Research on the useful mushroom was done at Aurora Memorial National Park (AMNP). The Park is situated in Central Luzon Region with a total land area of 5,676 hectares. AMNP has no distinct wet and dry season thus provides a favorable climate, which promotes the growth of useful mushrooms. The photo-documentation and collections were performed to assess diversity. Five Transect Lines (TL) were laid out in five areas, with 20m x 30m quadrat and interval of 100 meters between quadrats. The study resulted in the identification of 36 families, 53 genera, and 104 species of which 97 are basidiomycetes and 6 are ascomycetes. Simpson’s and Shannon diversity indexes resulted in 0.7254 and 1.4295, respectively. In both indexes, useful mushrooms at AMNP showed moderately diverse. While the evenness revealed 0.1565 indicating low species evenness in each TL. Among the significant findings revealed two new possible new species of Microporus and Cymatoderma.

Hericium erinaceus (HE) is an edible mushroom to exhibit several biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammation and anti-cancer effects. This study focuses on the antioxidant potential of HE as extraction solvents. HE was extracted with ethanol (HEE) and water (HEW) in order to observe the change of the extraction amount of the active ingredient. Total polyphenol content (TPC) analyses were performed to decide the active ingredient contents of HEE and HEW. Moreover, 2,2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) and 1,2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activities were conducted to compare the antioxidant activities of HEE and HEW extracts. As a result, TPC (7.08 ± 0.08 g GAE/kg extract) of HEE was found significantly higher as compared to HEW (4.94 ± 0.02 g GAE/kg extract). The IC50 values based on the ABTS for HEE (471.47 ± 20.38 μg/ml) was generally stronger showing potential antioxidant properties compared to HEW (606.97 ± 1.04 μg/ml). On the other hand, DPPH radical scavenging activity showed no significant change in HEE and HEW extracts. These results demonstrated that ethanol extracts from HE could be useful as an antioxidative functional ingredients.

Fruiting bodies were degraded themselves by the several glycoside hydrolases after spore releasing from mature fruiting bodies or harvesting. The enzymes involved in autolysis such as glucanase and chitinase have been studied. However, there are almost no information about the relationship between several glycoside hydrolases and autolysis. In this study, we studied to obtain the enzymatic properties of trehalase, and also to get the new information on the relationship between trehalase and autolysis. Crude enzymes were prepared from each fruiting body of Pleurotus sp. (from the immature stage to the autolysis stage) and the trehalase activities were measured at each growth stage. Trehalase activities sharply increased in autolysis stage. Trehalase was partially purified from fruiting bodies of the autolysis stage using various column chromatography and its properties were examined. The optimum temperature was 50 °C and the optimum pH was 4.5. In order to elucidate the localization of trehalase, fruit bodies of the autolysis stage were divided into the stipes and the pileuses, and the each trehalase activity was measured. High trehalase activities were found in the pileuses. Furthermore, in order to elucidate trehalase activities in autolysis more detail, the each fruiting body of autolysis progressing stages was finely divided into the stipes and the pileuses, and their activities were measured. The activities in the outer part of the pileuses were highest at the initial stage of autolysis and the activities shifted from the outer side to the inner side of the pileuses according to the progress of autolysis.

