PURPOSES : This study is to develop an comprehensive validation methodology for autonomous mobility-on-demand system with level 4 automated driving system. METHODS : The proposed method includes the quantitative techniques for validating both automated driving system and center system using each optimal indicators. In addition, a novel method for validating the whole system applying multi-criteria decision methodology is suggested. RESULTS : The relative weights for the vehicle system was higher than the center systems. Moreover, the relative weights of failure rate for validating the vehicle system was the highest, in addition to, a relative weight for accuracy of dynamic routing algorithm within center system was the highest. CONCLUSIONS : The proposed methodology will be applicable to validate the autonomous mobility on demand system quantitatively considering the relative weights for each systems.

청정 연료인 수소를 생산하기 위해 현재 가장 널리 사용되는 기술인 증기 개질이다. 이 방법으로 생산된 수소는 일산화탄소와 같은 불순물을 함유하고 있어, 이를 연료전지와 같은 응용분야에 사용하기 위해서는 적절한 정제 과정을 반드 시 거쳐야 한다. 최근 효과적인 정제 방법으로 분리막 기술이 각광받고 있다. 본 연구에서는 수소와 일산화탄소 혼합가스에서 수소 분리 및 회수를 위해 바이오가스 고질화용(biogas upgrading) 상용 폴리설폰(polysulfone) 고분자막의 활용 가능성에 대 해서 평가하였다. 먼저, 사용한 상용막의 물리화학적 특성에 대해서 평가하였고, H2/CO를 이용하여 stage-cut, 운전압력과 같 은 다양한 조건에서의 상용막 모듈의 성능 평가를 진행하였다. 마지막으로, 평가 결과를 바탕으로 공정설계를 위한 시뮬레이 션을 진행하였다. 본 연구에서의 상용 분리막 공정의 최대 H2 투과도와 H2/CO 분리계수는 각각 361 GPU와 20.6을 기록하였 다. 또한, CO 제거 효율은 최대 94%를 나타내었으며, 생산 수소 농도는 최대 99.1%를 달성하였다.

This study analyzed the monitoring results of fishways at 16 weirs constructed on four large Rivers to provide data helpful for the operation and management of fishways. The average utilization rate of the fishways at the weirs was confirmed to be 64.9%. When comparing the dominant species in the mainstream and fishway monitoring results, differences were observed in 9 weirs (56.3%). This indicated that the species prevalent in the mainstream were not necessarily the ones most frequently using the fishways. The average number of individuals using the fishways per day was 336. When classifying the fish species using the fishway by life type, 92.3% were primary freshwater fish, and migratory species accounted for only 5.6%. Analysis based on the season of fishway usage revealed that an average or higher number of fish species used the fishways from May to October, with the highest number of individual users occurring from June to August. Between May and July, 80% of the fish species using the fishways were in their spawning period, while during other season, less than 40% were species that move during the spawning period. The fishways that showed a significant alignment between the spawning period and the fishway passage period were Rhinogobius brunneus, Leiocassis nitidus, Squalidus chankaensis tsuchigae, Pseudogobio esocinus, Acheilognathus rhombeus, and Pungtungia herzi, in that order. When comparing the fishway monitoring results of the Gangjeong-Goryeong Weir and the Dalseong Weir with the upper part water level of the weir, both the number of fish species and individuals using the fishway showed positive correlations with the upper part water level of the weir. This suggests that a higher water level of the weir increases the inflow discharge within the fishway, leading to increased use by fish (number of individuals in Gangjeong-Goryeong Weir, P<0.001; number of species in Dalseong Weir, P<0.05). This study summarized and analyzed the results of fishway monitoring at 16 weirs built on four large Rivers, considering fishway efficiency, operation and management, monitoring period, and regulation of water level in the upper part of the weir. It is thought that this will help understand the status of fish use in fishways on large River and aid the construction, operation, and management of fishways in the future.

스마트팜형 시설 딸기에 예찰 없이 작물 정식 초기에 천적을 먼저 적용하는 생태공학적 Natural Enemy in First (NEF) 기법이 총채벌레류 와 진딧물류의 밀도에 미치는 영향을 확인하였다. 대조구는 약제를 처리하여 비교하였다. NEF 처리구에서 총채벌레류와 진딧물류의 천적과 서식 처로 참멋애꽃노린재와 Portulaca sp.를 적용하여 작기 종료시점까지 해충의 밀도를 대조구와 유사하게 효과적으로 관리할 수 있었다.

