The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (Glover), is one of the main pests in various vegetable crops due to insecticide resistance in Korea. Some insect pests noticed neonicotinoid insecticide resistance such as Nilaparvata lugens, Bemisia tabaci and Myzus persicae etc. and the major player which contributed for developing the resistance was over-expression of P450, particularly CPY6 family. However, A. gossypii was a unique case that they developed non-P450 dependent resistant mechanism. Previously we reported that two point mutations (RtoT in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, nAChR, beta 1 subunit and RtoT with LtoS in a transcript variant) contribute to develop the imidacolprid resistance in A. gossypii. Moreover we surveyed the mutation(s) in various local field populations. Based on the 3D modeling, we hypothesize that RtoT mutation can reduce the imidacloprid sensitivity. A stretch of 33 amino acid was deleted in the N-terminal region of original transcript of nAChR beta 1 subunit that contained RtoT with LtoS mutations in resistant strain. Among the two transcripts, only original transcript differently expressed between imidacloprid susceptible and resistant strain (resistant ratio = 3,800). Six alpha subunit (1∼5, 7) transcript levels were not significantly different between two strains. Therefore mutation and down-regulation of nAChR beta 1 subunit is also associated with imidacloprid resistance in the A. gossypii.

Establishment of rapid resistance level detection system is essential step to adopt the adaptive management for the control of various kinds of resistant pest population. Here, we established acaricides resistance detection methods based on residual contact vial bioassay (RCV) and quantitative sequencing methods (QS), and applied to determine the resistance levels from several populations in two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, which has been considered as major notorious pest in rose cultivation area in worldwide. 12 acaricides were applicable to the RCV among 19 representative acaricides by showing the dose-dependent mortality within 8 hr, suggesting the acaricide suitability for the RCV might be varied by toxicity mechanism in each acaricides. The QS regression was established for 10 point mutations associated with five number of acaricides resistance such as organophosphate, pyrethroid, abamectin, bifenazate and etoxazol. The 95% prediction level was ranged from 10.8±5.4∼92.2±3.2%. The resistance levels were determined by above two detection methods from a total 12 strains. The laboratory-reared populations were revealed high susceptibility with low resistance allele frequencies to some acaricides, suggesting the several acaricides would be chosen for the control of those populations. However, the field-collected populations were exhibited a severe cross resistance with low susceptibility and high resistance allele frequency to almost tested acaricides, suggesting the current acaricides resistance levels are serious in rose cultivation area in Korea. The RCV and QS methods would be useful for the rapid and accurate collection of valuable information associated with acaricide resistance.

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) plays a pivotal role in the synaptic transmission in the cholinergic nervous system of most animals, including insects. Most insects possess two AChEs (i.e., AChE1 vs. AChE2), which are encoded by two paralogous loci originated from the duplication that occurred before the radiation of insects. The phylogenetic analysis suggested that the last common ancestor of ace1 and ace2 shared its origin with those of Platyhelminthes. In addition, ace1 lineage showed a lower evolutionary rate (d and dN/dS ratio) compared to ace2 lineage, suggesting that the ace1 lineage has maintained relatively more essential functions following duplication. Furthermore, structural modeling of AChEs revealed that consistent structural alteration in their active-site gorge topology was caused by amino acid substitution, likely leads to functional differentiation between two AChEs. The functional transition of ace in some hymenopteran insects appears to have occurred by only a few mutations resulting in dramatic alteration of AChE activity. Taken together, our findings provide basic information on when the ace duplication occurred and what structural features have been associated with the differentiation of two AChEs during evolution.