The characteristic aroma of mushrooms is one of their attractive elements as food materials. The major aroma compound in most mushrooms is 1-octen-3-ol. The biosynthesis of 1-octen-3-ol starts with the oxidation of linoleic acid by lipoxygenase (LOX). The resultant intermediate hydroperoxide is then cleaved by hydroperoxide lyase. LOX is a non-heme iron-containing dioxygenase widely found in plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria. It catalyzes the insertion of molecular oxygen into polyunsaturated fatty acids containing Z,Z-1,4-pentadiene moieties, such as linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid, yielding the corresponding hydroperoxides. Two LOX genes, Polox1 and Polox2, have been isolated from P. ostreatus, which has higher LOX activity than other edible mushrooms. Polox1 and Polox2 were found to show different expression patterns during the development of the fruiting body. However, the biochemical properties of PoLOX1 and PoLOX2, encoded by Polox1 and Polox2, respectively, have been not fully elucidated. In this study, we engineered these two LOX genes of P. ostreatus into a heterologous host, Escherichia coli, and characterized the recombinant proteins. The coding regions of Polox1 and Polox2 were amplified by RT-PCR from the total RNA of P. ostreatus PC15 mycelia. The RT-PCR products were digested with appropriate restriction enzymes and ligated into an expression vector (pET-16b). The resultant plasmids were introduced into E. coli BL21 (DE3) via transformation. Polox1 and Polox2 were then expressed by induction at 15°C with 0.4 mM IPTG for 18 h. The cells were harvested by centrifugation and resuspended in 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). The cell suspension was sonicated and again centrifuged at 15,000 ×g for 20 min at 4 °C. The resultant cell-free extract was used for subsequent experiments. Recombinant PoLOX1 and PoLOX2 were confirmed by SDS-PAGE analysis of the cell-free extract. PoLOX1 and PoLOX2 were estimated to have molecular weights of approximately 76,000 Da and 78,000 Da, respectively. The LOX activity was determined with linoleic acid as a substrate by a spectrophotometric procedure based on the formation of conjugated dienes. To characterize the biochemical properties of PoLOX1 and PoLOX2, in vitro enzymatic assays were performed using the total cell protein from E. coli expressing the two Polox genes, with linoleic acid as a substrate. The optimum pH of recombinant PoLOX1 and PoLOX2 was 7.5 and 5.5, respectively; the optimum temperatures of recombinant PoLOX1 and PoLOX2 were 55 °C and 30 °C, respectively. Recombinant PoLOX1 and PoLOX2 were stable at pH 5.0-9.0 and 6.0-8.0, respectively; recombinant PoLOX1 and PoLOX2 were relatively stable below 50 °C and 40 °C, respectively. Thus, PoLOX1 had higher thermal and pH stability than PoLOX2. The calculated Km values of PoLOX1 and PoLOX2 were 121 μM and 249 μM, respectively. The calculated Vmax values of PoLOX1 and PoLOX2 were 17.2 μmol/mg･min and 17.5 μmol/mg･min, respectively. These results indicated that PoLOX1 had a higher affinity for linoleic acid than PoLOX2. Collectively, our findings suggested that there were some differences between the biochemical properties of PoLOX1 and PoLOX2.

This experiment was conducted to establish the best salting for oyster mushrooms fermented pickles to develop new product and enhance quality for long term preservation. Changes of brine solution and mushroom were investigated during salting 10, 13, 16, 19% for 20 days by raw, blanched and dried type. The pH of the brine solution in the raw and dried mushroom form decreased and increased in the blanched form during storage. There was general increasing tendency of salinity of the brine solution as preservation period increases. The final salinity of mushroom after 20 days was generally lower than initial salinity and moisture content tended to be lowered as the salinity increases. The final hardness of mushroom after 20 days was mostly high in dried type and tended to be lowered in high salinity. The L value on the stand part of mushroom was brighter as the salinity decreases and the b value tended to be lowered as the salinity increases.

Naringenin and its glycoside naringin (naringenin-7-O-glycoside) belong to this series of flavonoids and were well-known strong antioxidant activity. This study was conducted to flavonoid constituents and antioxidant activity of Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus cornucopiae. In order to determine active ingredient contents of Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus cornucopiae, we were carried out total polyphenolic content (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) analyses. As a result, TPC (31.05 ± 0.03 g GAE/kg extract) and TFC (13.25 ± 1.24 g NE/kg extract) of Pleurotus cornucopiae were found significantly higher as compared to Pleurotus ostreatus. The IC50 values based on the DPPH (56.50 ± 0.73 μg/ml) and ABTS (86.53 ± 3.86 μg/ml) for Pleurotus cornucopiae were generally stronger showing potential antioxidant properties compared to Pleurotus ostreatus. In addition, naringin and naringenin content were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. A great amount of naringin and naringenin was found in Pleurotus cornucopiae. These results indicate that the Pleurotus cornucopiae can be used as an antioxidant therapeutic agent.