To investigate the impact of forestry projects on the carbon stocks of forests, we estimated the carbon stock change of above-ground and soil before and after forestry projects using forest type maps, forestry project information, and soil information. First, we selected six map sheet with large areas and declining age class based on forest type map information. Then, we collected data such as forest type maps, growth coefficients, soil organic matter content, and soil bulk density of the estimated areas to calculate forest carbon storage. As a result, forest carbon stocks decreased by about 34.1~70.0% after forestry projects at all sites. In addition, compared to reference studies, domestic forest soils store less carbon than the above-ground, so it is judged that domestic forest soils have great potential to store more carbon and strategies to increase carbon storage are needed. It was estimated that the amount of carbon stored before forestry projects is about 1.5 times more than after forestry projects. The study estimated that it takes about 27 years for forests to recover to their pre-thinning carbon stocks following forestry projects. Since it takes a long time for forests to recover to their original carbon stocks once their carbon stocks are reduced by physical damage, it is necessary to plan to preserve them as much as possible, especially for highly conservative forests, so that they can maintain their carbon storage function.

이 연구는 민주화운동에 대한 보훈의 구체화된 내용으로서 민주화운동 의 정신을 계승하고 선양하는 작업이 어떤 헌법적 의미와 성격, 헌법적 근거를 지니고 또 어떻게 수행되어야 하는지를 체계적으로 밝힌 것이다. 또한 민주화운동의 정신 계승과 선양의 과제를 주도하는 ‘민주화운동기념 사업’의 주요 활동과 성과를 살펴보고, 나아가 또 다른 주체로서 국가와 지방자치단체, 그리고 민주화운동 관련 사회단체의 활동까지 함께 아울러 살펴보았다. 우리 법제에서 민주화운동은 제대로 된 보훈의 대상으로 인 정받지 못하고 있다. 물론 일부 4·19나 5·18 등 몇몇의 민주화운동에 대 해서는 법적 수용이 이루어졌고 그 자체에 대해서는 별다른 이견이 없도 록 법률적 근거를 명시하고 있지만, 그 밖의 민주화운동에 대해서도 헌법 과 법률적 근거를 강화할 필요가 있다. 현재는 민주화운동기념사업회를 중심으로 한 공훈과 나라사랑정신의 선양 내지 공훈선양사업 등이 다양 하게 추진되고 있지만, 여전히 시민들이 민주화운동의 정신계승과 선양의 중요성을 인식하는 데에는 부족함이 있다. 관련 법령의 개정을 통해 민주 화운동의 정신계승과 선양 사업이 안정적으로 수행되도록 하고 국민의 참여와 민주주의의 실질적 발전을 도모할 필요가 있다.

Particulate matter is known to have adverse effects on health, making it crucial to accurately gauge its concentration levels. While the recent advent of low-cost air sensors has enabled real-time measurement of particulate matter, discrepancies in concentrations can arise depending on the sensor used, the measuring environment, and the manufacturer. In light of this, we aimed to propose a method to calibrate measurements between low-cost air sensor devices. In our study, we introduced decision tree techniques, commonly used in machine learning for classification and regression problems, to categorize particulate matter concentration intervals. For each interval, both univariate and multivariate multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to derive calibration equations. The concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 measured indoors and outdoors with two types of LCS equipment and the GRIMM 11-A device were compared and analyzed, confirming the necessity for distinguishing between indoor and outdoor spaces and categorizing concentration intervals. Furthermore, the decision tree calibration method showed greater accuracy than traditional methods. On the other hand, during univariate regression analysis, the proportion exceeding a PM2.5/PM10 ratio of 1 was significantly high. However, using multivariate regression analysis, the exceedance rate decreased to 79.1% for IAQ-C7 and 89.3% for PMM-130, demonstrating that calibration through multivariate regression analysis considering both PM10 and PM2.5 is more effective. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the accurate calibration of particulate matter measurements and have showcased the potential for scientifically and rationally calibrating data using machine learning.

