1997년 교토의정서를 시작으로 2016년 파리기후협약이 발효되며 온실가스 저감을 위한 세계적인 노력이 계속되고 있다. 국내에서는 ‘폐자원 및 바이오매스 에너지 대책’의 실행을 위해 폐자원의 고형연료화 등 각종 에너지화 시설의 확충을 장려하고 있으며, 이를 통해 2020년까지 1,169만톤/년의 폐자원 에너지화를 달성하고자 한다. 폐자원 및 바이오매스는 가용 잠재량이 풍부하며, 저렴한 비용으로 신재생에너지 공급의 조기 성과 창출 및 온실가스 감축의무를 이행할 수 있는 수단이다. 반탄화 기술은 취급과 저장이 용이하며, 높은 에너지 밀도를 갖는 고형 연료를 생산하는 기술로 낮은 발열량과 높은 함수율을 갖는 바이오매스의 전처리 과정으로 국내외에서 연구되어 왔다. 일반적인 반탄화 기술의 공정은 원료를 200~300℃의 저온에서 환원분위기를 유지하며 10분에서 60분 동안 열처리하는 기술을 말한다. 본 연구에서는 폐목재와 하수슬러지를 반탄화 기술에 적용하여 고형연료를 생산하는 기술 개발을 위한 0.1 ton/day 급 규모 설비의 운전 특성 파악을 위해 수행하였다. 실험에 쓰인 폐바이오매스는 일반 폐목재(40%)와 하수슬러지(60%)를 혼합하여 사용하였다. 반탄화 공정은 Rotary Kiln에서 반응 온도 250℃, 300℃, 체류시간 40분, 60분의 실험 조건에서 반탄화 실험을 실시하였다. 실험 결과 반탄화 반응을 통해 생성된 반탄화물은 반응 온도가 증가함에 따라 연료수율 및 연료비는 감소하는 경향을 나타냈으며, 연료수율이 70% 이상을 나타내는 반응 영역에서는 연료비가 2.5~3.0의 범위를 나타내었다. 발열량의 경우 온도가 증가함에 따라 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 반탄화물의 에너지 수율은 250℃부터 서서히 증가하다가 270℃ 부근에서 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다.

하수슬러지는 2006년 런던협약이후 해양투기 금지 대상물질로 지정되어 효율적인 처리에 대한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 이에 대한 방안으로 각광 받고 있는 반탄화 공정은 시료의 분쇄성을 높여 혼소에 용이하며, 처리 후 시료가 소수성을 띄기 때문에 미생물에 대한 오염이 적다. 또한 에너지밀도를 높일 수 있어 원시료에 비해 높은 발열량을 가진다. 하지만 다량의 수분을 함유하고 있어 그 이용이 제한적이다. 본 연구에서는 고 함수율 시료인 하수슬러지의 단점을 보완하고자 저 함수율 시료인 폐목재를 1:1로 혼합하여 lab규모 실험을 통해 반탄화 특성을 파악하였다. 반응시간 20분 조건에서 반응온도를 200 ℃에서 50 ℃ 간격으로 550 ℃까지 승온시켰으며, 반응온도 250 ℃, 300 ℃조건에서 반응시간 10분에서 10분 간격으로 50분까지 증가시켰다. 생성된 반탄화물에 대하여 공업분석, 원소분석 및 발열량분석을 진행하였으며, 이를 통해 에너지수율, 연료비, 탄소비 등 반탄화물의 특성을 파악하였다. 반탄화물의 공업분석결과 반응온도 및 반응시간이 증가할수록 가연분은 감소하였으며, 회분과 고정탄소는 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 발열량의 경우 반응온도가 증가함에 따라 증가하는 경향을 보이다가 반응온도 400 ℃에서 최대 값(5082.7 kcal/kg)을 보인 후, 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 또한 원소분석결과를 기반으로 석탄 종의 O/C와 H/C의 비(Van Krevelen Diagram)을 비교하였다. 수소 및 산소는 반응온도가 증가함에 따라 감소하는 경향을 나타냈으며, 탄소함량은 전반적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였다.