This study was conducted to in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of EtOH extracts of Cordyceps militaris (CM). Antioxidant potential, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of CM EtOH extracts were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method and the aluminum chloride colorimetric method, respectively. Antioxidant activity of CM extracts was measured by following some well-established methods for free radical scavenging such as 2,2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl hydrate and 1,2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid). Moreover, Anti-inflammatory activity of CM extracts was determined by measuring the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide/interferon-γ-activated RAW264.7 macrophage-like cells. In addition, cytotoxicity of CM extracts against macrophages was determined by MTT assay. Our results showed that total phenolic content was 19.7 mg gallic acid/g extract. Total flavonoid content was 5.0 mg Naringin/g. Its antioxidant activity was assessed by IC50 value and the values are 338.8 μg/ml (DPPH radical scavenging), 35.4 μg/ml (ABTS radical scavenging). In addition, CM extracts attenuated NO production through the reduction of cellular inducible NO synthase protein expressions. Using MTT assay on indicate that CM extracts showed no toxicity. In conclusion, these results provide important evidence that CM extracts can potentially be used to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent.

NRPS (non-ribosomal pepetide synthetase) plays an important role in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, which includes economically important compounds such as antibiotics, antitumor agents, immune-suppressants, siderophores, toxins, etc. In most cases, however, their functions and biosynthesizing pathways have been still remained riddles because of their cryptic expression and recalcitrant genetics. In our previous genome analyses of Cordyceps bassiana C101, we predicted the sequences of secondary metabolite biosynthesizing gene clusters, which contain non-ribosomal pepetide synthetases whose functions are already known such as beauvericin, bassianolide, bassiatin, tenellin, beauverolides, and oosporein. The authors focused on nrps6 that has not been functionally studied. The single-gene deletion and overexpression mutants were established via Agrobacterium-mediated transformations. PCR, quantitative real-time PCR, and southern blot analyses were carried out to confirm the correct single-gene integrated homologous recombination. In further study, comparative metabolic profiling between wild-type and mutant strains will be followed by their detailed chemical structure analysis through NMR spectroscopy.

A. auricular-judae cultivars, ‘Yong-a’ was cultivated in JARES on 2015. Ear mushroom have been consumed the form of dried mushrooms imported from china, but the production and consumption of domestic ear mushroom have been increasing recently. However, how the different drying methods affect the quality of domestic varieties is not clear. Therefore, we examined the effects of drying methods to improve the competitiveness of dried ear mushrooms using domestic cultivar, ‘Yong-a’. Ear mushroom samples were dried using sun-drying and hot air drying(50, 60°C) and combined of two methods(hot air drying at 50, 60°C after 3,6 and 9 hours sun drying) and drying time, rehydration ratio, color and hardness, vitamin D2 contents were evaluated. Drying time was the fastest at 60°C hot air drying(11.5h) and the slowest at 50°C hot air drying(16h) and drying time was shorter as the sun drying time was longer. The rehydration ratio was the highest at 60°C hot air drying(18.6%) and increased as the drying time decreased. After drying and rehydration, the color showed no significant difference between drying methods. The hardness of rehydrated mushroom was highest at sun drying and 60°C hot air drying. The contents of ergosterol were not significantly different by drying methods. However, vitamin D2 was lowest at 50 °C and 60°C hot air drying (4.22mg%, 3.87mg%) and highest at sun drying and 50°C hot air drying after 6 hours sun drying (12.52mg%, 12.99mg%). vitamin D2 contents was higher at 50°C hot air drying than 60°C. According to the results of color, hardness, vitamin D2 contents of dried ear mushroom, sun drying is the best method. When the sun drying is not possible, hot air drying at 60°C is suitable, but it is better to use sun drying method to increase the vitamin D2 contents.

