이 논문의 목적은 청대 명리학 고전 『자평진전』 격국⋅용신의 부귀론 연구 에 있다. 기존 학계에서 여러 편의 박사학위논문이 발표되었지만, 발표된 논 문의 글이 인사(人事)와 어떤 연관이 있고 또한 인사에 어떻게 적용되는지에 관한 연구 성과를 찾기 어렵다. 이에 필자가 『자평진전』 격국⋅용신을 연구한 결과, 『자평진전』 격국⋅용신이 동서고금의 거의 모든 사람이 소망하는 부귀 에 집중되어 있음을 파악할 수 있었고, 이 부귀는 오늘날 현대인의 소망이기 도 하다. 이 논문에서는 『자평진전』 격국⋅용신에서 사용되는 길신⋅흉신의 유래와 변천과정 및 유래를 간략하게 기술한 뒤에, ‘순용(順用) 격국⋅용신론’의 부귀 론과 ‘역용(逆用) 격국⋅용신론’으로 나눠서 부귀론을 연구하였다. 그 결과 네 길신인 정관, 인수, 식신, 재성은 순용(順用)하고, 네 흉신(凶神)인 칠살(편관), 상관, 양인, 겁재⋅일록은 역용(逆用)하는 데에 있다는 것과, 또한 네 길신(吉 神) 순용에는 음양오행설의 생(生), 네 흉신 역용에는 음양오행설의 극(剋)과 합(合)과 설(洩)의 이론이 적용되었다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 이 문헌의 격국⋅용신론이 최종 지향하는 바는, 재물획득을 통한 부(富)와 관직획득을 통한 귀(貴)에 집중되어 있으므로, 이 문헌 격국⋅용신론의 핵심이 ‘부귀’라는 것을 알 수 있다.

사마천은 국가의 富보다는 개인의 富 창출 욕구를 긍정적 시선으로 보고 있으며, 致富 과정에서 지리적 환경과 개인 역량의 중요성을 피력하였다. 사마천은 시장의 자발성을 강조하면서 유통의 중요성을 역설하고 누구든 富를 통해 신분이 격상될 수 있다고 구체적으로 적시 하여 설명하고 있다. 사마천은 유통 경제의 발전이 환경조건과 결합 되어 있으며, 이런 점을 이용하지 않으면 부의 축적은 힘들 수 있음을 인식하였다. 즉, 교통의 요건 등을 감안한 입지 선택이야말로 투자 전략의 기본 전제조건임을 설파하였으며, 이것이 致富를 위한 관건임을 도시별, 직업군별 사례로 들어 설명했다. 사마천의 이러한 지리적 환경 분석과 해당 지역의 物産양상 및 도시경제 위주의 경제지도 완성은 탁월한 식견을 보여주고 있어 영향력이 상당한데, 이는 답사를 통해 치밀하게 지리와 경제의 상관관계를 고찰한데서 나왔다. 또 사마천의 자율경쟁정책은 漢 武帝 당시 鹽鐵의 專賣 등 국가의 경제독점권 및 과도한 조세 징수로 인한 문제점에 대한 비판과 대안의 성격도 아울러 지니고 있음을 고찰하였다.

Although the 1997 Raw Data of the National Wealth Statistical Survey (South Korea) is timely 20-year-old data, it is meaningful as a benchmarking in the capital stock estimations of Korea, which is estimated by PIM (permanent inventory method). In the case of machinery/equipment, it is the data that can analyze in depth the changes in the industrial structure of Korea. In the case of ASL (average service life) which has economic concept, since the change of ASL is not so large, ASL yielded by the Raw Data of the 1997 National Wealth Statistical Survey is meaningful as reference value for the ASL estimated by the Bank of Korea and the National Statistical Office. As you know Japan has changed its service life due to changes in its industrial structure. However, many of its assets are still used for the years indicated in Showa (before 1989). The same trend with other countries such as Japan. However, the United States is constantly devoted to assessing the useful ASL and value of assets by distinguishing between the Hulten-Wykoff models and those not. Korea has also benchmarked the useful ASL of the United States and Japan when it conducted its own survey every 10 years by due diligence until 1997. In this study, the ‘constraint’ Iowa curve estimation by the Raw Data of the 1997 National Wealth Statistical Survey is based on the age records of the assets and the maximum age of the assets appropriately derived. And then we made modified Iowa curve by smoothing. From this modified one, we suggested ASL by asset. After 1997, the vintage disposal data directly were collected by the National Statistical Office with Oh Hyun Seung, Cho Jin Hyung, in order to estimate the useful ASL. Since then, the B/S team of the Economic and Statistics Bureau of the Bank of Korea has been working on a new concept of content training.

  The purpose of computing economic depreciation value is to find valuation of assets closely in line with market prices. The valuation of industrial assets are called Engineering Valuation. The two representative techniques for such valuation are Hulten-

  The National Wealth Survey Method has been used to estimate capital stocks in Korea by the Korea National Statistical Office in every 10 years. However, this method requires huge amount of time and money. Since the Benchmark Year Method also has similar

This study is to examine the effect of layoff on shareholders' wealth. Firms make layoff decisions by reason of cost cutting, lower performance, demand decline, restructuring. Therefore, I think that stock market responds to layoff positively, since the firm's labor productivity and profitability is improved after execution of layoff, I find that layoff variables effect on abnormal return positively in regression analysis. This means that layoff sends positive signal to the stock market for the firm's future performance. Therefore, layoff has a good effect on shareholders' wealth.