수은은 장거리 이동특성을 가지고 있어 국제적 공동대응 필요성이 지속적으로 제기되었다. 최근 수은의 관한 미나마타 협약이 채택되었으며, 이에 대한 비준을 추진하고 있다. 수은은 배가스 중에서 가스상, 입자상으로 존재한다. 가스상 수은은 산화수은과 원수수은으로 구분된다. 입자상 수은은 전기집진기, 여과집진기와 같은 먼지 제어장치를 통해 주로 제어된다. 산화수은은 입자상물질에 흡착되어 제어되거나, 습식방지시설에 의해 제어된다. 원소수은은 공정변수들에 의해 산화 및 흡착되어 제어된다. 이와 같이 기존 대기오염 방지시설은 수은의 동시제어(co-benefit)효과를 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 미세먼지를 제어하기 위해 개발된 HI-filter에서의 수은 화학종의 거동과 흡착제분사에 따른 영향을 확인하고자 하였다. 석탄 화력발전시설에 설치된 Pilot-scale HI-filter는 배가스 중 미세먼지를 99%이상 제어하였으며, 수은의 제어효율은 66.22%로 나타났다. HI-filter는 산화수은을 입자상물질로 전환시키는 비율을 증가시켰다. 이로 인해, HI-filter후단에서의 수은은 대부분 원소수은으로 존재하였다. 이후 원소수은을 제어하기 위해 HI-filter 전단에서 활성탄과 비산재를 분사하여 수은의 화학종과 수은제어효율을 비교하였다. 활성탄분사 시 원소수은은 활성탄에 흡착되었으며, 입자상수은이 80%이상으로 증가하였다. 이로 인해, 수은의 제어효율은 최대 92%까지 증가하였다. 비산재분사 시 원소수은의 산화반응은 촉진되었으며, 산화수은은 35%까지 증가하였다. 그러나 수은의 제어효율은 61%로 감소하였다. 하지만 HI-filter후단이 습식방지시설에 의해 산화수은은 제어될 수 있으며, 석탄 화력발전시설 전체의 수은제어효율은 크게 상승할 것으로 판단된다.

Obesity is characterized by a state of chronic low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance, which are aggravated by the interaction between hypertrophic adipocytes and macrophages. In this study, we investigated the effects of tangeretin on inflammatory changes and glucose uptake in a coculture of hypertrophic adipocytes and macrophages. Tangeretin decreased nitric oxide production and the expression of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2 in a coculture of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW 264.7 cells. Tangeretin also increased glucose uptake in the coculture system, but did not affect the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS) and Akt. These results suggest that tangeretin improves insulin resistance by attenuating obesity-induced inflammation in adipose tissue.

Purpose - The main purpose of the current study is to examine the impact of accounting information quality and information asymmetry on the underinvestment phenomenon among the listed companies on the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE). Research design, data, and methodology - The population includes 94 firms selected through systematic sampling. The data is collected from the audited financial statements of the firms provided by TSE’s website from 2010 to 2015. Accounting information quality and information asymmetry is considered as independent variables, and their impact is examined on the dependent variable (underinvestment). Results - The statistical results, based on data collected from 94 listed companies on the TSE during 2010–2015, revealed positive impact of accounting information quality and positive impact of information asymmetry on underinvestment. There was a significant relationship between accrual quality (AQ) and underinvestment, and spread and underinvestment. The results also showed that information asymmetry is the main factor in the creation underinvestment. Conclusions - Findings of this article can assist accounting researchers and theoreticians in comparing Real world facts with hypotheses developed with respect to accounting information quality, information asymmetry and underinvestment. However, the results of fuzzy regression analysis indicate significant relationships between the independent variable except underinvestment.

Optical observation is one of the most common techniques used for characterizing the physical properties of unknown objects and debris in space. This research presents measurements and properties of the new object 96019 from ground-based optical methods. Optical observations of this small object were performed using a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera and the Santel-500 telescope at the Zvenigorod Observatory. The orbital elements and physical properties of this object, such as areato- mass ratio, have been determined. The results show that this small object has a low area-to-mass ratio, between 0.009 and 0.12 m2/kg. The light curve of object 96019 is given: Over the time intervals, variations in brightness are analyzed and the maximum brightness was found to be 12.4 magnitudes. The observational results show that, this object brightens by about three magnitudes over a time span of three minutes. Based on these observations, the characteristics and physical properties of this object are discussed.

