“Baechal”, a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar was developed by the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Iksan, Korea, during the period from 2006 to 2012. The heading and maturing dates of this variety were May 1 and June 5 in upland, and May 2 and June 8 in paddy field, respectively. It is an It is an awned, semi-dwarf and hard white wheat. Culm and spike length of “Baekchal” were 75cm and 8.7cm. It had lower test weight (794g/ℓ) and 1,000 grain weight (35.7g) than “Keumkang”. It showed moderate to pre-harvest sprouting, which lower rate of pre-harvest sprouting (13.7%) than “Keumkang”. “Baekchal” had similar ash content (0.47%) and protein content (13.1%) to “Keumkang”. It showed lower gluten content (9.6%), SDS-sedimentation volume (38.2㎖) and amylose content (6.5%) than “Keumkang”. It showed higher high viscosity (643BU), water absorption (213%), expansibility of cooking (357%). It showed different composition in HMW-GS compositios (2*), PPO18 (876bp), GBSS (waxy type) and Puroindolines composition compared th “Keumkang”. Average yield of “Baekchal” in the regional adaptation yield trial test was 4.89 ton/ha in upland and 4.83 ton/ha in paddy field. “Baekchal” would be suitable for the area above –10℃ of daily minimun temperature in January in Korean peninsula

Barley is a good source of dietary fiber, β-glucan, which confer a number of human health benefits. The properties of a white wheat bread could be changed by adding regular and waxy barley flour in small amounts to a white wheat bread recipe. The objectives were to replace wheat flour with different levels of regular and waxy barley flour, and to examine their effects on bread qualities. Barley grains, Sassal(SS) as regular andSachalssal(SCS) as waxy cultivars, were ground usinga hammer mill equipped with 0.8 mm screen. A commercial bread wheat flour (WF) was used as a base flour. The blends with three levels (10, 20, 30%) of barley flour substitution were prepared, and the baking process was followed by the AACC official 10-10A. When barley flour substitution increased, beta-glucan was significantly increased: the highest beta-glucan in the waxy barley flour blends (0.1% in WF, 1.91% in 30% SCS). While WF bread had the highest loaf volume, substituting 20% SS did not statistically (p<0.05) affect the loaf volume, however a significantly lower loaf volume at 30% barley flour. On the other hand, the loaf volume of SCS breads lowered significantly by substitution statistically. The hardness and chewiness increased by replacing barley flour from 10 to 30% progressively: a remarkable increase in adhesiveness at 30% SCS bread. From the results, substitution of 10% barley flour regardless of regular and waxy did not affect bread volume and firmness, being suitable to use 20% SS barley flour without a significant change in loaf volume. From the nutritional point of view, substituting barley flour up to 20% would be an effective way to increase the dietary fiber on white wheat based breads.

“Shinmichal1”, a waxy red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar was developed by the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA. It was derived from the cross “Alchan”/“Chal2”during 1997. “Alchan” is a soft red winter wheat with high yield and good noodle quality. “Chal2” is a waxy wheat line crossed by “Kanto107” (Wx-A1b and Wx-B1b) and “BaiHuo” (Wx-D1b). “Shinmichal1” was evaluated as “Suwon306” in Advanced Yield Trial Test in 2002. It was tested in the regional yield trial test between 2003 and 2006. “Shinmichal1” is an awned, semi dwarf and soft red winter wheat, similar to “Uri” (check cultivar). The Heading and maturing date of “Shinmichal1” were similar to “Uri”. Culm and spike length of “Shinmichal1“ were 79 cm and 7.8 cm. “Shinmichal1“ had greater test weight (802 g) and lower 1,000-grain weight (31.8 g) than “Uri” (782 g and 35.2 g, respectively). It has resistance to winter hardiness, wet-soil tolerance, lodging tolerance and moderate post-harvest sprouting damage. “Shinmichal1” had higher flour yield (66.2%), ash (0.73%), protein (10.9%) and SDS sedimentation volume (40.7 ml) than “Uri” (64.7%, 0.53%, 9.3%, and 32.5 ml, respectively) and similar flour color to “Uri”. “Shinmichal1” had higher dough extensibility and lower dough strength than “Uri”. It is 5.2% of amylose content and had typical waxy starch pasting properties. Average yield of “Shnmichal1” in the regional adaptation yield trial was 5.24 MT ha-1 in upland and 5.58 MT ha-1 in paddy field, which was 3% and 8% lower than those of “Uri” (5.39 MT ha-1 and 6.09 MT ha-1, respectively). “Shinmichal1” would be suitable for the area above the daily minimum temperature of -10℃ in January in Korean peninsula.

1. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacryl amide gel electro-phoresis (SDS-PAGE)결과에서 찰성밀 계통인 수원 292호, 찰 2, SW97110, SW97134, SW97105, SW97113, SW97106 및 SW97116 등은 모두 60kDa 부근에서의 band가 결여되었다. 2. 본 시험에 사용된 찰성밀은 모본인 보통밀 품종에 비해 종실수량이 4~~20~% 낮고, 천립중과 용적중도 낮아 국내 적합형으로의 육종적 개량이 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 3. straight 분의 수율 분포가 보통밀의 경우 66.1(우리밀)~~72.5~% (금강밀), 찰성밀의 경우 61.8(수원 292호)~~47.1~% (SW97110)범위였고, 각 찰성/메성 그룹내 높은 품종과 낮은 품종간의 제분율 차이는 6.4~% 와 5.3~% 를 보였다. 찰성밀 계통과 이들의 모본 품종간의 제분율 차이 역시 1.5~% (SW97110 대 그루밀)에서 5.8~% (SW97134 대 금강밀)까지 큰 변이를 보였는데, 공통적으로 모본보다 찰성밀 계통에서 제분율이 낮았다. 밀가루 회분함량에 있어서도 찰성밀이 보통밀과 같거나 (금강밀 대 SW97134) 보통밀보다 0.13~% 까지 (우리밀 대 SW97105) 높아서 제분평점에서 찰밀이 보통밀보다 현저히 낮았다. 4. break roll와 reduction roll이 분획별 밀가루 수율에서 찰성밀 계통의 경우 보통밀 품종에 비해 Bl 분이 현저히 낮았으나 R2와 R3 밀가루는 월등히 높았다. Rl 분은 우리밀과 SW97105를 제외한 나머지 찰성 계통들에서 각각의 모본보다 일률적으로 낮았다. 밀가루 수율 감소와 직접적 연관이 있는 bran과 short의 비율에서는 전자의 경우 품종적 영향으로 찰성밀과 보통밀간의 변이가 뚜렷하지 않았으나 후자는 찰성밀이 보통밀 보다 월등히 높았다. 5. Rl 분의 수율이 찰성 계통의 경우 천립중과 용적중이 가장 낮은 수원 292호를 제외한다면 37.1~~38.6~% 로서 비교적 큰 차이가 없는 반면에 보통밀에서는 우리밀, 올그루밀, 그루밀 및 금강밀이 각각 33.9, 36.7, 39.8 및 40.7~% 로서 다양한 변이를 보임으로서 경~cdot연질, 대~cdot소립의 영향과 높은 상관관계 가능성을 암시해주었다. R1과 R2분에서는 찰성밀이 일률적으로 보통밀보다 높은 수율을 지님으로서 배유조직의 제분특성에서 찰성밀이 보통밀보다 분말화가 용이하지 않음을 나타내 주었다.