The purpose of this study is to find out a food material having anti-obesity effect and suggest the effect of the material to people who are interested in anti-obesity. For this study, Auricularia (wood ear) has been used. It is world widely spread mushroom, especially in east north Asia countries. It is also called as wood ear in western countries because of its shape. The most considerable fact is that Auricularia is being used for popular food materials for cooking because of its good taste. Totally 11 strains of Auricularia were offered by Doctor Kim, Kil-ja in Jeollanam do Agricultural Research & Extension Services. There were 8 strains of Auricula-polytricha, and 3 strains of Auricula-judae. Each Auricularia strains were extracted with 50% Ethanol for 12 hours in 40°C and then 11 strains were prepared for in vitro study. In vitro study focused on the inhibition effect on adipocyte differentiation of Auricularia spp. 3T3-L1 (preadipocyte cell) was used for identifying the inhibition effect on adipocyte differentiation. Before that, MTT assay was used for measurement of cell viability. The result is essential for fixing the treat concentration of the extracts. After adipocyte differentiation, cells were stained with Oil Red O solution to dye differentiated adipocyte cells. Spectrophotometer was used to quantify the adipocyte cells. There are few adipocyte differentiation markers. From the markers, this study selected four markers (PPAR γ, FABP4(ap2), CD36, C/EBPα) and used them to measure mRNA expression using real-time PCR and Western blot experiment. As a result, this study found out that all the extract of strains has inhibition effects on adipocyte differentiation, especially the adipocyte differentiation control probability of Auricula-polytricha strain 21001 was 24.6%. Auricula-judae strain 21002 (19.3%), Auricula-polytricha strain 249 (14.0%) followed. The result concerning the inhibition effect was identified through Western blot experiment as well. As a further study, in vivo study is on progressing. 56 ICR mice (6w, male) are being used for the animal study. It consists of 8 groups. One is control, another is positive control, the other groups are Auricula-polytricha strain 21001 treatment group. Different concentration of powder or extract of Auricularia is treated in each treatment group. We are anticipating that the result of this further study will be correspond to that of in vitro study.

In the present study, four edible mushrooms, Lentinula edodes, Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Pleurotus eryngii, were air-dried or freeze-dried for a certain period of time. After finely ground the materials, their beta-glucan contents were measured. Beta-glucan is a polysaccharide of plant and fungal cell wall and also a dietary fiber. It has an effect on stimulating immune cells and decreasing cholesterol. In the mushroom materials used in this study, beta-glucan contents were measured as 11-16%. Among them, P. ostreatus represented the highest contents, 16%. The authors also examined the contents of polyphenol, which is a phenolic compound known to have antioxidant activity. The polyphenol concentrations of the selected mushrooms were measured in 1 mg/ml of each sample prepared by hot-air drying and freeze-drying, respectively. As a result, 28-32 mg/ml of polyphenol was measured in hot air dried samples of P. ostreatus. In P. eryngii, air-dried samples had 6 mg/ml more polyphenols than freeze-dried ones, while in P. ostreatus, the former had 10 mg/ml more than the latter, indicating that the polyphenol contents in mushrooms can be changed by the different drying treatments. In other words, for P. eryngii and P. ostreatus, hot-air drying is more suitable processing method than freeze-drying in the light of physiological activity.