본 연구에서는 일반촬영에서 자동노출제어장치를 이용하여 검사할 때 체내에 잔존하는 CT 조영제와 MRI 조영제가 면적선량에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보고자 한다. 복부 두께의 파라핀 팬텀 중앙에 사각형의 홀을 만든 후 CT 조영제, MRI 조영제를 각각 식염수 대 조영제 희석 비율, 10:0, 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5, 4:6, 3:7, 2:8, 1:9, 0:10 %의 비율로 희석하였다. 각 실험은 KUB 촬영의 적정 조건인 78kVp, 320mA로 설정 후 자동노출제어장치를 이용하여 희석 비율 당 총 30회씩의 검사를 하였고, 각 조영제의 희석 비율에 따른 면적선량, 노출지수에 대해 평균 비교와 상관분석을 하였다. 그 결과, CT 조영제와 MRI 조영제는 희석 비율에 따라 면적선량이 다르게 나타났고(p<0.05), 희석 비율이 증가함에 따라 CT 조영제와 MRI 조영제는 면적선량이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 각 검사에서 노출지수는 제조사 권고 사항인 200-800 EI값을 나타냈으며, 노출지수와 면적선량은 면적선량이 증가할수록 노출지수도 증가하였다(p<0.05). 결론적으로 CT 조영제와 MRI 조영제는 모두 자동노출제어장치를 사용하는 일반촬영 검사에서 면적선량을 증가시키는 것을 확인하였다. 따라서 CT와 MRI 검사에서 조영제를 사용한 후 일반촬영 검사를 할 때에는 조영제가 충분히 배설된 후 시행하여야 할 것으로 사료된다.

Net primary productivity (NPP) is considered as an important indicator for forest ecosystem since the role of the forest is highlighted as a key sector for mitigating climate change. The objective of this research is to estimate changes on the net primary productivity of forest in South Korea under the different climate change scenarios. The G4M (Global Forest Model) was used to estimate current NPP and future NPP trends in different climate scenarios. As input data, we used detailed (1 km × 1 km) downscaled monthly precipitation and average temperature from Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) for four RCP (Representative Concentration Pathway) scenarios (2.6/4.5/6.0/8.5). We used MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) NPP data for the model validation. Current NPP derived from G4M showed similar patterns with MODIS NPP data. Total NPP of forest increased in most of RCP scenarios except RCP 8.5 scenario because the average temperature increased by 5°C. In addition, the standard deviation of annual precipitation was the highest in RCP8.5 scenario. Precipitation change in wider range could cause water stress on vegetation that affects decrease of forest productivity. We calculated future NPP change in different climate change scenarios to estimate carbon sequestration in forest ecosystem. If there was no biome changes in the future NPP will be decreased up to 90%. On the other hand, if proper biome change will be conducted, future NPP will be increased 50% according to scenarios.

Three different transplanting dates for two rice cultivars grown in Daegu, Republic of Korea, were examined to identify the changes in growth, rice quality, and characteristics of amylopectin. An early transplanting date caused a reduction in the number of panicles in both rice cultivars compared to that in the optimal and late transplanting dates. The 1000-grain weight in the two rice cultivars was significantly increased in the late transplanting date. The rice cultivar tolerant to high temperatures, Donganbyeo, exhibited the lowest milky grain rate in the late transplanting date. The highest rate of head grain was observed in the late transplanting date in both rice cultivars. Regarding the pattern of pasting properties, peak viscosity increased with delayed transplanting dates. With respect to changes in the amylopectin branch-chain length distribution, the amylopectin structure of the translucent Dongan rice cultivar transplanted on April 25 was characterized by a significant increase in A chains with DP > 12, and a decrease in long chains DP ≥ 37 compared to that transplanted on June 25. In contrast, the amylopectin structure of the chalky Dongan rice cultivar transplanted on April 25 exhibited further decrease in 13 < DP < 19 than that transplanted on June 25. In the Ungwang rice cultivar, the amylopectin structure of the translucent Ungwang rice cultivar transplanted on April 25 and June 25 was characterized by a significant decrease in the lengths of total amylopectin chains. Furthermore, the amylopectin structure of the chalky Ungwangbyeo rice cultivar transplanted on April 25 was characterized by a significant increase in 7 < DP < 30, while a significant decrease was observed in that transplanted on June 25. These results indicate that the amylopectin structure is altered by different transplanting dates depending on the characteristics of the rice cultivar.