The common bed bug, Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), is an ectoparasitic pest that feeds on humans as well as other mammals. We investigate that point mutations on the voltage-sensitive sodium channel are associated with the resistance to pyrethroids. Two point mutations (V419L and L925I) in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel (VSSC) α-subunit gene have been identified in deltamethrin-resistant bed bugs. L925I, located the intracellular loop between IIS4 and IIS5, has been previously found in a highly pyrethroid-resistant populations of whitefly. V419L, located in the IS6 transmembrane segment, is a novel mutation. To establish a population-based genotyping method as a molecular resistance monitoring tool, a quantitative sequencing (QS) protocol was developed. Frequency prediction equations were generated from the plots by linear regression, and the signal ratios were shown to highly correlate with resistance allele frequencies (r2 > 0.993). In addition to QS, the filter contact vial bioassay (FCVB) method was established and used to determine the baseline susceptibility and resistance of bed bugs to pyrethroids. A pyrethroid-resistant strain showed > 9375- and 6990-fold resistance to deltamethrin and λ-cyhalothrin, respectively. Resistance allele frequencies in different bed bug populations predicted by QS correlated well with the FCVB results, confirming the roles of the two mutations in pyrethroid resistance. Taken together, employment of QS in conjunction with FCVB method should greatly facilitate the detection and monitoring of pyrethroid resistant bed bugs in the field.

Metcalfa pruinosa has been spreading in Korea since 2005, which its first report at Gimhae in Kyeongnam province. It has been harmful to grape and major forest crops by direct sucking and indirect transmitting sooty mold disease causing economical loss. It is necessary to study its tracing route and movement conditions for the further efficient population management and prevention of its re-invasion. A total of 23 haplotype were observed in the analysis of nucleotide polymorphisms on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I from total 124 voucher specimens among five countries. Only two haplotypes were exist in Korea and HAP1 was accorded with its of some European individuals. Moreover, the analysis of FST and AMOVA, the Korean population was relatively nearer with Spanish and Italian population than American populations, suggesting the Korean population might be originated from some European countries. Eight microsatellite loci were developed and characterized to facilitate more delegate population genetic analysis from 468 individual in five countries. The average character of each or overall population was revealed 18 average individual number, six alleles and 0.676 heterozygosity. The genetic distance (FST) was a little bit high among each populations ranged as – 0.010~0.245. In the tracing route analysis, the originating country of Korean population was also shown as migrated from some European countries. The population genetic analysis using genetic markers will be useful to trace the origin of pest and prevent from re-invasion fro efficient pest management.

Neuromedin B (NMB) acts as a growth factor or a morphogen and plays a role in cancer progression. Indeed, the NMB receptor (NMB-R) is overexpressed in different types of tumors. In our current study, we investigated the involvement of NMB-R in the proliferation of oral cancer cells. Human oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and human oral cancer cells, SCC-25 cells were found to be NMB-R-positive. The NMB-R antagonist PD168368 inhibited the proliferation of SCC-25 cells and reduced their colony formation capacity. We also found that PD168368 induced the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of SCC-25 cells in a dose-/time-dependent manner. Overall, this antitumor activity of PD168368 in human oral cancer cells suggests that NMB-R is a potential target for the future prevention and treatment of human cancers.

Accurate information on the genetic and phenotypic characteristics and diversity of the indigenous Farm Animal Genetic Resources (FAnGR) is the basis on which their present and future sustainable utilization and conservation should be made. The paper describes the objectives, structure, functionality, content, utility and future prospects of the Country- Domestic Animal Genetic Resources Information System (DAGRIS) of ILRI. This electronic database is designed to cater for the needs of researchers, policy makers, development practitioners, eachers, students and farmers in developing countries for efficient access to available published and grey literature from past and present research results on the origin, distribution, diversity, present use and status of selected Farm Animal Genetic Resources (FAnGR) of the countries. Development of the country-modules of c-DAGRIS in English and French for Anglophone and Francophone countries is finalized and ready to be used.

