The purpose of this study was to evaluate the applicability of the microbial fuel cell for the combined treatment of food waste water and landfill leachate. Contents of the study was to develop a carbon-containing electrode material radially to maximize microbial attachment. Also to evaluate the electric energy production efficiency by combining the electrode surface coating technology. By using a microbial fuel cell organic matter and nitrogen removal efficiency is evaluated for the food waste water and landfill leachate. BET to evaluate the surface characteristics of the developing electrode (Brunauer Emmett Teller) To evaluate the coating adhesion through measurement and to evaluate the adhesion characteristics micro-organism Weighing. Excellent electrical conductivity in the development electrode platinum, cobalt, by coating a catalyst such as palladium and to evaluate the electric energy generation efficiency. Lab. scale reactor capacity is a 5 L, and to configure the cross-section and the oxidizing electrode as cathode sequentially added.
Hydrometallurgical process, which is one of the recycling method of EAFD in zinc, is a process to recover metallic crystal form that deposited on the cathod through electrolytic extraction by leaching valuable metals in appropriate solvent. Still, there is a lot of variable at electrowinning process, such as initial pH, space between electrode, voltage, current, cathod, or anode, Thus, many studies have been conducted previously. In this study, the consideration of optimistic condition in electrowinning process to recover the valuable metal in EAFD have been carried. The extraction amount by changing pH shows increase according to high initial pH, also, the alteration of extraction amount by controling the space between electrode, voltage or current has been measured. The difference of efficiency represent by decrease of electromotive force, sudden loss of voltage under specific condition, and using platinum as electrode shows most stable extraction. Furthermore, when distance between electrode are too close, the extracted zinc contact with anode, which make recovery difficult. The analysis result of zinc metallic crystal which been recovered draws spherical and cylindrical shapes are scattered and mixed, and consequence of EDX, content of zinc appear about 60%.
2006년 런던 의정서에 의해 가축분뇨는 2012년, 음・폐수는 2013년 해양투기가 전면 금지되었으며 이로 인해 발생하는 하수슬러지의 육상 처리 문제가 대두 되었다. 이에 따라 하수슬러지의 재활용량은 2006년 1,139톤/일(15.3%)에서 2,397.4톤/일(27.4%)로 증가 하였다. 하수슬러지 처리시설에서 처리되고 있는 주된 처리방법으로는 고화, 건조연료화, 부숙화, 탄화, 소각 등이 있다. 특히 단순 소각보다 하수 슬러지를 자원으로서 활용하자는 견해가 증가함에 따라 부숙화 및 건조연료화 방안이 채택되고 있다. 그 중 하수슬러지의 연료화방안의 문제점으로 하수슬러지의 80%에 이르는 높은 함수율로 인해 건조에 따른 연료비가 과다하게 발생되는 단점이 있으며 완전 건조 이후에도 고위 발열량이 4400kcal/kg 정도로 경제성이 문제가 되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 하수슬러지 연료화의 경제성 보완을 위한 대책으로 건조비용을 줄이는 사전처리 방법의 개발과 발열량이 높은 폐기물을 혼합하는 대책을 연구하고자 하였다. 이러한 대책의 일환으로 건조비용을 줄이는 사전처리 방법으로 bio-drying공법을 적용하고 하수슬러지의 발열량을 향상시키기 위해 고발열량의 폐기물을 혼합하였다. 혼합폐기물로서 커피찌꺼기를 이용하여 bio-drying 효과를 이끌어내는 동시에 건조연료화를 위한 발열량 향상 효과를 평가하였다.
