본 실험은 촉진 및 호르몬 측정으로는 알기 힘든 난소의 정상 혹은 병리학적 형태 및 변화를 알아보기 위하여 실시하였다. 실험에서 도살장으로부터 채취된 난소 100개를 수침법으로 초음파 사진을 찍고 그 실제 단면과 비교하였다. 그리고, 홀스타인 50두에서 직장 벽을 통해 난소를 초음파로 관찰하여 난소의 정상 상태 및 병적 상태를 조사하였다. 이 기초 실험을 바탕으로 하여 홀스타인 소 1두를 과배란 처리하여 42일간 난소의 형태 및 변화를 직장 벽을 통해

The present study was performed to investigate the effects of caffeine and heparin on capacitation and acrosome reaction of bovine spermatozoa, effects of antisperm antibodies on acrosome reaction of bovine spermatozoa. The rates of acrosome reaction in control group, caffeine treated group, heparin treated group, caffeine-heparin complex treated group were 40.3, 54.3, 63.3, 72.3%, respectively and there were significant differences among the groups(p<0.01), especially higher in caffeine-heparin complex treated group than the others. The rates of acrosome reaction of antisperm antibodies serum supplemented groups(5, 10 and 20%) were 60.4, 48.9 and 37.1%, respectively and there were significant differences among the groups(p<0.0l), and the more increases in serum concentrations, the more decreases in acrosome reaction, but this phenomenon was not seen in fetal calf serum supplemented group and heifer serum group. When the serum concentration was 5%, the rates of acrosome reactions were significantly lower in fetal calf serum supplemented group than heifer serum group and in antisperm antibodies serum group(p<0.01), and there were no significant differences between heifer serum group and antisperm antibodies serum group(p<0.01). When the serum conecntrations were 10%, 20%, the rates of acrosome reactions were significantly lower in antisperm antibodies serum supplemented group than in fetal calf serum group and in geifer serum group(p<0.01), and there were no significant differences between fetal calf serum group and heifer serum group(p<0.01). These results indicate that caffeine-heparin complex treatment is very effective for inducing acrosome reaction of bovine spermatozoa and that antisperm antibodies block acrosome reaction.

Essential and non-essential amino acids supplemented to culture medium stimulate mammalian embryo development in vitro. Amino acids such as glycine, taurine and alanine are concentrated in the lumen of oviduct and uterus and it can he thought that these amino acids may have physiological role on fertilization and embryo development. Our aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of essential and non-essential amino acids, taurine or glycine supplemented to fertilization medium on the cleavage and subsequent in vitro development of bovine oocytes matured and fertilized in vitro. Immature oocytes were obtained from slaughtered Holstein cows and heifers and matured in TCM199 containing 10% fetal calf serum, 2.5 g /mL of FSH and LH and 1 g / mL of estradiol with granulosa cells in vitro. After maturation, oocytes were coincubated with sperm in fertilization medium supplemented with Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) essential and non-essential amino acids, taurine (3.75 mM) or glycine (10 mM) for 30 hours in vitro. Inseminated oocytes were cultured in synthetic oviduct fluid medium (SOEM) containing MEM essential, non-essential amino acids and 1 mM glutarnine up to 8 days after fertilization.Supplementation of fertilization medium with MEM essential and non-essential amino acids lowered significantly (p<0.05 and p<0.001) the cleavage rate after 30 hours of IVF (53.3%) and at Day 3 (62.7%: Day 0: the day of I VF) compared to control (64.3% and 77.3%, respectively). Subsequent developmental rates to morulae (Mo) and expanding blastocysts (ExBL) also significantly decreased (p<0.001 and p<0.05 for Mo and ExBL) when oocytes were coincubated with sperm in the medium containing MEM amino acids. Taurine added to fertilization medium have not increased the cleavage rate over the control, whereas glycine showed significantly lower (p<0.01) cleavage rate at Day 3 than that of taurine, but there was no significant difference in the developmental rates to Mo and ExBL of bovine embryos irrespective of the supplementation of taurine or glycine to fertilization medium. In conclusion, supplementation of fertilization medium with essential and non-essential amino acids, taurine or glycine has no beneficial effect on in vitro cleavage and development of bovine oocytes matured and fertilization in vitro.

To examine the critical effect of oxygen concentration on embryonic development, in vitro fertilized embryos were cultured in media(TCM199 vs. SOF) supplemented sera(1O% FCS vs. 10% HS) with and without bovine oviduct epithelial cells under two gas atmosphere (5% in air vs. 5% , 5% , 90% ). Oocytes, obtained from abattoir ovaries, were matured in EGF containing TCM199 medium co-cultured with BOEC for 24 hours, followed by exposure to frozen-thawed, heparin4reated spermatozoa in TALP for 30 hours. And then early embryos(1~2 cell) were cultured in both TCM199 and SOF supplemented with 10% FCS or 10% RS under 5% in air or 5% COi, 5% , 90% . Development to morulae and blastocysts was recorded on days 7, after the start of in vitro fertilization. The developmental rates of in vitro fertilized embryos to morulae and blastocysts cultured in SOF with BOEC under 5% , 5% , 90% (24.4%) were significantly(p<0.05) higher than cultured in SOF with BOEC under 5% in air(14.1%) at seven days after in vitro fertilization. When early bovine embryos were cultured in TCM 199 and SOF under two different gas atmosphere, there were no significant differences in the developmental rates to morulae and blastocysts between supplements of 10% FCS and 10% HS. The rates of development to morulae and blastocysts were significantly(p<0.01) higher in TCM 199 with BOEC(24.7%) than TCM199 without BOEC(10.9%) under 5% in air, otherwise SOF without BOEC(36.4%) were significantly (p<0.05) higher than in SOF with BOEC (24.4%) under 5% , 5% , 90% . In summary, these experiments have proved that the culture system in SOF supplemented 10% ES is effective on in vitro development of early bovine embryos under 5% , 5% , 90% . In addition, it is effective to development of bovine embryos that TCM 199 should be co-cultured with BOEC and SOF should be cultured without somatic cells under two different gas atmosphere.

