Purpose – This study examines the relationship between organizational justice and employee job satisfaction and the extent of its moderation by perceived alternative job opportunities. Research design, data, and methodology – This is a cross-sectional study utilizing survey questionnaire data from 220 bank employees, which included scales measuring organizational justice, job satisfaction, and perceived alternative job opportunities. Results – The data is analyzed using correlation and hierarchical regression. Results demonstrated that organizational justice has a direct positive impact on employee job satisfaction further, distributive justice explains more variance in job satisfaction, followed by procedural justice and interactive justice. Perceived alternative job opportunities moderate the relationship between organizational justice and job satisfaction. Conclusions – Generally, organizational justice increases bank employees’ job satisfaction; however, when they perceived more job opportunities, their job dissatisfaction increased notwithstanding fairness. Therefore, perceived job opportunities moderate the relationship between organizational justice and job satisfaction. Retaining skilled employees has become difficult, especially when there is market demand for skilled workers. Human resource (HR) managers should consider market situations before formulating policies; otherwise, they may lose the competitive advantage of skilled employees and workers.

폐전지란 일상적으로 사용하는 각종 전자기기의 전원으로 사용되는 일차전지와 핸드폰, 노트북, 자동차용 배터리 등 충전이 가능한 이차전지가 수명이 다해 발생하는 폐기물을 일컫는다. 이와 같은 폐전지에는 코발트, 니켈, 아연, 망간, 리튬, 구리 등의 유가금속들이 포함되어 있어 유한한 자원을 효율적으로 재활용하기 위해 폐전지 재활용 기술 개발이 요구되어지고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 6가지 종류의 폐전지, 알카리인, 망간, 니켈 카드튬, 니켈 수소, 리튬 1차, 리튬 이온전지를 질량비 1:1의 비율로 혼합한 전지로부터 유사한 성분함량을 가지는 0.5% Fe, 0.7% Al, 0.1% Cu, 1% Zn, 0.7% Cd, 12% Mn, 7.5% Co, 4% Ni, 3.5% Li을 함유한 모의 용액을 제조하였고 불순물의 제거 및 D2EHPA를 이용한 Zn과 Mn의 추출 후 발생되는 용액으로부터 Co와 Ni을 회수하기 위한 연구를 수행하였다. 실험은 Co를 회수 후 Ni을 회수하였으며 Co를 회수하기 위한 유기 용매로 Cyanex 272, Ni을 회수하기 위한 유기용매로 Versatic 10 acid를 사용하였다. 또한 추출실험에 영향을 주는 인자로써 용매의 농도, O/A 비율, pH에 따른 연구를 수행하였고 탈거실험에 영향을 주는 인자로 O/A 비율과 탈거액인 황산의 농도에 따라 실험을 수행하였다. 모든 분석은 AAS로 진행하였다. 그 결과 4배 농축된 Co와 Ni을 회수할 수 있었다.

폐 전지로부터 유가금속을 회수하는 연구는 환경적인 측면뿐만 아니라 전지 내 광석 보다 높은 품위의 유가금속을 함유하고 있기 때문에 경제적은 측면에서도 상당히 중요하다. 따라서 본 연구는 폐 전지로부터 유가금속을 회수하기 위해 전처리 공정에서 불순물인 Fe및 Al을 물리적 전처리 과정을 통하여 제거하고 유가금속을 농축하기 위한 연구를 수행하였다. 폐 혼합전지의 조성은 질량비로 40%알카라인・망간 전지, 30%리튬이온전지, 10% 리튬 1차전지, 10% 니켈-카드튬 전지, 10% 니켈 수소전지로써 혼합하였다. 혼합된 폐 전지 내 유가금속의 함량은 각 각 14.45% Fe, 7.79% Al, 2.28% Cu, 1.814% Cd, 8.1% Zn, 9.27% Mn, 8.02% Co, 8.72% Ni, 1.43% Li으로 구성되었다. 실험과정은 열처리, 파･분쇄, 시간에 따른 단체분리 과정으로 진행하였다. 단체 분리시 사용된 mesh는 5, 7, 10, 20, 40, 50, 70 mesh size를 사용하였고 그 결과 20초 과･분쇄 5 mesh 기준으로 Zn, Mn, Co, Ni, Li의 경우 농축율이 각 각 90.83%, 92.82%, 91.87%, 92.61%, 87.07% 달성되었고 불순물인 Fe, Al Cu, Cd가 각 각 83.3%, 82.19%, 27.00%, 16.12% 제거되었다. 따라서 이 후 습식 공정을 응용하여 유가금속을 분리 및 회수하기 위한 최적의 시료 조성을 획득하였다.