염색업종의 텐터공정은 섬유원단의 염색공정 후 180℃ 가량의 고온에서 원단을 건조 및 열처리를 하는 동시에 섬유에 다양한 기능성을 부여하기 위해 유연제, 발수제, 대전방지제 등과 같은 화학약품처리를 병행하고 있다. 텐터시설 후단에서 발생하는 폐유의 발생원인은 섬유의 염색 후 잔류하고 있는 각종 염료물질과 유연제, 발수제, 대전방지제 등의 기능성 첨가물질, 텐터시설 내부의 회전체의 기계적인 원활한 작동을 위한 텐터오일 등이 180℃가량의 고온에서 기화에 의한 것이며, 이러한 유기물질은 수분과 함께 유증기(Oil mist) 형태로 배출되고 있다. 텐터후단 시설에서 발생하는 폐유는 회수 후 정제연료유로써 가용의 가치가 있는 것으로 알려져 있으나, 대부분의 염색업종 텐터시설 후단에서 발생하는 폐유를 회수가 되고 있지 않으며, 배기가스를 처리하기 위한 시설로 폐유의 처리효율이 낮은 습식세정시설과 활성탄 흡착시설이 병행설치 되어 있다. 기존의 처리시설은 그 처리효율이 낮을 뿐만 아니라 습식세정에 의한 다량의 고농도 난분해성 폐수를 발생시키는 등 다양한 환경문제 또한 내포하고 있다. 이러한 문제점을 극복하기 위해 코로나 방전방식의 전기집진시설을 이용한 입자상 폐유의 회수를 통한 환경문제해결과 동시에 정제연료유로써의 재활용에 관한 연구가 성행하고 되고 있으며, 회수된 폐유의 정제 전 수분함량을 낮추기 위하여 건식 전기집진 방식이 더욱 합리적이라고 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 텐터후단에서 발생하는 배기가스 중 폐유의 정제연료유로 재활용을 위한 건식 전기집진시설을 이용한 회수 방안을 검토하였다. 본 연구가 진행된 곳은 대구광역시 성서산업단지공단 내 위치한 “A” 사이며, 운영되고 있는 텐터시설은 10챔버의 배기가스 발생량은 300 A㎥/min, 배기가스 온도는 140℃ 가량이다. 본 업체의 주요생산품은 ITY(Interlacing Textured Yarn), 베네치아(Venezia) 섬유 등 야드당 중량이 높은 니트(knit)류 원단이다. 회수시설의 구성은 열교환기-건식 전기집지시설-송풍기를 연속적으로 설치하였으며, 텐터시설 후단의 기존 방지시설로 연결되는 배기덕트에 가지관을 연결하여 30 A㎥/min 처리용량의 파일롯규모 시제품을 설치하여 테스트를 진행하여, 배기가스 내 수분 및 폐유 함량을 확인하였다. 열교환기를 통하여 60℃ 부근으로 냉각된 배기가스 내 수분함량은 9.99%에서 5.77%까지 낮아졌으며, 2시간동안 연속 가동하여 건식 전기집진시설에 의해 회수된 액상물질의 총량은 1.85 kg이였으며, 회수된 물질 중 수분이 전체의 76.4%, 오일성분(폐유)는 23.6%로 확인되었다. 또한 회수된 오일성분의 총발열량은 45,590 J/g(등유 45,994 J/g)으로 나타났으며, 텐터시설 후단 배기가스 중 0.12 g/A㎥이상의 폐유가 함유되어 있으며, 1대의 텐터시설에서 발생되는 총배기가스량 300 A㎥/min 기준으로 환산할 경우 시간당 2.16 kg의 폐유기용제를 회수할 수 있을 것으로 보아 향후 텐터시설 후단 배기가스로부터 폐유의 회수 후 정제연료유로 재활용이 충분한 경제성이 있을 것으로 사료된다.
There are a large number of the food companies in Gunsan National Industrial Complex, and the organic sludge generated in these industrial wastewater treatment plants are generally being dealt with ocean dumping methods. As this method will be prohibited from January 1, 2016, it is inevitable to select the method like the reclamation. All over the country, landfill is lacking, and become a target of public grievance since it is recognized as an abomination facility. Consequently it has problem to secure the new location. These reasons lead to increase the organic sludge disposal cost, and it needed to seek the economical and eco-friendly processing methods. This research is regarding the Solid Refuse Fuel technique which is dried and processed the organic sludge generated in Gunsan National Industrial Complex. With Solid Refuse Fuel technique, in the environmental, safety, efficiency and economical aspect, it can derive competitive production technology, promote the Solid Refuse Fuel business and finally build a nationwide network. Through this study, we can derive the optimal manufacturing process from the examination of properties of organic sludge and drying. CFBC is tested the efficiency of solid fuel by the combustion experiment. It is very significant that we develop the Solid Refuse Fuel technique with the sludge generated in food industrial waste treatment plant and derive new competitive manufacturing processes.
