과일 초파리(Drosophila melanogaster)는 실온 조건에서 한 주기가 12일 전후로, 세대가 짧고 번식력이 높아 일상생활 에서 다양한 피해를 주고 있다. 초파리 방제를 위해 살충제제 형태도 개발되어 있으나 주로 주방이나 음식물 근처에 발생하므로 약제 활용보다 살충 성분을 포함하지 않은 트랩 제품을 사용하는 것이 현 소비 트렌드에 적합한 것으로 보인다. 소비량이 높은 실온 과일 중, 바나나의 초파리 유인도를 확인하고 실질적으로 초파리 트랩 제품의 효능을 검정하기 위해 특정 공간 내(1.5x1.5x1.5 m)에서 초파리 유인도를 확인하였다. 국내 및 해외에 유통 중인 초파리 트랩 제품은 단독 평가 시 바나나 반 송이를 기준으로 과일과 동등한 유인 효과를 나타냈다. 그러나 과일과 함께 평가를 진행하는 경우, 과일에 유도된 초파리에 비하여 제품이 초파리를 유인하는 효과는 현저히 낮은 것으로 확인되었다. 본 결과를 바탕으로, 향후 초파리 트랩 제품 개발 시 실생활에 대한 환경을 상정하여 시험법을 개발할 필요가 있다.

Methyl bromide (MB) has been still routinely used in quarantine fumigation on imported citrus, although there had been issuing chronic inhalation toxicity to fumigators and related workers as well as phytotoxic damages after fumigation. Ethyl formate (EF), is the only option to replace MB in terms of its safety for consumers (food additive and naturally occurred) and worker with higher threshold level limit (TLV = 100 ppm). Its application technology also provide cost effectiveness, good commercial practice in terms of application time (< 10 min) for 40 ft container. The replacement of MB with EF is recommended not to fumigate with hazardous and phasing-out MB on imported oranges.

The oriental fruit fly is a major polyphagous insect pest with a worldwide distribution. We investigated the development time, survivorship, longevity and fecundity of B. dorsalis at six different temperatures. We applied the computer programs – TWOSEX-MSChart and TIMING-MSChart - to analyze our data. We obtained the population parameters – adult preoviposition period (APOP), total preoviposition period (TPOP), oviposition days, eggs per reproductive female, first age of survival rate <50%, proportion of male and female individuals, propoortion of N-type individual, and life table parameters (net reproductive rate, intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of increase, and mean generation time) - and population projection using two computer programs.

황색점착트랩의 설치각도에 따른 고설재배 딸기의 주요 해충종들의 부착 특성을 확인하기 위해 수직, 수평 앞면 및 뒷면, 45도 앞면 및 뒷면 등으로 달리 트랩을 설치하여 점착트랩내의 부착위치를 조사하고, 각 트랩에 포획된 곤충종의 다양성을 분석하였다. 설치각도에 따른 점착트랩 내의 포획 위치는 진딧물류와 총채벌레류가 유사하게 모든 각도에서 상부에서 유살수가 많았으나 유의한 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 수직, 45도 윗면 트랩에서 종수와 총포획수가 유의하게 높았으나 각 처리별 Shannon 지수의 차이는 없었다. 45도 윗면 트랩에서만 Shimpson 지수가 높게 나타나 소수 종에 집중된 포획양상을 보였으며 모든 트랩에서 공통적으로 초파리와 총채벌레류가 우점하여 포획되었으나 총포획수가 적은 45도 아랫면 트랩의 경우 이들 우점종의 검출도가 낮았다.

A seasonal chigger-borne disease surveillance program was established at Geoje from March to November of 2018 in Gyeongnam Province, Republic of Korea. Two species of 84 wild rodents were collected by using Sherman traps for Geoje in 2018. Chigger mites were collected from the live-captured rodents to figure out seasonal prevalence of mite species and to identify chigger-borne pathogens. A total of 4,611 chiggers were collected from two species of the rodents in 2018. The chigger mites were collected mainly from A. agrarius (Chigger Index; CI 68.3). A vector of scrub typhus, Leptotrombidium orientale was predominant species (CI 14.9, Species Ratio; SR 27.2%) followed by L. pallidium (CI 14.2, SR 25.9%) and L. scutellare (CI 13.2, SR 24.2%) in 2018. In the results of the isolation of Orientia tsutsugamushi from the chigger mites, no pathogens detected from the DNA of the 171 pools of the mites in 2018, using a Polymerase Chain Reaction method.