Use of nature-derived matrices of a part of body tissues has been used to repair damaged tissues in practical terms. Recently, the same idea has also been applied to regenerate whole organs including the heart, liver, lung, and pancreas etc. Thus, so-called bio-artificial organ technology becomes a promising way of overcoming the lack of donor organs and immune rejections in organ transplantation if we can obtain recipient stem cells. Although the regenerated heart in vitro so far may demonstrate some typical organ's responses in vitro and vivo, it is still far from a fully functional organ for transplantation. We initiated a study to look at changes occurring during the generation of bio-artificial organ using the mouse model. Adult hearts were dissected out and perfused for acellularization with SDS-containing buffer and washed several times. Enzymatic treatment also evaluated the acellular purity by isolating genomic DNA and total RNA before and after DNase and RNase treatments. For recellularization, differentiating H9C2 cell or cells derived from P19 EC cells along with mesenchymal stem cells were seeded on the finally obtained heart matrix several times before submerging culture for generating the heart. Histological analyses revealed that complete removal of cellular components. The intensive staining of alcian blue (pH 1.5 and 2.5) suggests that acid mucopolysaccharides, glycocomponents and sulfate-containing saccharides are widely spread within the heart matrix. There was little DNA and RNA in the heart matrix after the enzymatic treatments as judging by the DAPI or PI staining. Cell seeding and subsequent submerging culture showed substantial heart tissue development as evidenced by immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR in the recellularized and grown heart. From these results, we suggest that each procedure for bio-artificial organ has to be carefully examined to improve the entire process.

Drought tolerance is the ability of a plant to live, grow, and reproduce properly with limited water supply or under periodic conditions of water deficit. However, the climate changes and worldwide water shortages would result in the loss of applied water to irrigated land, increasing soil water deficit. To control the situation, we have carried out the international joint research project for the aim of developing that drought tolerance common wheat and durum wheat in Korea and Tunisia. Total 79 (41 common wheat, 39 durum wheat) Tunisian lines and 33 Korean wheat cultivars were incorporated in this study. Drought stress was applied for 25 days of stopping irrigation from the 3-leaf stage followed by re-watering for restoration in greenhouse. We selected top 13 (5 Korean line, 8 Tunisian line) tolerant lines and 11 (5 Korean, 6 Tunisian) susceptible lines based on growth parameter analysis. Primers (Operon primers and wheat Dreb1 gene) that have been known to be related drought resistance were applied to explain selected population. The correlation between PCR-based length polymorphism of selected lines and their resistance were evaluated. The obtained primer information will aid selection for drought tolerance durum as well as hexaploid common wheat.

This study was set up to get plants from anther culture of Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum) gardenmum cultivar “Yes Morning’ and potmum cultivar “Peace Pink” for breeding program. The induction of callus was quick and high on MS basal medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L of 2,4-D + 2.0 mg/L of 6-BA + 4% W/V sucrose. Induction potential was slightly increased by addition of 250 mg/L Casein hydrolysate to the induction medium. Calluses were allowed to differentiate on MS basal medium + 2.0 mg/L of BA + 0.1 mg/L of NAA + 3%W/V sucrose. The rate of callus formation differed little between the cultivars. A pretreatment of anthers at 4℃ for 48h enhanced both the induction and differentiation ratio. Multiple shoots were initiated from most of the calluses and were shifted to MS basal medium + 0.1 mg/L of NAA + 3%W/V sucrose for rooting. Regenerated plantlets were acclimatized and transferred to the soil. Some of the regenerated plants showed slow growth with little morphological difference.

This study histologically describes the intersexuality of Scomberomorus niphonius collected from the coastal area near Jeju Island. A total of 126 S. niphonius, collected from March to July 2012 with a total length of 62.4 cm (±17.5) and a total weight of 1,701.9 g (±1,528.9) were used for analyses. From a histological perspective, two types of intersex were confirmed. One type had scattered germ cells from the opposite sex within the gonad. The second type developed germ cells from the opposite sex in the connective tissue of the outer gonadal membrane. The intersexuality was 14.3% (n=18/126), with females (21.3%; n=16/75) exhibiting a higher rate than males (3.9%; n=2/51). There was no displayed correlation between intersexuality and the total length and weight.

ARGO-M is a satellite laser ranging (SLR) system developed by the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute with the consideration of mobility and daytime and nighttime satellite observation. The ARGO-M optical system consists of 40 cm receiving telescope, 10 cm transmitting telescope, and detecting optics. For the development of ARGO-M optical system, the structural analysis was performed with regard to the optics and optomechanics design and the optical components. To ensure the optical performance, the quality was tested at the level of parts using the laser interferometer and ultra-high-precision measuring instruments. The assembly and alignment of ARGO-M optical system were conducted at an auto-collimation facility. As the transmission and reception are separated in the ARGO-M optical system, the pointing alignment between the transmitting telescope and receiving telescope is critical for precise target pointing. Thus, the alignment using the ground target and the radiant point observation of transmitting laser beam was carried out, and the lines of sight for the two telescopes were aligned within the required pointing precision. This paper describes the design, structural analysis, manufacture and assembly of parts, and entire process related with the alignment for the ARGO-M optical system.