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a highly effective technique for treating lignocellulosic biomass and organic waste of various shapes and moisture content. The solid product of HTC is friable, hydrophobic, and increased in mass and energy densification compared to the raw biomass. also solid product is similar regardless of the type of biomass used. A liquid solution of five carbon and six carbon sugars, along with various organic acids and 5-HMF, is also produced from HTC of lignocellulosic biomass. The gaseous phase product consists mostly of CO2. Solid product has the similar characteristics to low rank coal. The solid fuel characteristics of feedstock was increased with reaction temperature and time via HTC process. However, mass yield was decreased with increasing temperature and time. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the reaction temperature and time for HTC. The HTC process produces the solid product and a large amount of water. Thus the reuse or treatment techniques of liquid product is necessary. Therefore, potential of biological treatment of HTC liquid product was evaluated.
The amount of nutrients entering the soil annually about 100 million tonnes. Among the 100 million tons of nutrients is chemical fertilizers 600,000 tons with manure compost/liquid fertilizer 400,000tons. Fifty percent of nutrients is sprayed to soil but the crop is not used. So building up nutrients in the soil is released into the water together. There is no system that can maintain nutrient balance of the country. Chemical fertilizers and manure compost manure is used on an ongoing basis. Rivers, oceans, lakes, and reservoirs become serious problems of eutrophication. Nitrogen and phosphorus is the cause of eutrophication. As the excessive accumulation of water discharged to the environment, resulting in algae and red tides. The government responded by introducing the amount of total nutrient system in 2008. So the amount of nutrient that can be sprayed on the soil was picked reduced. For the reason, the farmers is became the handling of manure seriously. Since 2012, the manure is that speculation was banned in the ocean. Processing method and system response measures on land was needed. In this study were investigated for reuse and to remove the ammonium nitrogen contained less than 80 % of the total nitrogen with the Air stripping technique.
Livestock wastewater has high potential as one of energy resources because this wastewater is including high organic matter. Therefore the studies attempting to bio-gasification and bio-electricity generation using livestock wastewater is being tried. The pre-treatment system used in this study was the purpose to control the ammonia nitrogen in conjunction with the system and the microbial fuel cell. Because ammonia nitrogen is to inhibit the electricity generation efficiency of microbial fuel cell. These studies were to ascertain the effect of oxidants on the nitrogen removal in the pre-treatment system using catalyst and microbubbles to treat the ammonia nitrogen. The three kinds of oxidant such as air, oxygen (O2), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were used to know the ammonia and nitrate nitrogen removal. This system was operated with four kinds of conditions. First method is O2 gas with 100 mL/min with 1ml of 30% H2O2 was supplied to the wastewater. A second method, the O2, with 400 and 1,000 mL/min was supplied through the flow meter before livestock wastewater was flow in the reactor. The last method, air was supplied 800 mL/min. The nitrate removal had no significant difference all conditions except the air supply. On the other hand, the ammonia and nitrate nitrogen removal when oxygen was supplied with 1000 mL O2/min was higher than that of the other conditions. The removal rate when air was supplied 800 mL/min was similar to the value in the supplied with 400 ml O2/min. This result showed that oxidant was important factor to improve the ammonia nitrogen removal rate.
In this study, the experiment was carried out to produce methane by applying Semi-Continuous Leachate Recirculation Anaerobic Digestion System fed with source separated food waste from school cafeteria. There were two systems and each system consisted of a bioreactor and a leachate tank. Each bioreactor had a screen near the bottom of the reactor. 2L of Separated leachate was collected to the leachate tank each day by using a tubing pump and the leachate from the leachate tank was pumped to the bioreactor at the upper of the bioreactor. Through this circulation, the leachate having high concentration of VFAs was supplied to the bioreactor. At the beginning of the experiment, food waste/inoculum anaerobic sludge volume ratio was 2:8 that is 9g VS/L of OLR(Organic Loading Rate). Feeding was conducted every two weeks. Initial conditions of bioreactor was 30g VS/2・week and 33g VS/2・week were fed to bioreactor A and bioreactor B, respectively. Average biogas yields of the bioreactor were 0.723m³ Biogas/kg VS added in reactor A and 0.648m³ Biogas/kg VS added in reactor B.