Surveillance of the vectors were conducted at a total of 7 locations from March to November, 2018 in Gyeongnam province. In the surveillance, a total of 13 species belonging to seven genera were collected in a total of 15,935 females and 126.5/trap/night (TI; Trap Index) in 2018. Among the collection sites, a bird refuge in Busan, Eulsukdo recorded the highest TI 230.4 (Species Ratio; SR 60.1%) for Cx. tritaeniorhynchus females in 2018. A Cx. tritaeniorhynchus female collected firstly for 2018 in the nation at the pigsty of Busan at 1st April. In the results of isolation of viral RNA from 12 mosquito species including Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. pipiens, Ae. vexans, Ae. albopictus, and Oc. togoi. Chaoyang virus was positive at a pool of Ar. subalbatus collected at a bird refuge but negative in the other 543 pools (14,295 individuals) in 2018.

A tick survey was conducted to monitor ticks using tick traps attached dry ice and a flagging method at each four sites in Busan, Ulju, and Geoje areas of Gyeongnam Province from April to November, 2018. Haemaphysalis longicornis was the most frequently collected, representing 99.8% in Ulju. A total of 27,247 ticks were collected as H. longicornis (Trap Index; TI 283.2), H. flava (TI 0.3), and Ix. nipponensis (TI 0.3). In the collection environment, a total number of 15,672, 5,798, 4,876, and 901 ticks were collected from glassland, tump, tomb, and mountain path, respectively. On the other hand, H. longicornis and Ix. nipponensis were collected with flaggings at the four sites in Ulju, Busan, and Geoje in May and June, 2018. A total of 1,517 ticks collected H. longicornis (Flagging Index; FI 9.3) and Ix. nipponensis (FI 0.1) in Ulju. Haemaphysalis longicornis were collected 2,183 (FI 13.6) and 1,596 (FI 10.0) in Geoje and Busan, respectively. In the results of the isolation of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (SFTS) from the ticks, no pathogens detected from RNA of 557 pools of the ticks using a Polymerase Chain Reaction method in 2018.

점착트랩은 특정 광파장에 유인되는 곤충의 반응을 이용하여 비행 곤충의 유살 및 모니터링에 널리 이용되고 있다. 그러나 유색 점착트랩은 해당 색상에 반응을 보이는 모든 곤충을 유인하기 때문에 비표적곤충(Non target insect)이 부착되는 문제가 발생한다. 비표적곤충은 부착면을 차지하여 표적곤충의 유인을 방해하며, 해충밀도 모니터링에 필요한 노력과 시간 소요를 증대시킨다. 본 연구에서는 비표적 곤충과 이물질의 부착을 물리적으로 방지하기 위하여 내경 5mm, 10mm의 방지망을 설치하였을 때, 각 처리에 따른 유입 곤충의 종다양성 지수를 분석하여 방지망의 현장 적용 가능성을 검정하였다. 그 결과 망을 처리하지 않은 트랩과 5mm, 10mm 방지망을 설치한 트랩 간 종다양성 지수에서 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그러나 포획된 총 종의 수는 망을 처리하지 않은 트랩에서 높게 나타났는데 이는 대형 비표적 곤충의 포획수가 높은 것이 주 요인이었다. 표적 해충인 총채벌레, 가루이 등 미소해충의 유입 빈도 또한 무처리, 5mm, 10mm 간에 유의한 차이를 보이지 않아 방지망의 설치가 표적곤충인 미소해충의 유입에 악영향이 없으며, 5mm 망을 적용하여도 무방하다는 결과를 얻었다.

The Genus Eugahania Mercet belongs to the family Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), containing 8 species in the world. They are mostly parasitoids on the nymphs of leafhoppers (Hemiptera). Until now, Eugahania have been barely studied in the world. In this study, the genus Eugahanua is reported for the first time from Korea including two new records. A key to the species, and diagnoses and photographs for each species are provided.