1. 밀가루 입자분포가 수적으로는 직경 0.496um 근처에서 가장 많은 입자가 분포하는 unimodal 곡선형태, 표면적으로 나타낼 경우에는 0.72~~0.79um , 17.2~~22.7um 및 101~~121um 의 직경에서 각각 peak를 갖는 trimodal 곡선형태를 보였다. 2.밀가루 입도분포에서 찰성 밀 계통들 모두가 모본품종보다 밀가루 입자직경이 크고 비표면적은 작게 나타남으로서 모본 품종보다 미분화가 잘 안됨을 나타내주었다. 용적기준으로 볼 때 모본의 경우 평균입자 직경이 97.8~~128.5um 범위로서 올그루밀<우리밀<금강밀<그루밀의 내림순위로 큰 직경을 보였고, 찰성밀 계통의 경우는 106.8~~128.5um 범위로서 수원 292호(우리밀)에서 13.6~% (금강밀)까지 변이가 큰 반면에 찰성 계통의 경우는 그 범위가 12.7~~13.6~% 로서 계통간 큰 차이 없이 높은 수치를 보였으나 침전가는 낮게 나타남으로서 찰성밀 계통의 단백질이 양적으로는 빵용밀에 버금갈 만큼 많을지라도 질적으로는 크게 못 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 4. 보통밀의 경우 peak 높이가 가수량에 상관없이 금강밀, 그루밀, 올그루밀 및 우리밀 순으로 높았다. 찰성 밀가루에서는 최대 반죽높이와 7분 후 반죽높이가 가수량이나 단백질 함량과 상관없이 보통밀보다 월등히 높고, 반죽 발달시간은 단축됨으로서 보통밀가루와는 다소 상이한 반죽특성을 보였다. 5. 최고점도시 온도가 찰성밀에서 79.4℃ (금강밀)~~81.1℃ (수원 292호와 SW97110) 범위를 나타냄으로서 보통밀의 95℃ 에 비해 현저히 낮은 온도를 보였다. 최저점도는 SW97105를 제외하고 찰성밀 계통이 각각의 모본보다 점도가 3.5~~10.7RVU 정도 낮았다. 6. Breakdown점도와 최종점도에서 찰성밀과 보통밀간 차이가 명확히 나타났는데, Breakdown점도의 경우는 찰성밀이 80.2 (수원 29그호)~~l16.2 RVU (SW97134) 범위로서 보통밀 46.5 (그루밀)~~63.5 RVU (우리밀)에 비해 높았으나, 최종점도의 경우는 찰성밀이 101.0 (SW97110)~~l16.9 RVU (SW97105) 범위로서 보통밀 148.0 (우리밀)~~171.8 RVU (올그루밀)보다 낮았다.

End-use properties of six Korean waxy wheat lines and their parental plants were evaluated in this study. Korean waxy wheat lines showed unsuitable characteristics for end products, such as sticky crumb of bread, sticky cooked wet and dry noodles and small cookie diameter. Korean waxy wheat lines produced lower loaf volume and less desirable crumb grain structure of bread, and lower chewiness of cooked wet and dry noodles than their parental plants even though Korean waxy wheats were much higher in protein content and SDS-sedimentation volume than their parental plants. We observed adverse effects of high flour protein content in Korean waxy wheat lines, such as smaller cookie diameter and harder snapping force than those produced from their parental plants.

Flour physicochemical properties of six Korean waxy wheat lines and their parental plants, including Kanto 107 and BaiHuo, which have partially null in GBSS (granule bound starch synthase), were evaluated in this study. The very low amylose content (3.20%) of Korean waxy wheat lines, which had been influenced by the null in all three GBSS isoforms encoded by three Wx loci, could result in the higher starch swelling power (25.15%), lower starch and flour pasting temperature (61.37~circC ; 65.85~circC ), and higher starch pasting peak viscosity and breakdown (246.60 RVU; 161.50 RVU) than those of their parental plants. In addition to high swelling and pasting properties, Korean waxy wheat lines had the higher protein content (12.80%), alkaline water retention capacity (97.39%), SDS sedimentation volume (80.33 m~ell ) and damaged starch content (4.35 %) than those of their parental plants.