In this study, the hydrogen sulfide removal performance of materials that can be used instead of NaOH was evaluated to reduce the amount of NaOH, a harmful substance used in chemical cleaning methods. Three alternative chemical agents were evaluated: commercially available chemical-based CB, enzyme-based EB, and natural substance-based NB. The hydrogen sulfide removal performance evaluation consisted of three lab tests: the EL608 method, a method using a bag, a method using a sensor and a chamber, and a field test conducted on a scrubber in operation in the actual field. As a result of evaluation by the EL608 Method, CB was 92.3% (±2.9%), EB 60.5% (±5.8%), and NB 88.3% (±3.6%), similar or somewhat similar to NaOH (5%) 99.8% (0.1%). In the evaluation of the hydrogen sulfide removal performance using Bag, the Michaelis-Menten coefficient was CB 4.30 and EB 5.30, lower than NaOH 6.60, and the affinity for hydrogen sulfide was evaluated to be stronger. Even in the method using the sensor and chamber, CB and EB showed similar hydrogen sulfide removal performance of NaOH, but NB showed low treatment performance. In the evaluation using the scrubber in the actual field, the treatment efficiency of CB and EB was higher than that of NaOH under all hydrogen sulfide inlet concentration conditions. If microorganisms grow on the packing material filled inside the scrubber, treatment efficiency may decrease. In order to prevent this phenomenon, the microbial growth inhibitory function of alternative materials was evaluated, and CB, EB, and NB were all superior to NaOH. As a result of this study, it was shown that CB and EB can replace NaOH because they have excellent performance in removing hydrogen sulfide and inhibiting microbial growth.

This study addresses the optimal design methodology for switching between active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar operating modes to easily select the necessary information to reduce pilots' cognitive load and physical workload in situations where diverse and complex information is continuously provided. This study presents a procedure for defining a hidden Markov chain model (HMM) for modeling operating mode changes based on time series data on the operating modes of the AESA radar used by pilots while performing mission scenarios with inherent uncertainty. Furthermore, based on a transition probability matrix (TPM) of the HMM, this study presents a mathematical programming model for proposing the optimal structural design of AESA radar operating modes considering the manipulation method of a hands on throttle-and-stick (HOTAS). Fighter pilots select and activate the menu key for an AESA radar operation mode by manipulating the HOTAS’s rotary and toggle controllers. Therefore, this study presents an optimization problem to propose the optimal structural design of the menu keys so that the pilot can easily change the menu keys to suit the operational environment. K

Herbicide-resistant transgenic rapeseed (TG rapeseed) was developed by inserting phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT, bar), a modified gene from the soil bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus, into the genome of a conventional variety of rapeseed (Youngsan). The TG rapeseed used for the test was confirmed to express the PAT gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunostrip. Feeding tests were conducted with Cyprinus carpio to evaluate the environmental risk of TG rapeseed, including the herbicide resistant gene. C. carpio was fed 100% ground rape suspension, TG rapeseed, or non-genetically modified (GM) counterpart rapeseed (Youngsan). As a result, the feeding test showed no significant differences in the cumulative immobility or abnormal response between C. carpio samples fed on TG rapeseed and non-GM counterpart rapeseed. The 48 h-LC50 values of the TG rapeseed and the non-GM counterpart rapeseed were 3,376 mg/L (95 % confidence limits: 3,169 - 3,596 mg/L) and 2,682 mg/L (95 % confidence limits: 2,267 – 3,123 mg/L), respectively. The rape NOEC (no observed effect concentration) value for C. carpio was suggested to be 625 mg/L. Based on these results, there was no significant difference in the toxicity for non-target organisms (C. carpio) between the TG rapeseed and non- GM counterparts.