This paper describes Declination interpolation method in the application of Digital Magnetic Compass(DMC) with small capacity memory for relatively low-priced system. The purpose of this study is to find accurate declination values using Declination Lookup Table(DLT) and Secular Variation Table(SVT) with the Bilinear interpolation method having four points data only. World Magnetic Model with Gauss coefficients produced by NOAA is used in the calculation of DLT and SVT at desired years. To verify the applicability of the proposed method, the simulation tests and the error analysis are carried out in this work. As results from tests, the interpolation error is within 0.01 degree that is much enough to implement high accurate DMC comparing with commercial DMCs on the market. In summary, the declination interpolation method, proposed in this study, can be useful in the application of DMC.

This study was done to characterize the anther derived regenerants (R1) including haploids and spontaneous diploids of minipaprika (cvs.‘Vine sweet-red’ ‘Vine sweet-yellow’ and ‘Vine sweet-orange’) in glasshouse. Eleven haploids (three, seven and one from red, yellow and orange, respectively) and sixteen spontaneous diploids (five, nine and two from red, yellow and orange, respectively) were grown in plastic pot with three (red, yellow and orange) anther donor (R0) F1minipaprika varieties. Regenerants were characterized for their plant and fruit characters as well as their fruit color and shape. The homozygosity of spontaneous diploid plants of each population was assessed using simple-sequence repeat (SSR) marker analysis. Haploid plants were characterized by reduced plant height, small leaves, short petiole and internode and small flower bud and all haploids showed the sterility and vice-versa in spontaneous diploid lines. The fruit biometrical traits exhibited greater variation within the spontaneous diploid plants and average value of quantitative traits is lower than standard varieties. MR-4 gave the highest yield (150.5 g) per plant followed by MY-6 (140.0 g) and MY-8 (130.5 g) and the lowest in MY-5 (31.5 g). Morphological marker such as fruit color further determinedthe microspore origin of androgenic diploids obtained in anther culture of ‘Vine sweet-red’. Of the fifteen spontaneous diploid plants, fourteen plants were identified as doubled haploids using microsatellite markers (SSR), and these homozygous lines are recommended to use in minipaprika breeding program.

Reliable and precise techniques for targeting modification of plant genomes have been explored in plant breeding communities. Initiated in the animal genome first, now the genome editing tool using a nuclease has been reported in some plant species including Arabidopsis, Maize, Tobacco, and other model systems. When the artificial nuclease is introduced into a plant cell and breaks the genomic sites randomly, endogenously operating DNA-repair mechanisms including non-homologous end joining(NHEJ) or homologous recombination(HR) are anticipated, leading to insertion of foreign DNA or deletion of the target locus, which collectively allows changes in plant traits of interest. Traditionally custom designed for induction of double-strand DNA break(DSB) at a predetermined locus was based on zinc-finger nuclease which contains nonspecific cleavage domains with target specificities of DNA binding zinc finger domains(three to four). The binding domains containing more than 20 DNA bases with high affinity to the target gene enable recognition of the locus efficiently. From this project, we focus on a petunia chalcone synthase(CHS) as a model system. The engineered nuclease will target the CHS gene, which is expected to be modified either constitutely or transiently. The derived transformed plants will be genetically or phenotypicly screened, along with molecular confirmation analysis by using various tools. We eventually extend the tools to various crop species and target genes, which makes the brand-new breeding technique more reliable and robust.

The plant family chrysanthemum is known for its medicinal, ornamental, and economic purposes. Owing to its economic and biological significance to the difficult identification based on morphological characters, it is useful to develop DNA barcodes. DNA sequence data enable not only the inference of phylogenetic relationships but also provide an efficient method for species-level identifications under terms DNA barcoding or DNA taxonomy. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the utility of DNA barcoding in discriminating Chrysanthemum species. Four cpDNA regions (matK, rpoC, rpoB, trnH-psbA) and one nuclear (ITS) marker have sequenced from 28 specimens of 11 species from 4 genera of Chrysanthemum which were collected from 5 provinces in Korea. Comparisons of within and between species levels of sequence divergence showed that genetic variation between species exceeds variation within species.

Allele mining in starch synthesis-related genes (SSRGs) has facilitated the discovery of desired natural sequence variations for eating quality in rice. This study investigated the sequence variations from 10 SSRGs, and further evaluated their relationship with the amylose content (AC) and rapid viscosity analysis profiles in a global collection of rice accessions by association mapping (AM). In total, 83 sequence variations were found in 10 sequenced amplicons, including 73 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), eight insertion-deletions (InDels) and two polymorphic simple sequence repeats (SSRs). Four subpopulations were identified by population structure analysis based on 170 genome-wide SSR genotypes. AM revealed 11 significant associations between three phenotypic indices and three sequence variations. One SNP with a g/c transversion at the 63rd nucleotide downstream of the OsBEIIb gene termination codon on rice chromosome 2 was significantly associated with multiple trait indices in both the general linear and mixed linear models (GLM and MLM), including the final viscosity (p < 0.001, R2 = 23.87%) in both 2009 and 2010, and AC (p < 0.01, R2 = 11.25%) and trough viscosity (p < 0.01, R2 = 20.43) in 2010. This study provides a new perspective of allele mining for breeding strategies based on marker-assisted selection.