IL-34 (NIL) developed by introgressing chromosomal segment substitution from an accession of Oryza minuta (2n=48, BBCC, Acc. No. 101141) into the O. sativa subsp. japonica cv. Hwaseongbyeo, showed significantly higher number of spikelets per panicle (SSP) than the recurrent parent Hwaseongbyeo. QTL analysis in F2 generation derived from the cross between IL-34 and Hwaseongbyeo revealed that ssp7, a QTL was located in the pericentromeric region of chromosome 7. The frequency distribution of spikelets per panicle followed 3:1 ratio for single locus segregation. The additive effect of the O. minuta allele at the QTL was 23 spikelets per panicle, and 43.6% of the phenotypic variance could be explained by the segregation of marker RM21596. To clarify whether ssp7 could be dissected genetically, we carried out fine-scale mapping with 3,700 F2 plants derived from the cross between IL-34 and Hwaseongbyeo using markers flanking spp7. 186 F2 plants having informative recombination breakpoints within the region flanked by two SSR markers RM500 and RM21615 were identified and used for fine mapping of ssp7. ssp7 was mapped between the SSR markers RM21596 and RM418 which was approximately 441kb in length based on the physical map of the region. Of great interests, the QTL region also had effects on primary branch number (PB), grains per panicle (SP) and grain yield (YD). These results are very useful for transferring or pyramiding ssp7 by molecular marker assistant selection in rice breeding programs.

Grain weight (GW) or grain size is the most important target not only as a major component of grain yield, but also associated with the cooking quality in rice breeding program. In a previous study, two loci for grain weight, gw8 and gw9, have been fine map to about 306.4kb and 37.4kb, respectively, in backcross populations derived from a cross between the Korean japonica cultivar Hwaseongbyeo and Oryza rufipigon (IRGC 105491). Both O.rufipogon alleles increased GW in the Hwaseongbyeo background despite the fact that O. rufipogon was the small-seeded parent. To test the effect of pyramiding the QTLs for grain weight, an F2 population consisted of 226 individuals was developed derived from the cross between the two QTLs (gw8 and gw9), and used MAS to select nearly isgenic lines for two QTLs and a pyramiding line. Molecular genotyping of F2 population revealed the existence of interaction between gw8 and gw9. Moreover, the interaction was also confirmed by phenotypic analysis of four QTL-NILs. The results suggest that epistasis interaction is important genetic basis in determining yield traits in rice.

Cadmium (Cd) is one of heavy metals that can be easily absorbed by plant roots, and transported from soil to shoots. The effect of Cd concentration (0~200 μM) on the physiological responses, Cd content of shoot and root, and antioxidant enzymes by oil plants Jatropha curcas (cv. Biji Jarak) were investigated in hydroponics system for two weeks. Stomatal conductance was significantly depressed by Cd treated plants. However, the leaf chlorophyll content was unaffected by Cd treated plants. Cd contents in the roots of Jatropha were accumulated higher than those of shoots. Jatropha treated plants at 100 and 200 μM was found to accumulate more than 100 mg kg-1 of Cd in shoots. Jatropha plants had a high ablity to uptake Cd from soil and transport it from soil to shoot as a Cd hyperaccumulator plant because of plants accumulating more than 100 mg kg-1 of Cd in shoots are considered to define as Cd hyperaccumulator. These results confirm that Jatropha is a suitable candidate for the phytoremediation of high-level cadmium contaminated soils.

Brassica napus L. (Brassicaceae) plantation has increased as its seed is the primary source for bio-diesels. This study was conducted Male sterile (MS) line (cv. 'Sun-Mang') to pollen parent (cv. 'Mokpo 64') ratio of rape plants on fatty acid compositions of six sequential stages and yield performances. Ratio of MS line to pollen parent was followed, 4:2, 10:1, and 10:2, respectively. Seeds of six sequential stages (35, 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 days after flowering) were collected and determined using SEED FAME ESTIMATION. The results showed that oleic acid content (C18:1) of the MS to pollen parent ratio (4:2) relatively increased up to 60 days after flowering compared to other ratios. Other fatty acid compositions such as palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), linoleic acid (C18:2) and linolenic acid (C18:3) contents decreased during seed maturation period. Seed weight (1000 seeds) of MS to pollen parent ratio (4:2) was higher than other treatments. These results suggest that fatty acid compositions and seed weight was affected by ratio of MS line to pollen parent. For rape seed production, a suitable ratio of MS line to pollen parent will be required to cultivate rape plantations.

Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) is a shrub or tree belonging the genus Euphorbiaceae and is cultivated in a tropical regions including South America, South-East Asia, India and Africa. Jatropha possibly is adapted to grow in a wide range of environments for producing non-edible oils. The objective of the study is to determine effect of salt and drought on plant growth characteristics. Treatments are thus followed, 100 and 200 mM NaCl and 5 and 10% PEG. Various physiological parameters such leaf length and width, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll fluorescence and gene expression were investigated. The results showed that from 2 days onwards, 100 and 200mM NaCl treatments were significantly suppressed leaf length, width, and stomatal conductance, but 5% and 10% PEG treatments showed a similar trend of control plants. Gene expression of JcACBP of the 100 mM NaCl was slightly decreased compred to those of other treatments. These results indicate that 100 and 200 mM NaCl treatments significantly showed negative response, but 5 and 10% PEG treatments improved plant growth and development of Jatropha.