이 연구의 목적은 2·8 독립선언 전후의 사정과 의의를 체계화하여 3·1 독립운동의 도화선의 한계를 넘어 학생운동의 한국적 의미와 독립운동 전반에 미친 영향, 이후 학생활동에 미친 영향 등을 규명하는 데 있다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 윌슨의 민족자결론과 고종황제의 서거는 조선 민족의 독립운동에 대한 기대와 기회를 만들어주었다. 둘째, 동경 유학생들의 2·8 독립선언과 해외 독립운동가와의 네트워크가 3·1독립운 동을 촉진한 요인으로 나타났다. 셋째, 동경 유학생 단체는 조선 독립의 방향과 이론을 정립하는 조직적 세력으로 성장하였으며 민족 독립의 지 혜와 역량을 갖추고 있었다. 넷째, 2·8 독립선언은 일단 실패로 돌아갔으 나 이후 독립운동으로 발전하였다. 유학생들의 독립선언은 국내 독립운 동가 지도층에게 적극적인 지원을 끌어냄으로써 3･1 독립운동에도 지대 한 영향을 미쳤다. 다섯째, 2･8 독립선언은 이후 오사카에서 독립선언이 나 국내 독립운동 등 다양하고 분화된 형태로 전개되는 과정에서 큰 역 할을 담당했다. 또한, 많은 유학생이 귀국하여 독립운동에 참여하거나 나 중에 임시정부에 가담하여 적극적인 항일투쟁을 전개하였다. 결론적으로 2·8 독립선언은 이후 실천적 행동적 의지를 갖추고 향후 독립운동을 전 개하는 데 발판을 제공하였다.

We aimed to develop outstanding domestic varieties suitable for both columnar and cylindrical-shape substrates, aiming to replace foreign varieties. and bred a high-quality new strain named ‘Charmjon’, using genetic resources collected from Japan and China. The optimal cultivation temperature for Charmjon’s mycelial growth was found to be 25°C, and its mycelial growth at 15°C and 25°C was superior to the control variety. In terms of mycelial growth characteristics based on the substrate, Charmjon exhibited excellent mycelial strength on PDA medium compared to the control variety. Through columnar and cylindrical-shape substrates cultivation, we assessed the quantity and morphological characteristics of the fruiting bodies. The results confirmed that Charmjon can be produced stably using both cultivation methods, and it showed higher yields and individual weights than the control variety. In addition, the color of the pileus was notably darker, and the shape of the pileus varied depending on the cultivation method. The test of genetic diversity revealed that Charmjon has distinct genetic characteristics compared to the control varieties.

In this study, we examined the effects of gamma irradiation dosage on the mycelial growth of Auricularia auriculajudae and performed analyses of fruiting body yield, growth characteristics, taste, fragrance, and mineral composition. Assessments of mycelial growth in response to gamma irradiation at different intensities revealed an enhancement in the growth of fungi exposed to irradiation at 200 Gy. Fruiting body yield was also highest at 200 Gy, followed by 800 Gy and the control group. On the basis of these observations, we subsequently applied gamma ray doses of 200 and 800 Gy to examine the effects of irradiation on fungal quality characteristics. In terms of the taste of fruiting bodies, we detected no significant differences among the control, 200 Gy, and 800 Gy groups. Contrastingly, with respect to fragrance, we found that fungi treated with 200 Gy were characterized by a pattern that differed from those of the control and other treatment groups. Furthermore, whereas we detected no significant difference among treatments with respect total dietary fiber content, calcium content was found to be higher in the treatment groups compared with the control group, with the highest content being measured in fungi exposed to 800 Gy irradiation. Copper content was confirmed to be higher in the control group, whereas there were no significant differences between the fungi irradiated with 200 and 800 Gy. Contrastingly, the highest levels of zinc were detected in response to 200 Gy irradiation, followed by 800 Gy. Collectively, our findings thus indicate that gamma irradiation can contribute to promoting increases in the fruiting body yield and mineral contents of mushrooms.

