieve the purpose. This presented study is divided into three stages, the consideration of Hanok Characteristics, maintenance manual written case analysis and Hanok written direction of the manual and take advantage of the possibilities. Firstly, for the consideration of Hanok natures, we study the Hanok maintenance characteristics to analyze the use of materials and construct method based on the result of 'Hanok technology development'. Secondly, we grasp the element which can be applied on the maintenance manual, analyze the maintenance manual contents and the written direction. Lastly, proposed step of written direction, we suggest the direction of Hanok manual writing based on identified elements. "Hanok Maintenance Manual," has two dictionary definitions that one explains easily know the use and the features of Hanok as well as another describes specific knowledge needed to perform maintenance work on how to organize a 'guide'. The result as above is based on the understanding of the objective and in the pursuit of the only purpose, which express the inherent meaning and configuration on the manual, in helping the readers understand techniques of expression and the cumulativee necessity of proven cases

PURPOSES : This paper aims to improve the evaluation method of the Level of Service(LOS) for urban streets presented by the current Korean Highway Capacity Manual(KHCM) and suggest its utilization plan as a part of the methods to evaluate the sustainability of a transportation policy. METHODS : This paper carried out a research in 3 steps to develop a new evaluation method. First of all, this paper reviewed the previous studies related to the LOS of urban streets and the socially requested items for a sustainable transportation system. Then this paper derived an index and weight through expert questions to select an evaluation index. Lastly, this paper compared the results according to the existing evaluation methods with the new evaluation methods through case studies. This paper used an Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) for importance analysis and weight selection between new evaluation items and indices, and applied a Grey System Theory(GST) for a synthetic and integrated evaluation between the selected evaluation indices. RESULTS : As a result of evaluating the LOS according to the existing evaluation methods and the integrated evaluation methods using a GST through case studies, it was analyzed that new methods' results are less than or equal to the existing evaluation methods; and as a result of applying a weight between evaluation indices according to AHP, it was noticed that the total score seems to rise more when the LOS in the existing evaluation is calculated lower. It was analyzed that the LOS calculated by reflecting the newly established evaluation items and the importance between indices in this study has difference from the LOS of the existing urban streets. CONCLUSIONS : It is expected that this evaluation method can diagnose the current conditions when establishing a future sustainable traffic system and can be used for the measurement of the sustainability effects of the improvement plans and so on.

Hanok is the key technology of the 21st century buzzword, as 'healthy homes' and 'eco-friendly' and to meet the demands for the safety and comfort of the human body in space, the possibility is getting attention again. Hanok worth from the perspective of brand marketing, pay raises, and maintain it throughout the whole life cycle of the value based on continuous activities. The systematization, and the efficiency of the way should be carried out to maintain to achieve the purpose. This presented study is divided into three stages, the consideration of Hanok Characteristics, maintenance manual written case analysis and Hanok written direction of the manual and take advantage of the possibilities. Firstly, for the consideration of Hanok natures, we study the Hanok maintenance characteristics to analyze the use of materials and construct method based on the result of 'Hanok technology development'. Secondly, we grasp the element which can be applied on the maintenance manual, analyze the maintenance manual contents and the written direction. Lastly, proposed step of written direction, we suggest the direction of Hanok manual writing based on identified elements. "Hanok Maintenance Manual," has two dictionary definitions that one explains easily know the use and the features of Hanok as well as another describes specific knowledge needed to perform maintenance work on how to organize a 'guide'. The result as above is based on the understanding of the objective and in the pursuit of the only purpose, which express the inherent meaning and configuration on the manual, in helping the readers understand techniques of expression and the cumulativee necessity of proven cases.

Environmental problem due to environmental pollution and CO2 emission has brought a strong attention on issues of sustainable urban development in urban planning area. Many urban planning researches have been argued that 'decentralized concentration' is one of the key issues for the sustainable urban spatial structure. Decentralized city is to create sustainable urban structure by realizing the supply system for urban energy efficiency through restriction of car use, proper urban density, and mixed-use. This study aims at exploring the concept of 'decentralized concentration' and comparing its characteristics of 'decentralized concentration' urban structure found in urban planning theories.