This research assessed the disparity in anion generation according to the vertical structure of a Zelkova Serrata tree for the purpose of creating a pleasant and green city environment. Measurements for the study were conducted between July and August of 2014 in Chung-ju in the central region of the Republic of Korea. The average anion generation of vertical structure trees during active photosynthesis periods was: L Section (839.0 ea/cm3) > M Section (664.6 ea/cm3) > U Section (472.0 ea/cm3). According to DMRT analysis, significant difference was found in the average between the L, or M Locations and the U Locations. During dormant photosynthesis periods, records showed that the anion production at the M Location (1,212.5 ea/cm3) > L Location (1,050.4 ea/cm3) > H Location (844.1 ea/cm3), According to DMRT analysis, the difference within each location was significant for α=0.05. In a comprehensive analysis of the weather factors in each vertical structure, anion generation during active photosynthesis periods showed a positive correlation with solar radiation and a negative correlation with wind speed. Dormant photosynthesis periods showed negative correlations with both solar radiation and temperature, and positive correlations with relative humidity and wind speed. Predictions from a multicenter retrospective study showed that during active photosynthesis periods, Y1 = 282.443X1 + 512.07, and Y2 = 314.337X1 + 16.913X2, while during dormant photosynthesis periods, Y1=391.009X1 + 840.043, and Y2=351.412X1 + 32.765X2.

본 논문에서는 움직이는 타깃을 대상으로 처방선량과 치료기법에 따른 흡수선량을 유리선량계를 이용하여 평가하였다. 타깃의 움직임에 따라 조사야에서 벗어나는 정도에 따른 선량을 MCNPX를 이용하여 모의모사하였으며 그 결과 조사야에서 이격하는 거리에 비례하여 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 처방선량에 따른 흡수선량의 결과는 3D CRT의 경우 저선량에서 IMRT보다 흡수선량이 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 대선량에서는 IMRT가 더 높은 비율을 보였다. 치료기법에 따른 결과는 3D CRT가 가장 우수한 것으로 나타났으며, IMRT의 sliding window방식이 가장 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 통하여 3D CRT가 움직이는 타깃에 가장 높은 선량을 조사할 수 있는 기법으로 평가되었다. 하지만 정상조직의 보호효과와 환자의 상태 등을 고려한 적절한 치료기법의 선택으로 치료효과를 높일 수 있는 노력이 필요할 것이다.

The steady growth of seaborne trade has resulted in the further development of container ships, ports, and container terminals, and the operating efficiency of a container terminal is a decisive element for its competitive ability in international markets. The aim of this research is to evaluate the relative efficiency of Russian and South Korean container terminals. For this purpose, the output-oriented DEA was applied to 31 container terminals of Russian and South Korean seaports for the years from 2012 to 2014. The results indicate that Korean container terminals exhibited higher efficiency scores than their Russian counterparts.