국제기업환경이 급변하면서 세계화와 국제경쟁의 심화가 두드러진 현상으로 나타나고 있다. 특히 한국기업의 국제화의 경우는 성장단계에 들어 해외투자가 급증하고 있다. 이에 따라 한국기업의 국제화의 한 형태인 완전소유 해외투자가 주주에 미치는 결정요인을 분석하였다. 본 논문에서는 거래비용관점에 입각한 광의의 내부화이론을 이론적 틀로 하고 경영자가 해외직접투자 의사결정을 내린 정보공시에 대해 투자자들이 그 기업의 주식에 대한 어떤 평가를 할 것인가 하는 문제와 그러한 평가에 미치는 영향요인들은 어떠한 변수들이 있는가를 분석하였다. 분석의 결과 한국기업의 해외직접투자에 대한 반응은 부정적으로 나타나 생존차원에서의 방어적인 해외투자임을 보여주고 있으며 내부화 이론과 대리인-주체간의 문제가 한국기업의 해외투자를 설명하는 것으로 나타났다.

This study investigates the impact of voluntary foreign selloff announcements on shareholder wealth. This paper presents the first evidence that voluntary foreign selloff announcements influence common stock returns of U. S. parent firms. Significantly positive abnormal returns are observed during the announcement period for the full sample. It is also found that while foreign selloffs of operations in developed countries (DCs) result in significantly positive abnormal returns, the returns for selloffs of operations in less developed countries (LDCs) are significantly negative. These empirical findings indicate that the magnitude of wealth effects depends on whether the selloffs are in DCs or LDCs. Furthermore, abnormal returns at the time of selloff announcements are positively affected by degree of foreign involvement by the parent company, thereby providing indirect evidence that the market recognizes the multinationality of a firm selling off foreign operations.

Shadow banking in China has been growing rapidly; banks use wealth management products aggressively to evade regulatory constraints. The loan-to-deposit ratio or LDR targets both sides of the balance sheet; loans in terms of asset-side, and deposits in terms of liabilitiesside; banks needed to control and maintain both sides. Regulators restricted Chinese banks to maintain a 75% limit for their loan-depositratio. Banks’ needed to either lower their loans or increase the deposits; WMPs helped banks to evade this limit. Banks issue more WMPs to control and manage a 75% statutory ceiling LDR. This WMPs-LDR positive association disappeared post-2015 period. This study empirically examined how Chinese banks use WMPs issuance to avoid regulatory constraints. Quarterly panel data for 30 top Chinese banks were used by analyzing pre-2015 (during the 75% LDR limit) and post-2015 (after removal of the LDR limit). This study also performed fixed-effects model as recommended by the Hausman specification test, with feasible generalized least squares FGLS estimation technique. The results of this study show that for the pre-2015 period, Chinese banks use issuance of WMPs aggressively to manage their LDR limit; this WMPs-LDR relationship disappeared post-2015 period. Moreover, SMBs use WMPs more eagerly as compare to Big4 banks.

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the impact of the performance of private wealth management (PWM) on the growth of retail banking in Indonesia. The variables used are bank’s competitiveness, risk management, performance of private wealth management, and growth of retail banking business. The data were collected from 60 respondents from 32 banks over five months, from October 2018 to March 2019. Using partial least square path modeling, the analysis shows that the performance of private wealth management has an impact on the growth of retail banking sector in Indonesia. Bank competitiveness and risk management affect the performance of personal wealth management and have an impact on the growth of the retail banking business. Bank competitiveness is the variable that most influences the performance of private wealth management in Indonesia. This research found that market share is the most significant indicator of bank competitiveness. For risk management, significant indicators are the level of bank confidence, increased bank competitiveness, and the creation of new products. In the performance of the private wealth management variable, the most significant indicator is the revenue feebased income. For the growth of retail banking business, a clear indicator is profit growth.

This study exemines the roles of corporate social activity (CSR) and executive compensation structure on the pricing of seasoned equity offerings (SEOs) with special focus on the role of CSR in reducing the level of information asymmetry between managers and future shareholders of issuing firms through SEOs. This study also investigates the interaction between executive compensation structure and CSR on the discounting of SEOs. We use a sample of 2,102 seasoned equity offerings of U.S. firms with CSR scores from 1995 to 2015 in our OLS fixed effect regression analysis. The results show that issuing firms with high CSR are more likely to expericence a lower degree of the SEO discount. The results also document a positive association between CSR and a high proportion of equity-based compensation of issuing firms’ executives. The findings of this paper confirm that CSR attenuates the impact of information asymmetry and the pre-SEO price uncertainty on the pricing of the offers and hence the SEO discount. Furthermore, CSR reinforces the impact of executive firmrelated wealth on the discounting of seasoned equity offerings. It appears that firm-related wealth motivates managers to actively engage in reducing information asymmetry activities before SEOs, thereby decreasing the SEO discount.

Inter vivos in the context of wealth and estate planning can be generally defined as a transfer that takes place between the livings. Parents are motivated to transfer for altruisme and exchange. In this context, this study aims to explore another potential motives of inter vivos, which is „affection‟. Data is collected through semi-structured interviews with inter vivos experts who have published articles in this area. The interview is encoded and thematic analysis is carried out to classify themes and subthemes that exist in the inter vivos transfers. This study discovers four main themes, which indicate that inter vivos transfers based on affection can be enlightened by the relationship between parents and children, responsibility for children, types of inter vivos, and effects to other heirs. Relationship between parents and children can be explained as parents transfer their wealth to the closest children, children who care for them and to family members only. Parents also are responsible to protect their children after they die and assist them who are in need. Types of inter vivos are considered as boundless inter vivos and without any material return. Inter vivos based on affection also aims not to abuse other heirs.