Air stripping of ammonia is a widely used process for the pretreatment of wastewater. Lab scale experiments were removal of 50% to air stripping from livestock excretions. The effects of air to liquid flow ratio and pH were investigated using wastewater with a range of Total suspended solid concentration and pH values. Four sets of air stripping experiments were carried out using two identical 0.5 L and 1 L reactor made of pyrex. At a temperatures of 20℃, pH 11 and air flow rate of 10 L/min, aeration 180min to achieve 90% removal efficiency. However, at a pH 9~9.5 there was 50% removal efficiency. The results showed that an influent with a low pH required a longer period of time to achieve the same treatment efficiency.
2013년 기준 대구광역시의 정수슬러지 발생량은 104.5 톤/일로 나타났으며, 이들 정수슬러지 중 약 23.2%가 대구소재 성서・서대구산업단지에 공업용수를 공급하는 J 정수사업소에서 발생한 것으로 나타났다. 이렇게 발생되는 정수슬러지는 하수처리 과정에 발생되는 슬러지에 비하면 많은 양이라고 볼 수 없지만, 정수장이 대형화 되고, 하천유량의 감소와 환경규제의 강화 등으로 하천이나 토양으로의 직접배출이 규제되면서 정수슬러지의 처리가 현안으로 부각되었다. 발생되는 모든 정수슬러지는 비용을 지불하고 시멘트의 원료로 처분되고 있어 처리비에 대한 부담이 큰 실정이다. 정수슬러지부터 유효한 알루미늄 자원을 함유하고 있음에도 불구하고 매립・해양투기에 의해 처리되거나 시멘트의 원료와 같이 제한된 산업 분야에서만 재활용되고 있는 실정이다. 아울러 정수슬러지 처리비용은 2013년 기준으로 톤당 35,000원으로 년간 약 15억원에 이르고 있으며, 처리 비용은 지속적으로 증가될 가능성이 높다고 알려져 있다. 이와 같이 단순 매립처분의 한계점이나 처리비용의 상승을 고려한다면, 정수슬러지의 다양한 활용 방안의 모색이 시급하다고 볼 수 있다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 기존 매립, 소각에 의해 처리되었던 정수슬러지로부터 알루미늄을 회수하는 방법들을 연구하여 기존 응집제와 총인 제거효율이 유사한 재생응집제로 제조하여 공공하폐수처리장과 산업단지 소재 기업들에 적용하고자 한다.
H2S adsorption characteristics of adsorbent made by coffee waste were investigated. The manufacturing method of adsorbent is to activate the coffee waste with steam after carbonization of dried coffee waste. For analyses of the manufactured adsorbent, various methods such as scanning electron microscope (SEM), measurements of BET(Brunauer Emmett Teller) surface area, pH, and Iodide adsorption were adopted. As major adsorption characteristics, adsorption equilibrium capacity was measured by using a batch type experimental apparatus for operating variables such as adsorption temperature (25~45℃), adsorbent types. The experimental result showed that the H2S adsorption equilibrium capacity of adsorbent made by coffee waste much more increases with steam activation for the coffee waste.
Due to strong binding, optical clarity, adhesion to many surfaces, toughness and flexibility polyvinyl butyral(PVB) resin films are commonly used in the automotive and architectural application as a protective interlayer in the laminated glass. Worldwide million tons of PVB waste generated from end-of-life automotive associated with various environmental issues. Stringent environmental directive, higher land costs eliminate landfilling option, need a sustainable, environment-friendly technology to recycle these solid wastes. In our current study, we have developed a mechano-chemical separation process to separate PVB resins from glass and have characterized the separated PVB through various techniques, i.e., scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), infrared spectroscopy (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Feasibility for reuse of these recycled PVB has been investigated. The technology developed in our laboratory is sustainable, environment-friendly, techno-economical feasible process, and capable of mass production (recycling).