Brucellosis is an important bacterial zoonotic infection worldwide responsible for economic losses in livestock industries which represents a considerable and increasing public health burden. The disease is caused by Brucella which possess the ability to invade and replicate within phagocytes and may result to chronic infection, leading to difficulty in medical therapy of the disease. The treatment for brucellosis employs conventional principles that have been applied for a long time and a combination of antibiotics is currently used due to low efficacy of monotherapies. However, vital effects with respect to health and safety are neglected. Nevertheless, the preventive methods and treatments for brucellosis using traditional medicine have not yet been thoroughly studied, hence, alternative therapies such as the use of natural plant extracts as traditional medicine that are safe, efficient and economical should be explored in order to identify candidates that eliminate complications due to brucellosis. Coptis chinensis Franch (Huanglian) is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb and its extract has been known to possess strong antibacterial activity. In this study, the antibacterial effects of C. chinensis Franch extracts, and the major components of the herb namely berberine and palmatine, were investigated on B. abortus. The C. chinensis Franch ethanol extracts (CCFE) showed bactericidal effects at 1,000 μg/ml concentration and berberine at 100 μg/ml concentration. However, C. chinensis Franch and its components did not affect invasion and intracellular growth of B. abortus in RAW 264.7 cells. In conclusion, C. chinensis Franch ethanol extracts, water extract and its major components such as berberine and palmatine would be a beneficial antimicrobial agent without affecting phagocytic pathway within macrophages, and further study for the precise mechanisms of antibacterial effect would be necessary.

Medical technologies are gaining in importance because of scientific and technical progress in medicine andthe increasing average lifetime of people. This has opened up a huge market for medical devices, where complex-shapedmetallic parts made from biocompatible materials are in great demand. Today many of these components are alreadybeing manufactured by powder metallurgy technologies. This includes mass production of standard products and alsocustomized components. In this paper some aspects related to metal injection molding of Ti and its alloys as well asmodifications of microstructure and surface finish were discussed. The process chain of additive manufacturing (AM)was described and the current state of the art of AM processes like Selective Laser Melting and electron beam meltingfor medical applications was presented.

A microstructure analysis is carried out to optimize the process parameters of a randomly oriented discrete length hybrid carbon fiberreinforced carbon matrix composite. The com-posite is fabricated by moulding of a slurry into a preform, followed by hot-pressing and carbonization. Heating rates of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 1, and 3.3°C/min and pressures of 5, 10, 15, and 20 MPa are applied during hot-pressing. Matrix precursor to reinforcement weight ra-tios of 70:30, 50:50, and 30:70 are also considered. A microstructure analysis of the carbon/carbon compacts is performed for each variant. Higher heating rates give bloated compacts whereas low heating rates give bloating-free, finemicrostructure compacts. The compacts fabricated at higher pressure have displayed side oozing of molten pitch and discrete length carbon fibers.The microstructure of the compacts fabricated at low pressure shows a lack of densification.The compacts with low matrix precursor to reinforcement weight ratios have insufficientbonding agent to bind the reinforcement whereas the higher matrix precursor to reinforcement weight ratio results in a plaster-like structure. Based on the microstructure analysis, a heating rate of 0.2°C/min, pressure of 15 MPa, and a matrix precursor to rein-forcement ratio of 50:50 are found to be optimum w.r.t attaining bloating-free densificationand processing time.

This review highlights the current status of Tunisian olive production, challenges facing the sector and opportunities available. Olive, a fruit tree native to Mediterranean countries, is the subject of increased international interest for olive oil production for the global food market. Olive and olive oil production in Tunisia are of great socio-economic importance, with more than 70 millions olive trees including a wide range of cultivars and represents the third important leg in fruit production. Tunisia is the 4th largest producer of olive oil in the world and oil exports represent 40% of the overall value of agronomic exports and 5.5 % of aggregate exports, making it the fifth largest source of foreign currency earnings for the country. However, the actual production of olive oil could be increased by the entire contributors in the sector and by the monitoring by government extension services. Almost 2 out of 3 farmers grow olives in the country. The crop is spread over areas from the northern to the southern regions, where a wide range of edaphon-climatic conditions prevail, from lower semi-arid to arid conditions and receiving annually less than 250 mm of rain-fall (IOOC, 2003). So far, most of the production has been done using traditional techniques and under rainfed conditions. This translates into extremely erratic production levels depending on the year. The major challenges for olive production and for Tunisian producers are to improve fruit and oil quality in order to maintain their competitiveness on the international oil market and to meet consumer demands. The major opportunity available to develop Tunisian olive sector is primarily the improvement of yields, the raising of productivity and oil quality and meet the recent boom in demand for olive oil and table olive around the world.