Honey production from approximately 1.7 million colonies owned by around 21 thousand beekeepers was almost 36 thousand M/T in Korea. Pollen has used as a food and medicine from before the Joseon Dynasty period in Korea. Pollen grains such as acorn (Quercus acutissima), actinidia (Actinidia arguta) and green tea (Camellia sinensis) are popular in the markets in Korea. But stiff pollen wall hindered dissolution of polysaccharides and lowered extraction efficiency. In the present study, we measured the antioxidant activity and the total polyphenol content from the pulverized and lyophilized green tea pollen grains inoculated with 6 kinds of fungi to confirm the husk removal effect. The total polyphenol content of green tea pollens was highest in lyophilized pollen medium inoculated with Armillaria mellea, and was lowest in pollen inoculated with Lentinula edodes. Total polyphenol content of the lyophilized pollen was higher than that of the refined pollen and the pulverized pollen in green tea pollen germinated with A. mellea. The total polyphenol content of the lyophilized green tea pollens germinated with A. mellea was 1.4-fold higher than that extracted with water. Measurement of antioxidant activity using the DPPH free radical scavenging method showed that the lyophilized green tea pollen grains germinated with A. mellea had the highest and that germinated with L. edodes was lowest in antioxidant activities. The lyophilized green tea pollen grains germinated with A. mellea was 2 to 4 times higher than that extracted with water in the antioxidant activity of DPPH free radical scavenging. Many germinated cells were formed around pore of green tea pollen inoculated with L. edodes, while those were formed at the end of hyphae derived from green tea pollen grains inoculated with A. mellea.

The aim of the study was carried out to investigate a single oral toxicity of a 50% ethanol extract derived from fruiting body of Poria cocus (PCE) using male and female SD rats. Groups consisted of five male and female rats were treated with a single dose of the test substance intragastrically at 0, 5, 50, 300 and 2,000 mg/kg, respectively. Animals were monitored for the mortality and changes in the body weight, clinical signs and gross observation during the 14 days after dosing, upon necropsy. As the results, we could not find any mortality. Compared with the control group, significant weight change was not observed in the experimental group. Also there was no difference in water and food consumption or gross pathological findings at terminal sacrifice among the groups of rat treated with different doses of the test substance. The results suggested that the approximate lethal dose of ACM in both female and male rats were considered as over 5000 mg/kg.

This study is carried out to compare ingredients and antioxidant activity of Bokryeong, Poria cocos wolf, cultivated in the landfill and facility. Comparisons of the composition of the landfill and facility Bokryeong were conducted in the first and second year. As a result, there was no statistically significant difference in all four components (oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen). In the second year, GC-MS analysis was carried out using the extracts containing ginseng epidermis, using the samples taken from the Gangwon-do area in the first year and the second year. As a result, 1,3-Dihydroxyacetone dimer, 2-Furancarboxaldehyde, and Acetaldehyde were detected in the landfill Bokryeong. 2-Furancarboxaldehyde and Acetaldehyde contents were higher in facility Bokryeng. In biological activity assay, The anti-inflammatory of the landfill Bokryeng and facility Bokryeng were compared by using Raw 267.4 cell lines. As a result, it was confirmed that both of them had anti-inflammatory, but no difference was found.

This work aimed to discriminate the geographical origins of Domestic and Chinese Wolfiporia extensa. subjected to of oxygen (45.32 to 48.07%), carbon (38.09 to 40.12%), hydrogen (6.05 to 6.78%), and nitrogen (0.16 to 0.23%). Antioxidant activity was examined by DPPH free radical scavenging activity. According to the results of the experiment, no significant differences were found between domestic (IC50, 7.25 mg/ml) and Chinese (IC50, 8.35 mg/ml) Poria cocos wolf. However, as determined by the inorganic mineral contents were significantly different between domestic and Chinese W. extensa. The amount of potassium in domestic and Chinese W. extensa was 47.60 ± 8.78% and 33.14 ± 17.27%, respectively. The results of this study suggested that the analysis of inorganic components by ED-XRF should be useful for origin identification of Poria cocos wolf.