PURPOSES : This study was conducted to evaluate the physical properties of the RAP 50 asphalt mixture containing polymer modified rejuvenator and warm-mix additive to improve the recycling rate of RAP and reduce CO2 emission. METHODS : Mix design of Polymer Modified Warm-mix Asphalt Mixture(RAP 50), and Hot Mix Asphalt Mixture(RAP 30) were produced and the properties of asphalt mixture such as Marshall Stability, ITS, Deformation Strength, TSR, and Dynamic Stability were compared between the two asphalt mixtures. RESULTS : The RAP 50 asphalt mixture showed superior or similar performances compared to the RAP 30 asphalt mixture in all the tests conducted. The results of the Marshall stability and dynamic stability in particular were 13,045N and 3,826 pass/mm, which were 11.37% and 76.7% greater than the RAP 30 asphalt mixture, which indicated that high plastic deformation resistance may be expected. CONCLUSIONS : The results obtained from laboratory tests on the two types of mixtures indicated that the use of polymer modified rejuvenator and warm-mix additive not only allows to increase the proportion of RAP but also improves its properties under lower temperature condition than RAP 30 asphalt mixture. Additionally, it was confirmed that plastic deformation resistance was high and moisture resistance and crack resistance were improved for a RAP 50 asphalt mixture.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of amino acid complex additives, such as protected vitamin C (VC) or detoxified sulfur (DS), on the growth and metabolism of Hanwoo cattle under high-temperature conditions. Accordingly, farms in Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) regions ranging from 78 to 89 for over 100 days were selected. The experimental groups were control, T1 (lysine + methionine + VC, 50 g/head/day), and T2 (lysine + methionine + DS, 50 g/head/day) with 70, 77, and 71 animals each. The range of the THI for 115 days was 78-89, and this occurred in most of the experiment days. The results showed that there was no significant difference in rectal temperature among the groups. The body weight increased to 786.4 and 809.0kg in the T1 and T2 groups, respectively, compared to the control group (p<0.05). Linoleic acid showed a high result of 2.01% in the T1 group compared to the control group (p<0.05). Unsaturated fatty acids were higher at 55.70 and 56.54% in the T1 and T2 groups, respectively, compared to the control group (p<0.05), and the omega 6/3 ratio was reduced to 20.10% (p<0.05). These findings indicate that T1 has a positive impact on growth, meat quality, and fatty acid composition compared to the control group. In conclusion, amino acid complex with VC improved the body weight of Hanwoo steers and the unsaturated fatty acids and essential amino acids of their meat; however, further research is needed to clarify this impact on carcass performance.

This study aimed to explore nursing students' experience of learning cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in a web-based virtual simulation (vSim) through analysis of the reflection journals. Method: From June to July 2020, data were collected from 48 fourth-year nursing students who performed the simulation by reviewing prompt feedback on their CPR performance. The contents of the reflection journals were analyzed using NVivo qualitative data analysis software. Results: Nursing students experienced unfamiliarity with the English-based virtual environment as well as psychological pressure and anxiety about emergencies. Incorrect interventions were identified in the following order of frequency: violation of defibrillator guidelines, missing fundamental nursing care, error in applying an electrocardiogram monitor, inadequate initial response to cardiac arrest, insufficient chest compression, and inadequate ventilation. Lastly, the participants learned the importance of embodied knowledge, for knowing and acting accurately and reacting immediately, and their attitudes as nurses, such as responsibility, calmness, and attentiveness. Learning strategies included memory retention through repetition, real-time feedback analysis, pre-learning, and imagining action sequences in advance. The level of achievement, time required, CPR quality, and confidence improved with behavior-modification strategies developed through self-reflection. Conclusion: Educational interventions that are based on understanding accurate algorithms can strengthen selfawareness of mistakes to improve efficient imparting of CPR education.

Purpose: Even today, cancer remains a challenge to overcome. The purpose of this study is to understand the current status of lip-oral-pharyngeal cancer in Koreans by identifying the survival rate of lip-oral-pharyngeal cancer in Koreans through long-term big data. Material and Method: This study utilized 2023 KOSIS (Cancer Registration Statistics, Ministry of Health and Welfare) academically. The 5-year relative survival rates of lip-oral-pharyngeal cancer from 1996 to 2020 were compared and analyzed at 5-year intervals. Results: The 5-year relative survival rate for lip-oral-pharyngeal cancer was 47.4% from 1996 to 2000, 54.5% from 2001 to 2005, 61.1% from 2006 to 2010, 65.5% from 2011 to 2015, and 69.7% from 2016 to 2020. From 1996 to 2005, the 5-year relative survival rate for lip-oral-pharyngeal cancer was higher than the 5-year relative survival rate for all cancers. However, in the recent 15 years from 2006 to 2020, the 5-year relative survival rate for lip-oral-pharyngeal cancer was lower than for all cancers. Conclusions: In conclusion, this long-term big data showed that the 5-year relative survival rate of lip-oral-pharyngeal cancer in Koreans has increased further in modern times. However, in order to increase the overall survival rate of all human cancers, continuous efforts to improve the survival rate of lip-oral-pharyngeal cancer are needed in the future.