본 연구의 목적은 활성탄의 CO2 흡착능을 향상시키기 위하여 화학적 전처리 방법을 개발하는 것이다. 다양한 방법과 이론이 존재하지만 이번 연구에서는 아미노화와 분해를 비교하여 흡착능을 비교하기로 하였다. 본 연구에서는 4가지 유형의 활성탄 입자를 원료 물질과 크기에 따라 준비하였고, 수산화칼륨으로 전처리하여 열처리 및 아민화과정을 거 친 후, CO2 흡착능을 비교 평가하였다. 실험결과, 단순 열처리과정만 적용할 때는 600℃ 가 가장 우수하였고, 800℃에서 아민화시킨 시료가 1.4 mmol/g의 가장 좋은 흡착능을 보 였다. 400～600℃에서 아민화를 시킨 시료는 처리온도와 비례하는 선택도를 보여주었다. 분해시간 또한 흡착능과 정비례하는 관계가 나타났다.

Brucella spp. are facultative intracellular pathogens that have the ability to survive and multiply in professional and nonprofessional phagocytes and cause abortion in domestic animals and undulant fever in humans. Brucella species can survive in a variety of cells, including macrophages and their virulence and chronic infections are thought to be due to their ability to avoid the killing mechanisms within macrophages. Inhibition of phagosome-lysosome fusion has been proposed as a mechanism for intracellular survival of Brucella in professional and nonprofessional phagocytes. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are part of a skillful system for detection of invasion by microbial pathogens. Recognition of microbial components by TLRs triggers signaling pathways that promote expression of genes and regulate innate immune responses. Recent studies for the interaction between TLRs-Brucella have indicated the importance of control of Brucella infection. Here, we review selected aspects of TLRs-Brucella interaction, which may be helpful to understanding the mechanism of Brucella pathogenesis.

Cathepsin B is abundantly expressed peptidase of the papain family in the lysosomes, and closely related to the cell degradation system such as apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy. Abnormal degradation of organelles often occurs due to release of cathepsin B into the cytoplasm. Many studies have been reported that relationship between cathepsin B and intracellular mechanisms in various cell types, but porcine embryos has not yet been reported. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of cathepsin B inhibitor (E-64) on preimplantation developmental competence and quality of porcine embryos focusing on apoptosis and oxidative stress. The expression of cathepsin B mRNA in porcine em-bryos was gradually decreased in inverse proportion to E-64 concentration by using real-time RT-PCR. When putative zygotes were cultured with E-64 for 24 h, the rates of early cleavage and blastocyst development were decreased by increasing E-64 concentration. However, the rate of blastocyst development in 5 μM treated group was similar to the control. On the other hand, both the index of apoptotic and reactive oxygen species (ROS) of blastocysts were sig-nificantly decreased in the 5 μM E-64 treated group compared with control. We also examined the mRNA expression levels of apoptosis related genes in the blastocysts derived from 5 μM E-64 treated and non-treated groups. Expre-ssion of the pro-apoptotic Bax gene was shown to be decreased in the E-64 treated blastocyst group, whereas expre-ssion of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL gene was increased. Taken together, these results suggest that proper inhibition of cathepsin B at early development stage embryos improves the quality of blastocysts, which may be related to not only the apoptosis reduction but also the oxidative stress reduction in porcine embryos.