Digital printing fabrics are widely applied to banners in outdoors and also many wastes generated in digital fabric process are produced, however most of them are threw into fire or buried. It can also release more harmful gas into the air in the destructing process by fire. Digital printing fabrics are made the silica and several resins coated polyester textiles and most raw materials should be imported from overseas. So recycling technology is strongly demanded for wastes generated in digital printing fabric process. We investigated about recycled polyester from wastes of digital printing fabric by separating the polyester fabric and attached materials such as silica and several resins. We have setup the manufacturing system of eliminating process including steam condition, cleaning and drying process for it. We also developed the special chemical additives such as NaOH, surfactant and defoamer to eliminate the coating layer from the polyester textiles in digital printing fabric and also optimized formulation. As a result, we could obtain the recycled polyester textiles having eliminating rate of coating layer more than 95% and approximately equal performance to that of pure polyester textiles.
국내 축산 농가의 규모가 점차 대형화 되어 감에 따라 단위 지역에서 발생하는 가축분뇨의 양도 증가하고 있는 추세이다. 2013년 말 통계자료를 기준하여 분석하면 국내에서 1년간 발생한 가축분뇨 총량은 47,235천톤에 이른다. 이 중의 80.7에 해당하는 42,129천톤이 퇴비화방법으로 처리되었고 8.5%에 이르는 3,997천톤이 액상 비료화 하는 방법에 의해 처리되어 비료자원으로서 순환되었다. 최근 들어 국내에서도 가축분뇨를 혐기소화하는 시설이 지속적으로 증가하고 있다. 이에 따라 혐기소화 과정에서 발생되는 혐기소화액이나 혐기소화 공정에서 발생되는 슬러지의 적정 처리기술의 개발 및 보급에 대한 기술수요가 발생하고 있다. 특히 최근 몇 년 사이에 가축분뇨 혐기소화 분야에서도 건식 혐기소화에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있으며 파일롯 반응조 형태를 비롯한 실험적 기술들이 개발되고 있는 상황이다. 건식 혐기소화 과정에서 발생하는 혐기소화 슬러지는 전 처리 과정 없이 곧 바로 퇴비화 처리가 가능하다는 특성이 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 습식 혐기소화 과정과 건식 혐기소화 과정에서 발생한 소화슬러지를 대상으로 하여 퇴비화를 수행하였을 때의 특성변화 현상을 분석하였다. 대조군으로 사용한 신선 가축 분에 비해 부숙온도가 10℃ 이상 낮게 유지되었으며 유기물 변화, 고형분 분해 등을 비롯한 여타 퇴비화 특성관련 요소의 변화정도에서 차이를 보였다. 그러나 혐기소화 잔재물에 대한 퇴비화 방식에 따라 퇴비화 효과가 다르게 나타나는 관계로, 본 연구를 통하여 혐기소화 시설에서 발생하는 소화잔재물에 대한 적정 퇴비화 조건을 구명하고자 하였다.
This study investigated the effect of NH4 + concentrations on microalgae growth by appling mixotrophic microalgae chlorella vulgaris in order to treat anaerobic digested food waste leachate. The growth rate and final microalgae growth were an order as 400 > 100 > 800 > 1300 mg-N/L. As results, The growth rate and final growth of microalgae were highest at ammonia concentration of 400 mg-N/L, On the other hand microalgae growth was inhibited when ammonia concentrations were over 800 mg-N/L. high concentrations of nitrogen over 800 mg-N/L interrupt the growth of microalgae. All of nitrogen and phosphorus were removed by microalgae at the ammonia concentration of 100~400 mg-N/L. In addition, when ammonia concentration was over 800 mg-N/L, the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus was limited mainly due to the microalgae growth limit. It was possible to treat anaerobic digested food waste leachate with mixotrophic microalgae when the ammonia concentration was controlled below 400 mg-N/L.