eDNA (environmental DNA)란 특정 환경에 서식하는 생물로부터 유래한 DNA를 의미한다. 환경 시료로부터 추출한 eDNA를 활용하면 해당 환경에 서식하는 생물들의 효율적이고 정확한 모 니터링을 수행할 수 있다. 해수 시료로부터 얻은 eDNA를 기반으로 해양생물 다양성 연구를 수행할 수 있다. 해수 시료를 채집하고 이로부터 eDNA를 추출한 뒤, metagenome 분석을 통 해 서식하는 해양생물의 종 동정과 다양성 분석이 가능하다. 본 리뷰에서는 이처럼 해수의 eDNA를 활용하여 해양 지역의 생물 다양성 연구를 수행하는 전체적인 과정을 제시하고 있다. 아직 국내에는 해양생물 다양성 연구를 위해 eDNA를 적용하는 방법이 보편화 되어있지 않으 며, 본 리뷰를 기반으로 이와 같은 eDNA 연구 방법을 정립하는데 도움을 줄 수 있을 것이다.

과거 감시와 통제, 박탈의 역할을 담당했던 교정시절은 보안성에 중점을 두어 설계되었다. 책임형벌주 의에 따른 자유박탈처분은 불가결한 것이지만 현대의 행형이념이 재소자의 재사회에 있다는 점, 구금 으로 인해 발생하는 재소자들의 정신, 심리적 문제 등이 적지 않다는 점 등으로 교정시설의 처우개선을 위한 논의가 진행되고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 교정시설 공간에서의 일상성 회복과 치유를 통한 재소자의 재사회화와 회복적 개념의 교정시설 설계를 제안하였다. 대상지에 대한 일성상 회복의 개념을 적용한 외부공간 설계의 구체적인 설계 전략은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 회복과 치유를 위한 6가지의 원칙을 적용하 였다. 물리적으로 안전하고 사고의 위험 요소가 없는 환경, 긍정적 교류의 장으로서의 환경, 차분한 분 위기의 환경, 이동과 선택의 자유가 보장되는 환경, 일상적 환경과 닮은 공간, 교정시설의 느낌이 사라 진 환경 등이다. 둘째, 연결에 중점을 둔 동선 체계화로 재소자와 자연환경의 상호작용을 촉진하였다. 셋째, 절화정원 조성을 통한 외부 사회와의 소통, 인간적인 연결, 일상성 회복과 치유의 조화를 모색하 였다. 본 연구는 교정시설에 대한 일상성 회복 개념의 적용 논의를 확장하고 앞으로 회복적 개념의 교정 시설 설계를 위한 참고 자료를 제공하는데 학술적 의의가 있다.

웹툰이 2D 애니메이션으로의 매체 전환 창작은 새로운 유행이 되어가 고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 현재 이 두 매체 간 전환에 대한 연구는 상 대적으로 적다. 본 논문은 베르너 볼프의 트랜스미디어 변환 이론과 브 루스 블록의 시각 이론을 바탕으로 중국에서 성공한 만화 <대리사일지> 를 애니메이션으로의 변환을 미디어 변환 관점에서 분석 연구하였다. 이 연구는 한국 만화의 각색 및 트랜스미디어 변환과 관련된 학문 분야에 연구 방향을 제공하며 응용 분야에는 제작 관점의 참고 의견을 제공한 다. 우리는 웹툰에서 2D 애니메이션으로의 매체 전환을 영향하는 요인들 을 탐구할 뿐만 아니라 두 매체의 시각적 요소 표현의 차이를 밝힐 것이 다. 웹툰에서 2D 애니메이션으로의 전환 과정에서 시각적인 충격을 강화 하고 현실감을 높이며 흥미를 더하는 방법에 중점을 둘 것이다. 또한, 사 려 깊은 촬영 안내를 통해 관중의 참여도를 더욱 강화하는 방법을 탐구 할 것이다. 이러한 측면을 깊이 연구함으로써 우리는 이러한 매체 전환 과정에서의 기회와 도전을 더 잘 이해할 수 있을 것이다.