This study was conducted to provide the fundamental data based on the agronomic, phsyco-chemical characteristics, and quntification of volatile compounds of aroma rice germplasms. Among the 104 rice germplasm, five accessions of domestic aroma rice, 14 accessions of widely cultivated rice, and 60 accessions of foreign aroma rice were selected with excellent agronomic traits, high fertility and germination rate. The average amylose content of foreign aroma rice was higher than domestic aroma rice and widely cultured domestic rice. The domestic aroma rice was shown low protein and the foreign Indica types of aroma rice exhibited a wide range of protein contents. The foreign aroma rice were distributed a variable range of ADV value and lower than the both domestic aroma rice and widely cultured domestic rice. And it shown the difference aspect of amylograms according to the eco-type of the domestic and foreign aroma and the general rice, and it was distinguishable in difference of the aspect of the endosperm of rice as non-glutinous rice, waxy rice, and middle-waxy rice. The optimal extraction conditions of 2-Actyl-1- Pyrroline is recommended that five second grinding time, using 100 % ethyl alcohol, at 90℃ for 30 minutes. The domestic and the foreign aroma rice has more than mild aroma grade. A total 30 accession of aroma rice germplasm selected based on their 2AP concentration, aroma grade and agronomic traits. A total of 158 volatile and semi-volatile compounds were identified from 30 accessions of aroma rice germplasm, including 32 alcohols, 25 acids, 25 ketones, 21 hydrocarbon, 18 esters, 16 aldehydes, 4 ethers, 5 amines, 2 phenols, 2 bases, and 8 miscellaneous compounds. The thirty aroma rice germplasms could be classified into five groups according to the major odor or aroma compounds.

This study was carried out to identify the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for traits related to cold tolerance using an introgression lines (ILs) derived from a cross between a japonica weedy rice and a Tongil-type rice. Among the 80 RILs, one line (CR1835) showing tolerance for cold tolerance related to traits such as panicle exsertion and discoloration in the cold water plot was selected and backcrossed to the recurrent parent, Milyang 23. This line possessed Hapcheonaengmi 3 segments on chromosomes 1, 5 and 11. By two backcrosses to Milyang 23 and selfing, a total of 88 BC3F5 progenies were developed. The 88 ILs were evaluated for traits related to agricultural performance in cold water and in control plots. Cold tolerance was measured as difference of the culm length, spikelet fertility between two plots and panicle exsertion in cold water plot. The 88 ILs showed decreased culm length and increased anthocyan content in cold water plot than in the control water plot.

Awn, one of the domestication-related traits in rice might play an important role in seed dispersal. In a previous study, one major QTL, awn8 was detected on chromosome 8 using 120 RILs and 62 ILs derived from a cross between Hwayeongbyeo and O. rufipogon Griff. (Acc. W1944). We developed 140 BC1F3, 341 BC1F4 and 1533 BC1F5 plants from selfing of one plant selected from former generation. Each of selected plant was Hwayeongbeyo/W1944 heterozygous in the target region of chromosome 8. The Target marker(RM256) significantly linked to awn8 explained 60.3% of the total phenotypic variance in BC1F4 generations and the W1944 allele increased awn length. Using several substitution mapping, The awn8 QTL could be narrow down to the interval between RM23338-RM5485, with a distance of about 85.29kb. Total of ten genes were predicted in this region. At the same time, 34 BC3F5 lines were developed as the diverse NILs on chromosme 8. Using these NILs, One QTL for primary branch was detected in the target region and W1944 allele increased branch number. Characterization of the awn8 QTL would contribute the understanding of rice domestication and evolution and additional experiment would be need to be clarified whether awn8 and pb8 was due to linkage drag of independent genes or pleiotropic effect of the same gene.

Brassica napus L. (Brassicaceae), is one of major oilseed crops commonly cultivated cereal-growing areas after the rice harvest in Asia countries, has recently focused much attention as its seed is the primary source for bio-diesels. In rapeseed growing regions of South Korea, typical double-cropping regions are constantly or periodically received with poorly drained soil condition or encountered dried soil condition during the reproductive stage. This study was conducted on rapeseed plants subjected to both waterlogging and drought conditions for 4 days to investigate responses in physiological characteristics, fatty acid compositions and yield performances at reproductive stage. The treatments were thus as follows: (1) control normally irrigated, (2) waterlogging treatment were flooded by placing their pots inside larger plastic pots filled with tap water with a 2-cm water layer over soil surface, (3) drought treatment was not irrigated. For recovery period, rapeseed plants subjected to waterlogging for 4 days were drained after waterlogging, and irrigated daily as control. Drought treatment after recovery period was irrigated daily as control. Rate of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of waterlogging and drought treated plants significantly decreased within 4 days. For recovery period, stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate of the waterlogged and drought treated plants occurred level similar to that of the controls by 2 days after recovery period. Fatty acid compositions of the both waterlogging and drought treated plants did not affect, but yield performances of the waterlogging treatment significantly decreased. These results suggest that both waterlogging and drought conditions for 4 days did not influence fatty acid compositions, but affected yield performance at final harvest.