The objective of this study was to produce calves derived from in vitro fertilization of in vitro matured follicular oocytes. Oocytes aspirated from small antral folicles of ovaries obtained at a local slaughter house were matured and fertilized in vitro. At l8hrs after insemination with Korean native cattle semen, oocytes were co-cultured for 6~7 days by utilizing co-culture system with bovine oviduct epithelial cell. After co-culture, good or excellent quality late morulae or early blastocysts were selected by morphological criteria under stereo microscope. Selected embryos were transferred to recipients on day 6 or 7 (estrus = day 0). Recipients were monitored by observation for estrus and rectal palpation after 60 days from embryo transfer. One of them went to term with the birth of a calf. This case is the first production of calf derived from in vitro fertilization in Korea.

연습림(演習林)에 분포(分布)된 식물(植物)은 79과(科) 188속(屬) 248종(種) 16변종(變種), 1아종(亞種), 3품종(品種)으로서 총계(總計) 298종류(種類)였다. 목본식물(木本植物)은 39과(科), 67속(屬)112종(種), 7변종(變種) 3품종(品種)이었으며 이중에서 교목(喬木)이 50종류(種類) 관목(灌木)이 46종류(種類), 만목(蔓木)이 16종류(種類)였다. 참취, 더덕, 지치등의 식용식물(食用植物)이 118종류(種類) 오미자, 오갈피나무등의 약용식물(藥用植物)이 48종류(種類)였다. 이 지역일대(地域一帶)에서 아직 보고(報告)되지 않았던 특기할 수 있는 군락(群落)은 왕느릅나무(Ulmus macrocarpa), 오미자(Schizandra chinensis), 오갈피나무(Acanthopanax sessiliflorus), 지치(Lithospermum erythrorhizon)등이었다.

The purpose of this study was to explain relationship between community structure and their environment variables in Mt. Hwaak. Samples were collected by 101 plots using ZM phytosociological method and followed by cluster, importance value and canonical correspondence analysis. The forest vegetation classified into 8 community types such as Pinus densiflora community, Berberis amurensis community, Betula ermani community, Betula schmidtii community, Larix leptolepis community, Pinus koraiensis community, Cornus controversa community and Salix koreensis community. Altitude was considered as the highest factor correlated to the community types. Berberis amurensis community and Betula ermani community were located in upper slope area of high elevation, Cornus controversa community and Salix koreensis community in valley area, and Pinus densiflora community in ridge area, respectively.

This study is designed to help to understand the Korean EFL teachers` experiences of computer-mediated communication(CMC) focused on the topics of collaborative computer-mediated interaction. With respect to one of the major conditions for collaborative learning, we should recognize that it occurs when the communicators actively and willingly cooperate based on strong motivation. Moreover, we should understand how the both sides help each other to achieve collaborative communication in the target language. Therefore, this study explores what the participants` motivation for collaborative experiences is like, how native/nonnative speakers perceive these motivation, what the main factors interfering with nonnative speakers` collaborative learning are, and how the both sides endeavor to enhance more desirable environment for collaborative interaction.

추파대맥 2품종을 재배하여 유식물을 청예사료로 이용할 목적으로 생육시기별로 예취할 때 청초의 생산량과 곡실의 수량이 어떠한가를 구명코저 본실험을 실시하였던바 그 시험을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 생초수량은 수원18호가 올보리(Barsoy)보다 증수되었고 2품종 모두 4월30일 1회 예취구의 수량이 가장 많았다. 2. 적중은 올보리 4월18일 1회예취구가 10a당 935.3kg으로 가장 많았고 다음은 수원18호 928kg, 수원18호의 무예취구 833.3kg및 올보리의 무예취구 723.3kg의 순위였다. 3. 수수는 수원18호가 올보리보다 다수였고 기중 수원18호 4월 18일 1회예취구(10a당)의 8,493개가 가장 많았다. 4. 성숙한 식물체중도 수중, 수수에서와 마찬가지로 4월18일에 한번 예취한 것이 2품종 모두 무예취구보다 훨씬 우월하였다. 5. 대맥 품종을 잘 선택하고 시비를 적당히 하면 생육초기에 청예사료를 목적으로 한번쯤 예취를 해도 좋은 곡립의 수량과 청예사료를 얻을 수 있다고 고려 되어진다.