This study of the electrolysis reaction fillers and electrolytic treatment sludge generated by checking the status and properties of the sludge before and after electrolysis filler caused by a reaction to examine the water-soluble cutting oil sludge and organic matter removal mechanism of filling in the packed bed bipolar electrolytic reactor was to identify the characteristics. Delivery was analyzed using a SEM (scanning electron microscope) recording method for the filling material in the GAC surface characterization of the packed bed bipolar electrolytic reactor to look at the reaction of the waste water generated by the electrolytic removal reaction. Sludge generated in order to analyze the properties of XRD(x-ray diffraction) was analyzed using the device. The video of the GAC surface before and after the reaction was taken by SEM, it can be known indirectly the change between the voids in the GAC in figure before and after. Prior to the electrolytic treatment can be seen that there is some contamination between the pores, but it can be seen that after the treatment, rather than clean the pores of the GAC. This photograph of the surface after the electrolytic treatment, GAC is decomposed organic material adsorbed on the surface by dissolution of ions at the anode acting on bipolar electrolytic, it is corroded, it is possible to observe what happens. It was found to form iron oxide when analyzing the electrolytic sludge using XRD. Properties of the sludge generated after electrolysis, was composed primarily of oxygen and iron. These results wastewater treatment by filling in the electrolytic cell is that it indirectly proves to occur by electrolysis removal, it is considered to be able to demonstrate the deletion mechanism indirectly.
MEPC. 227(64)가 발의되면서 해상에서 선박 배출수의 오염에 대한 규제가 강화되었다. 특히 T-P에 대하여 유입수 대비 유출수의 제거율을 1.0 mg/L 또는 80%로 제한하고 있다. 이를 충족시키기 위해 SBR+MBR 공정을 적용하여 시험운전을 진행하였으며, 그에 따른 문헌조사 결과 생물학적 처리만으로 인의 목표 처리효율을 충족시키는 것에 한계가 있을 것으로 판단하여 응집제(PAC 5)를 도입하였다. 따라서 본 연구는 PAC 5를 이용한 응집공정 적용시 T-P의 제거율이 어떻게 변화하는지 연구하는 데에 그 목적이 있다. 실험에 사용된 원수는 실험을 위해 자체 제작한 화장실에서 발생된 오수를 사용하였으며 원수의 T-P 농도는 33.215 mg/L로 측정되었다. 실험은 총 3 사이클 동안 진행되었으며, SBR+MBR 공정을 거친 1차 유출수의 T-P 농도 및 제거율의 평균값과 PAC 5를 이용하여 응집공정까지 시행된 2차 유출수의 T-P 농도 및 제거율의 평균값을 비교하였다. 실험 결과 1차 유출수의 평균 T-P 농도는 15.05 mg/L로 유입수 대비 유출수가 70.8%의 제거율로 나타났고, 또한 2차 유출수의 경우 평균 농도 3.47 mg/L로 93.3%의 제거율로 나타났다. 실험을 통해 PAC 5를 적용한 응집공정을 실시하였을 때 T-P 평균 제거율이 22.5%가 상승한 것으로 확인되었다. 따라서 SBR+MBR 공정을 적용한 고도수처리장치에 있어서 PAC 5를 이용한 응집공정 적용은 긍정적인 것으로 판단된다.
In order to make the best biogas production in the anaerobic fermentation, it is important to be able to compare the raw input materials on the basis of their sustainability, which may include a variety of environmental indicators. This study examined the comparative sustainability of renewable technologies in terms of their life cycle CO2 emissions and embodied energy, using life cycle analysis. The comparative results showed that power generation of bioenergy was associated with 0.96 kWh/m³ biogas and the reduction of CO2 emission is 2.1kg of CO2/kg Biomass. Other environmental indicators should be applied to gain a complete picture of the technologies studied. The generation of electricity is 2.07 kWh/m³ biogas in comparison with theoretical results of 3.09 kWh/m³ (efficiency of generator is 30%) based on the assumption of the removal efficiency 95% of CO2, methane conversion 100%, efficiency of generator 30%. Final results are the production of methane: 250 m³/day, production of electricity: 770kWh/day when used 5 m³/day of waste.