Referral marketing plays an important role in promoting new products. When it comes to innovative agricultural products, early adopter’s review or recommendation has a more critical impact on follower’s purchase decision making. Hence, understanding of consumer’s characteristics and needs play more important role in success of innovation. More particularly, other researchers pay attention to the role of consumer innovativeness. This study attempts to fill this gap in knowledge between innovative propensity of consumer and her/his intention to generate positive word of mouth about new agricultural products. Furthermore, in this paper, we adopt Vandecasteele and Geunes’ motivated consumer innovativeness model to investigate consumer innovativeness in extrinsic motive and intrinsic motive level, and examine the moderating role of referral efficacy. For empirical verification, survey method is used for data collection. Partial least square (PLS) is adopted to analyze the data. Finally, several theoretical contributions and practical implications are discussed.

To concern about health increased at well-being world. It reported fault about toxic of lymphocyte cell by Chemotherapeutic agent and antibiotic agent, tolerance of cancer cell and destruction of lymphocyte and marrow cell. Study of natural medicine needed to remedy these shortcomings. In this study verified effect of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant in Ganoderma applanatum. Verify of anti-inflammatory effect checked to derive by LPS. Antioxidant effect assured by DPPH radical scavenging activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. The result of cytotoxicity by MTT-assay for anti-inflammatory effect of Ganoderma applanatum does not effect in 0.01~1mg/mL concentration. Nitric oxide (NO) inhibition effect was verified concentration dependent in all treatment groups. Inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6) formation inhibition effect to derive by LPS was verified to inhibit gene revelation of inflammatory cytokine in all treatment groups. And endotoxin shock inhibition effect does not appear concentration dependent in mouse lethal test. Inflammation mediator activation inhibition effect in shock mouse liver cell decreased gene revelation in IL-1β and IL-6 at 0.5g/kg body weight group and 1.0g/kg body weight group. DPPH radical scavenging activity confirmed concentration dependent in all treatmen tgroups. SOD enzyme activity showed high activity in low concentration than vitamin C and BHT. To conclusion, Ganoderma applanatum was predicted to replace anti-inflammatory medicine and to use great antioxidant material.

Full-disk solar images are provided by many solar telescopes around the world. However, the ob- served images show Non-Radial Variation (NRV) over the disk. In this paper, we propose algorithms for detecting distortions and restoring these images. For detecting NRV, the cross-correlation coefficients matrix of radial profiles is calculated and the minimum value in the matrix is defined as the Index of Non-radial Variation (INV). This index has been utilized to evaluate the H images of GONG, and systemic variations of different instruments are obtained. For obtaining the NRV’s image, a Multi-level Morphological Filter (MMF) is designed to eliminate structures produced by solar activities over the solar surface. Comparing with the median filter, the proposed filter is a better choice. The experimental results show that the effect of our automatic detection and restoration methods is significant for getting a flat and high contrast full-disk image. For investigating the effect of our method on solar features, structural similarity (SSIM) index is utilized. The high SSIM indices (close to 1) of solar features show that the details of the structures remain after NRV restoring.

Recurring jets, which are jets ejected from the same site, are a peculiar type among various solar jet phenomena. We report such recurring jets ejecting from the same site above an active region on January 22, 2012 with high-resolution multi-wavelength observations from Solar Dynamics Observatory(SDO). We found that the recurring jets had velocities, lengths and lifetimes, but had similar directions. The visible brightening appeared at the jet base before each jet erupted. All the plasma produced by the recurring jets could not overcome the large coronal loops. It seemed that the plasma ejecting from the jet base was confined and guided by preexisting coronal loops, but their directions were not along the paths of the loops. Two of the jets formed crossing structures with the same preexisting filament. We also examined the photospheric magnetic field at the jet base, and observed a visible flux emergence, convergence and cancellation. The four recurring jets all were associated with the impulsive cancellation between two opposite polarities occurring at the jet base during each eruption. In addition, we suggest that the fluxes, flowing out of the active region, might supply the energy for the recurring jets by examining the SDO/Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) successive images. The observational results support the magnetic reconnection model of jets.