Background : This study was carried out to select the medicinal crop having the superior antimicrobial activity against 5 microorganisms among 20 medicinal crops. Methods and Results : Dried plants were extracted by methanol. The extracts of each plant were evaporated under vacuum. The extracts were absorbed into 50㎕ of each extracts on paper disk and diameter of clear zone was confirmed around the colony. The results showed that diameter of the clear zone against Escherichia coli was the widest in Rhus javanica(R. javanica, 16mm), followed by Evening primrose(14.5mm), Chinaberry(13mm) and Giant knotweed(11mm). Also, diameter of the clear zone against Vibrio parahaemolyticu was the widest in R. javanica(26mm), followed by Evening primrose(21mm), chrysanthemum flower(19mm), Chinese pepper(16.5mm), Chidii rhizoma(11.5mm), Curly dock(11.5mm), Comfrey(11mm), Black nightshade(11mm) and Mustard(10mm). Likewise, diameter of the clear zone aginast Proteus mirabilis was the widest in R. javanica(11.5mm), followed by Chinaberry(11mm). Specially, diameter of the clear zone against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus was identified only in R. javanica(12mm and 11mm, respectively). Therefore, R. javanica showed the best excellent antimicrobial activity among 20 medicinal crops. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of R. javanica were 2,725mg/100g and 30.2mg/100g respectively. DPPH and ABTS activity of R. javanica were 92.6% and 98.4%, respectively. Conclusion : These results suggest that R. javanica can be utilized as natural food additives and antioxidant materials because of its powerful antimicrobial action and the high antioxidant activity.

We used the 4 m Discovery Channel Telescope (DCT) at Lowell observatory in 2014 to observe the Guitar Nebula, an Hα bow-shock nebula around the high-velocity radio pulsar B2224+65. Since the nebula's discovery in 1992, the structure of the bow-shock has undergone significant dynamical changes. We have observed the limb structure, targeting the “body” and “neck” of the guitar. Comparing the DCT observations to 1995 observations with the Palomar 200-inch Hale telescope, we found changes in both spatial structure and surface brightness in the tip, head, and body of the nebula.

This paper will examine Russia’s policy concerning Korea’s re-unification and Moscow’s likely responses to possible results of the unification process as a major and necessary element of peace-building in Northeast Asia. Since the middle of the 19th century Russia has had a keen interest in the situation on the Korean peninsula. History repeatedly proved that any aggravation of the situation on the peninsula caused serious concerns and made Russia to take additional steps to ensure her security. So both for security reasons and for smooth development of her Far Eastern region, Russia is vitally interested in maintaining peace and stability on the Korean peninsula. Emergence of the re-unified Korea, however, is likely to create a new situation in the region and make Russia to re-evaluate her policy in Northeast Asia. It is generally accepted notion that Russia will benefit, first of all, from liquidation of a long-time hot spot right next to her Far Eastern region and from founding the re-unified Korea, which is supposedly will maintain relations of friendship, good-neighborhood and cooperation with Russia and other neighboring states. Meanwhile, at the moment, better relations between North and South Korea, along with providing Russia with more favorable conditions for development of trade and economic cooperation with both parts of Korea, would also open new opportunities for economic development of the Russian Far East and for linking Russia’s economy to globalization and integration processes in the Asia-Pacific region. So both on security and economic reasons Moscow is vitally interested in reconciliation between North and South Korea and eventual emergence of a peaceful and neutral Korea.

Purpose - The purpose of this research is to determine the impact of word of mouth on customer perceived value for restaurants in Malaysia. The objectives of this research include determining how word of mouth (WoM) factors - frequency of word of mouth messages, reputation of word of mouth messenger, richness of word of mouth message, dispersion of word of mouth conversations and manner of word of mouth delivery impact customer perceived value in Malaysian restaurant industry. Research Design, Data, and Methodology – The research follows causal / explanatory research method based on quantitative data. A sample of 150 restaurant customers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia was selected using convenience sampling technique. Likert scale questionnaire is used to collect data and data is analysed using regression analysis through SPSS 22. Results – The statistical analysis revealed that independent variable ‘manner of delivery’ significantly and positively impacts c ustomer perceived value for restaurants in Malaysia. Conclusions – To build strong positive customer perception, Malaysian restaurants can enhance word of mouth campaigns’ ‘manner of delivery’ by making them passionate, exciting and with high emotional appeal.