AtHMA3 is one of P1B-ATPase of Arabidopsis thaliana which transports and/or stores Cd and Pb in the plant cell. To test whether AtHMA3 can be used to develop enhanced resistance plant to Cd and Pb for phytoremediation, we overexpressed AtHMA3 in Columbia-0 using a pBI121vector containing the 35S promoter. To evaluate their Cd and Pb resistance, seeds of three different T3 homozygous(HMA3-1~3) and wild type plants(col-0) were germinated and grown on agar plates containing 50μM Cd, 500μM Pb and 50μM Cd+ 500μM Pb for 3 weeks. 35S::AtHMA3 grew better than wild type plants about 1.1-to 1.8-fold in Cd or Pb containg mediums. Fresh weights of all three lines of transgenic plants were 1.2-to 1.5-fold higher than those of wild type plants in Cd or Pb-containing medium. In addition to, we measured Cd and Pb content in both wild type and transgenic plants grown in solution with 50μM Cd, 500μM Pb and 50μM Cd+ 500μM Pb for 6 d. AtHMA3-overexpressing plants had consistently higher Cd and Pb contents than wild type plants. Chlorophyll contents were not significant difference between overlines and wild-types. These results show that HMA3 contributes to Cd and Pb resistance, and it might be useful for the phytoremediation.

In the previous study, 141 BC3F2 lines from a cross between the Oryza sativa cv. Milyang 23 and O. glaberrima were used to identify favorable wild QTL alleles for yield component traits. In this study, we carried out QTL analysis of four grain morphology as well as four yield component traits using 141 BC3F5 lines from the same cross and compared QTLs detected in two different generations. The mean number of O. glaberrima segments in the 141 BC3F5 lines ranged from 1 to 13 with 2.69 and 5.71 of the average means of homozygous and heterozygous segments, respectively. There was a three-fold difference in the number of QTLs detected for four traits commonly evaluated in two generations (seven QTLs in the BC3F5 vs 21 in the BC3F2 population). The percentages of the phenotypic variance explained by QTLs in the BC3F5 population were similar to or less than those in the BC3F2 population. This is probably due to the difference in the genetic composition of two populations and the environmental effects. The locations of the QTLs commonly detected in both generations were in good agreement except for one QTL for spikelets per panicle. The yield QTL, yd3 was colocalized with the spikelets per panicle, spp3. Yield increase at this locus is due to the increase in spikelets per panicle, because both traits were associated with increase in spikelets per panicle and yield due to the presence of an O. glaberrima allele. Clusters of QTLs for grain morphology traits were observed in two chromosome regions. One cluster harboring five QTLs near SSR markers RM106 and RM263 was detected on chromosome 2. This population would serve as a foundation for development of the introgression line population from a cross between Milyang 23 and O. glaberrima.

The use of support materials on the nanoparticle synthesis and applications has advantages in many aspects; resisting the aggregation and gelation of nanoparticles, providing more active sites by dispersing over the supports, and facilitating a filtering process. In order to elucidate the influence of the supports on the nitrate reduction reactivity, the supported iron nanoparticles were prepared by borohydride reduction of an aqueous iron salt in the presence of supports such as activated carbon, silica and polyethylene. The reactivity for nitrate reduction decreased in the order of unsupported Fe(0) > activated carbon(AC) supported Fe(0) > polyethylene(PE) supported Fe(0) ≥ silica supported Fe(0). Rate constants decrease with increasing initial nitrate concentration implying that the reaction is limited by the surface reaction kinetics.

　A total of 41 microsatellite markers were used with 29 genotypes to examine the relationship between SSR polymorphisms and N‐use efficiency related traits with a goal to identify the putative QTLs related to these traits. These primers yielded a total of 183 alleles (average 4.46 alleles per primer), and polymorphism information content (PIC) values of the SSRs ranged from 0.119 to 0.805 with mean value of 0.425. Correlation coefficients were obtained among the four N‐use efficiency traits in the 34 accessions and significant positive correlations of relative ratios between grain yield and harvest index (r=0.3404) and total dry matter (r=0.7976), while N uptake showed a moderate level of correlation with the ratios of the grain yield and total dry matter, respectively. 36.5% (15/41) SSR markers were monomorphic among the 25 japonica accessions out of the 29 accessions. Association between SSR genotypes and phenotypic performances from the total (29) or japonica (25) accessions was tested based on a single point analysis. Three putative QTL regions were detected for the ratio of grain yield. These include the chromosomal region containing the RM283 locus on chromosome 1 and RM25 on chromosome 8 (all and japonica accessions) and the region with the SSR marker, RM206 on chromosome 11 (the japonica accessions). For the total dry matter ratio, two chromosomal regions were identified as the putative QTL region. One is the region with the SSR marker, RM162 on chromosome 6 (all and japonica accessions) and the other was the one with the SSR marker RM25 on chromosome 8 (the japonica accessions). Among these markers, RM25 showed associations with both traits.