In Korea, two species, Anoplophora chinensis and Anoplophora glabripennis, have been recorded until now. Recently, outbreaks of Anoplophora spp. were reported locally in Seoul, Ulsan, Incheon, Gimhae, and Jeonju from 2015 to 2017. In this study, Anoplophora spp. were collected in the four regions, Ulsan, Incheon, Gimhae, and Jeonju, and their morphological and molecular characteristics were compared with those of Anoplophora spp. collected from several local regions. Twelve COI sequences of the Incheon/Gimhae/Ulsan/Jeonju populations in A. glabripennis were identical to KY357648, KY357652, and KY357651, and two COI sequences of Ulsan populations in A. chinensis were identical to AB439163. These sequences were generated from Chinese and Japanese Anoplophora samples by foreign researchers, suggesting the possibility of the invasion of Chinese and Japanese populations of Anoplophora spp. into Korea.

The genus Nola (Nolidae, Nolinae) was established by Leach (1815), with the Noctua palliola Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775 (a junior subjective synonym of Phalaena cucullatella Linnaeus, 1758) from Vienna, Austria. Nola comprises over 200 species: Africa and western Palearctic approximately described 100 speices (Hacker et al., 2012); Oriental and Eastern Palearctic regions have over 100 species (László et al., 2010; Sasaki et al., 2011; Kononenko and Pinratana, 2013). Two species of the genus Nola Leach; Nola euryzonata (Hampson, 1900) and Nola lucidalis (Walker, 1865), reported for the first time in Laos. Illustrations of adults and genitalia of all the examined species are provided.

The stick insect fauna of Laos has been poorly studied to date. Only 4 species are recorded from the country: Medauroidea brongniarti (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907), Phobaeticus magnus Hennemann & Conle, 2008, Parapachymorpha spiniger (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907), Sipyloidea sipylus (Westwood, 1859). Assessment of their actual species richness is impeded by various unfavorable circumstances. Their cryptic and immobile lifestyle does not allow for easy trapping and collecting. The aim of this study is to update the taxonomic status of the order Phasmatodea in Laos for the future study.

Prostaglandin E2(PGE2) is an autocrine and paracrine signal in insects and other animals. Its signal pathways in target cells are well understood in mammalian system but not in insects. Here, we assessed PGE2 signaling in hemocytes of Spodoptera exigua through knocking-down of signal component genes by RNA interference (RNAi) and knocking-out (KO) of PGE2 receptor using CRISPR-Cas9. From S. exigua transcriptome, we selected hemocyte signaling components and analyzed their functions in cellular immune responses through RNAi. KO mutant against PGE2 receptor exhibited severely hampered larval development and adult fecundity.

The insecticidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) is due to synergistic interactions among its four major proteins (Cry4Aa, Cry4Ba, Cry11Aa, Cyt1Aa), while the activity of Lysinibacillus sphaericus (Ls) is due to a binary toxin (Bin) consisting of a toxin domain, BinA, and a midgut receptor-binding domain, BinB. Although used commercially for almost three decades, reports of mosquito resistance to Bti have been rare. However, levels of resistance greater than 10,000-fold to Bin have been reported where Ls has been used intensively for mosquito control. Cyt1Aa is a lipophilic protein, and in previous studies we showed it delays the evolution of resistance to the Cry proteins of Bti, and can overcome high levels of resistance Bin. In a previous study, we fused Cyt1Aa to BinA, using the lipophile as a broad-spectrum binding domain and showed that the Cyt1Aa-BinA chimera was remarkably toxic to five major vector species of mosquitoes, Anopheles gambiae, An. stephensi, An. quadrimaculatus, Bin-sensitive and Bin-resistant strains of Culex quinquifasciatus, and Aedes aegypti, the latter not normally sensitive to Ls. However, toxicity against Aedes aegypti was not as high as against other mosquito species. Here we show that introducing another highly mosquitocidal protein, Cry11B from B. thuringiensis subsp. jegathesan, enhances the chimera’s toxicity against Ae. aegypti significantly but not against Cx. quinquefasciatus.