Background : Fruit picking is the most labor consuming procedure for Boxthorn (Lycium chinense Mill.) growers. Recently fruit harvesters were invented and improved in the efficiency to fulfill the expectation of farmers through field demonstration tests. Additionally, T-type hedge cultivation method harmonized well with fruit picking machine, but it also needed to be improved in its’ pruning methods for the efficiency of fruit collecting procedure. Methods and Results : In this experiment, ‘Cheong-un’ cultivar and local variety were grown in the rain shelter greenhouses for the tests. Plots were set by randomized block design. There were two types of previously developed harvesters. One vibrates it’s harvest rod right and left (A type) and the other shakes it’s rod back and forth (B type). Among two harvesters A type was superior to B type in efficiency and convenience in use and it was able to harvest eleven times more fruits than manual picking in simple comparison test. In field comparison test, A type harvester performed 4.6 to 5 times more fruits than manual fruit picking. T-type hedge cultivation method is the proper way of enhancing efficiency of harvester. In the test, wiry perpendicular branches formed by once pruning method hindered moving forward of fruit collector. However installing collecting net with velcro along the edge under the field increased the efficiency and handiness of fruit harvester and well harmonized with T-type hedge cultivation. Conclusion : From the above results, the newly developed fruit harvester could increase the annual income of Boxthorn growers by reducing fruit picking labor and time.

Background : Boxthorn has been cultivated by conventional fertilization and irrigation methods that can be characterized by applying a great deal of fertilizers and a small amount of water compared to the other crops. With increasing rain shelter greenhouses, there were significant needs for developing new fertigation and irrigation methods. In this study, several prescribed fertigation methods for balanced fertilizer application and a few irrigation start methods based on soil moisture tension has been tested to confirm the fruit quality and productivity for Boxthorn growers. Methods and Results : In the experiment, ‘Cheong-un’ cultivar was grown in the rain shelter greenhouses for the tests. Plots were set by randomized block design. According to the growth investigation on the ‘Cheong-un’ cultivar which is supplied with four different formulated fertigation, the formulation N 15 me/ℓ increased the size and weight of fruit leading to 17% increased yield than the others. Additionally, on the amount of annual supply of fertigation with the concentration of N 15 me/ℓ, the treatment applied with 10kg/10a during the cultivation period facilitated overall growth of ‘Cheong-un’ cultivar and increased the yield as well. In the irrigation experiment ‘Cheong-un’ cultivar was grown in the four differently planned treatments that start irrigation at –20, -40, -50 and -100kPa soil moisture tensions. According to the investigation, the irrigation treatment starting at -50kPa enhanced the number of fruit bearing and productivity of Boxthorn consistently during two years. Conclusion : Therefore, the newly developed fertigation and irrigation methods could enhance the annual income of Boxthorn growers by increasing growth and yield.

Background : Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer is a perennial herb and its growth potential keep relatively high at least for the early 3 years old. If the transplanted ginseng roots of 2 or 3 years old grow well, a period of cultivation and the disease management cost could be reduced for the production of 6 years old ginseng roots. Methods and Results : The rooting and growth of a transplanted ginseng root could be affected by the age of a transplant. Therefore, the experiments were conducted to examine the influences of the age factor on the rooting and growth of transplanted ginseng roots. The ginseng roots with different plant ages in growth years (1, 2, and 3 years old), used in this study, were obtained by raising in a seedling production field near the Punggi Ginseng Experiment Station. The transplants were continuously grown under the same conditions after transplanting. The number of lateral or branched roots at the root-growing period after transplanting was basically higher in originally older plant ages compared to younger plants: the numbers of secondary and tertiary branched roots of the 1 year-old transplants were 8, 12, respectably; 2 years old: 12, 20; 3 years old: 12, 28. Those did not show any difference in both overground and underground growing, in compared to conventional cultivations with roots of a year old. The plants grew well without anthracnose, spotting disease, and high temperature injury. Conclusion : The conventional cultivation period of above 5 or 6 years for the raw material of red ginseng might be shorten and also the cost of disease control could be decreased, by transplanting of 2 or 3 years old roots raised at a seedling nursing field.

In this study, strain properties of high strength concrete (HSC) have been evaluated at elevated temperature. To evaluate the strain behaviour of HSC at elevated temperatures, ø100 × 200 mm cylindrical specimens of HSC with compressive strengths of 80, 130 and 180 MPa concrete were heated to 700 °C at a rate of 1 °C/min. As a results, Total strain of HSC was showing shrinkage with compressive strength increasing.