Medical mushroom, Phellinus linteus (PL) called as “Sanghwang” has been studied extensively for its extraordinary capacity of suppressing cancer or enhancing body immunity. The mycelial materials of PL have mainly been used as research samples worldwide because its fruiting body was difficult to artificially produce. Alternatively, P. baumii (variety, “Jangsu”) have stably been cultivated in Korea. However, fruiting body morphology of P. baumii is clearly different to that of PL. Of Phellinus isolates collected in Korea, P. linteus, KACC 93057P having features of fast mycelial growth rate was mycologically characterized. This study is to establish artificial cultivation of P. linteus KACC93057P having high mycelial growth rate and to examine bioactive efficacy of its fruiting body. The grain spawn of P linteus KACC93057P was inoculated on oak and mulberry logs (20 cm). The optimum temperature for the mycelial growth was at 25-30°C and growth was optimal at pH 5-7. The mycelial growth of P. linteus was faster than P. baumii and other P. linteus isolates. The mushroom pinning was observed on the 60 days after the inoculation, and fruiting bodies were formed in more than 90% of the logs after 6 months. The productivity fruiting body on the logs was more than 10 times that of the existing P. linteus (Korean Sanhwang). The fruiting bodies showed typical morphologies of P. linteus. The pore shape in basidiocarp is circular with 5-7 per mm, hyphal system is dimity, and basidiospores are ellipsoid. Bioactive efficacy of the fruiting bodies was analyzed by immunoreactivity and antioxidant activity.

Recently, hair loss regarded as a mere means of middle-aged men due to stress and environmental pollution. The market for hair loss in Korea is about four trillion won and it is growing continuously. It is mainly made by mixing natural extracts such as medicinal plant. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 70% ethanol extracts of Phellinus linteus on the growth of fibroblasts, dermal papilla cells and lipid precursors, We want to try to make a materialization. The 70% ethanol extract of P. linteus on the cell viability of Human follicle dermal papilla cell (HFDPC), adipocyte (3T3-L1), fibroblast (CCD-986sk). The result the cell viability of HFDPC was increased according to the contents of ethanol extract of P. linteus. But the 70% ethanol extract of P. linteus showed weak inhibit activity in CCD-986sk cell growth. Also, the 70%　ethanol extract of P. linteus did not inhibit the growth of 3T3-L1 cells. As a result of this study, in-vitro hair growth activity of herbal medicines for hair material development was not shown to be toxic to HFDPC and 3T3-L1 cell. As a result, the 70% ethanol extracts of P. linteus have potential to developing hair-related product. Acknowledgement : This research was supported by the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy(MOTIE), Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology(KIAT) through the Encouragement Program for The Industries of Economic Cooperation Region(R0005473)

Tricholoma matsutake is a representative mushroom species with a characteristic pleasant aroma. The characteristic aroma component is methyl cinnamate, which is also produced in many plants. In basil, cinnamic acid is produced from l-phenylalanine (l-Phe) by phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and converted to methyl cinnamate by a cinnamate/p-coumarate carboxyl methyltransferase. Two PAL genes, Tmpal1 and Tmpal2, have been isolated from T. matsutake. In this study, we aimed to clarify the relationships between l-Phe, methyl cinnamate production, and PAL expression in the mycelium of T. matsutake strain NBRC 30605. For this purpose, methyl cinnamate content, PAL activity, and transcript levels of Tmpal1 and Tmpal2 were examined in the mycelia of T. matsutake supplemented with l-Phe. The mycelia were cultured in 20 mL of a liquid medium (2% glucose, 0.15% yeast extract, and 0.15% Bacto Soytone) at 20 °C for 45 d, supplemented with 0.5-6 mM l-Phe, and then grown for a further 15 d. Mycelia cultured without l-Phe supplementation for 60 d in the medium were used as a control. Crude extracts were prepared from the mycelia harvested for enzymatic, protein, and methyl cinnamate assays. Methyl cinnamate was measured using gas chromatography. PAL activity was assayed by measuring the rate of trans-cinnamic acid formation as the absorbance at 290 nm (ɛ290 = 10,000 M−1 cm−1). The transcript levels of Tmpal1 and Tmpal2 were examined by performing real-time reverse transcriptase-quantitative PCR on the total RNA. Methyl cinnamate was detected in very low levels in cultures without l-Phe supplementation, but its content per mg of protein increased markedly with increasing concentrations of l-Phe, especially at 4-6 mM. When 6 mM l-Phe was added to the culture medium, the methyl cinnamate content was approximately 55-fold higher than that of the control sample. The specific activity of PAL also increased in cultures supplemented with l-Phe, especially at 4-6 mM. When l-Phe was added to the culture medium, the methyl cinnamate content in the mycelia was relatively well correlated with PAL activity. These results indicated that supplementation with l-Phe, a precursor of methyl cinnamate, increases the specific activity of PAL, leading to an increase in methyl cinnamate production in the mycelia of T. matsutake. The transcript level of Tmpal1 did not change markedly with l-Phe supplementation. In contrast, the transcript level of Tmpal2 increased greatly in cultures supplemented with 4-6 mM l-Phe. These results suggested that the expression of Tmpal1 and Tmpal2 was controlled by different regulatory mechanisms and that they may have different biological functions in T. matsutake. In addition, the pattern of PAL activity in the presence of l-Phe was similar to that of the transcript level of Tmpal2, but not Tmpal1, suggesting that the increase in PAL activity was dependent on the increased transcription of Tmpal2.