Vespa velutina is a predatory hornet distributing in SouthEastern part of Asia and became invasive in early 2000s; invading into Korea in 2003 and France in 2004. Its distribution pattern showed typical species-invasion curve type with slow progress in the beginning and rapid expansion on ward. We determined the geographic spread of V. velutina with CLIMEX modeling. The model analysis indicates that the ecoclimatic indices (EI) increased as the projection year increased based on RCP8.5 scenario. Then the predicted EI values were further regressed with the field collected data from 2018. Vespa velutina population sizes were estimated from 230 points of sampling over the country and the sampling data were correlated with predicted EI values. The results indicated that partial contribution of the climate factors for its abundance. Also this could be an usual biological indicator of climate change in agroecosystem in Korea. Given the important risk and impact on beekeeping, socio-biological as well as ecosystem and biodiversity levels, careful monitoring of phenology, range expansion and preventive efforts mitigating the impact are further required.

The oriental fruit flies, Bactrocera doralis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), a tropical pest, have recently been expanded to temperate region neighboring with Korea, with increasing international trade and global climate change. The biological data of several B. dorsalis complex was collected, and the establishment potential in Korea was examined using ecoclimatic index and population model results obtained from CLIMEX and Popmodel, respectively. In the CLIMEX, B. dorsalis could be established in the small part of Jeju Island in the 2010s, and the range gradually spread until the 2090s, and many parts of the lowland of Jeju Island were assigned in the marginal to optimal range. Using the population model and the temporal distribution of the host fruits, it was found that B. dorsalis can use a variety of host plants without time lag, allowing them to increase its population and to damage citrus, the main crop of Jeju.

The PCA’s decision refusing historic rights concerning the 9-DL cannot be enforced because the decision advantaging the Philippines has already been rejected by China. It, however, may be as a reference for some states to negotiate, since an optimistic atmosphere emerges among the disputing parties. The readiness for negotiation among them clearly requires that parties should not have rigid attitudes but should show flexibility based on the reciprocity principle. On one side, the PRC should set aside its typical intention to dominate most parts of the South China Sea as its traditional fishing ground based on historic rights concerning the 9-DL. On the other side, the Philippines should guarantee the regional stability and peace without questioning the real sovereignty of the PRC over several natural features, possibly related to the 9-DL claimed as its historic rights. The 9-DL is incompatible with the UNCLOS.

The US-Korea FTA, in its initial days of negotiation saw severe protests by public and political turmoil in Seoul. After crossing several procedural hoops and political hurdles in parliaments of both countries it became effective in 2012, though it was signed in 2007. At that time, it was considered by the US a ‘model agreement’ which could open opportunities for the US exporters in the Korean market. However, only couple of years later, the Trump administration called this FTA a ‘horrible’ deal that has ‘destroyed’ America. Thus, the Trump administration wanted to scrap the FTA. After considering the political implications of such action, the US government decided to re-negotiate the FTA so that the US concerns are addressed. In a short period of negotiation, both sides agreed to the revised terms of the FTA which has become effective from January 1, 2019. This paper analyses outcomes of the revised US-Korea FTA, 2018 from the US perspective and evaluate if all concerns of the US are met.

고치벌과에 속하는 Helconinae아과의 Schizoprymnus terebralis (Snoflák, 1953)을 한국에서 처음으로 보고한다. 본 종의 재기재, 진단, 숙주 정보 그리고 삽화를 제공한다.

This study was conducted to determine the applicability of the shoot growth model to cut roses grown at high temperatures. Two cultivars of cut roses, ‘Antique Curl’ and ‘Beast’, were cultivated in growth chambers set to night/day temperatures of 24/20°C for the control group and 32/28°C for the treatment group. The shoot growth model, which resulted in high coefficients of determination (R2 = 0.80 and 0.62, respectively, for ‘Antique Curl’ and ‘Beast’), was a good predictor of the decrease in the growth of rose shoots for both treatment groups. Although the model produced good results for both the control and treatment groups of ‘Antique Curl’, the accuracy of the model can be improved by using the modified leaf area at the harvest stage. From these results, the model was confirmed to perform well for predicting a decrease in productiveness and quality in cut roses cultivated during summer under high temperatures.