The world mushroom market is continuously expanding due to the improvement of production technology and the continuous increase of demand. Production and consumption of mushrooms are increasing in Korea and imports are increasing year by year. Most of the imported mushrooms are from China. The Lentinus edodes (shiitake mushroom) are in dry form, but Tricholoma matsutake (pine mushroom) and Sarcodon aspratus (Neungi mushroom) are imported in frozen form. It is suspected that frozen Tricholoma matsutake and Sarcodon aspratus are coated with water to increase the weight excessively. In this study, we compared the moisture content and drip% of Chinese and Korean frozen Tricholoma matsutake and Sarcodon aspratus to determine the presence or absence of water coating. The moisture content of frozen Tricholoma matsutake was highest in Yunnan (China) at 94.7%, followed by Tibetan (China) at 92.5%, Yanji (China) at 90.6% and Korea at 88.5%. The moisture content of frozen Sarcodon aspratus was 92.4% in China and 91.6% in Korea. The drip% of frozen Tricholoma matsutake was 23.1% in Tibetan (China), 22.1% in Yunnan (China), 14.5% in Yanji (China) and 11.7% in Korea. The amount of drip% of Korea and Chinese frozen Sarcodon aspratus was 20.8% and 22.7%, respectively. Moisture content and drip% of frozen Sarcodon aspratus were similar to those of Chinese and Korea. Frozen Tricholoma matsutake imported from China showed high moisture content and drip% than Korea ones. These results indicated that water coating is possible in frozen Tricholoma matsutake imported from China.

There are about 15,000 kinds of mushrooms found worldwide and 2,000 kinds of edible mushrooms. There are about 1,500 kinds of mushrooms native to Korea, among which about 300 kinds of edible mushrooms are counted. In Korea, mainly Lentinus edodes (shiitake mushroom), Tricholoma matsutake (pine mushroom), and Sarcodon aspratus (Neungi mushroom) are edible, and they are imported from China due to insufficient production. The purpose of this study was to compare the nutritional quality of Chinese and Korean frozen Tricholoma matsutake and Sarcodon aspratus. The crude fat content of frozen Tricholoma matsutake was 1.1 ~ 1.5% in Chinese and 0.5% in Korea. Korea products were lower than Chinese ones. The content of crude protein in Chinese was 16.4 ~ 20.9% and that of Korea was 21.2%. In crude ash content, there are some differences between regions. The crude protein content of frozen Sarcodon aspratus was 18.9% in Chinese and 19.4% in Korea. The crude fat content was 1.2% in Chinese and 0.9% in Korea. There was no significant difference in the contents of crude ash.