Arthrospira platensis has been reported to contain a variety of substances such as phycocyanin, β-carotene, vitamin E and other carotenoids. In this study, zebrafish were treated with indoor cultivation spirulina ethanol extracts(ICAE) to determine toxicity(coagulation rate, hatching rate, heart rate). We used the DCFH-DA staining method to detect the effect of reactive oxygen species(ROS) generation on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced zebrafish embryos ROS various concentrations(0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5mg/ml) of ICAE. Cell toxicity was measured by WST-1 assay on RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. Also, measured the inhibitory effect of nitric oxide(NO) and prostaglandin E₂(PGE₂) production in RAW264.7 macrophages induced by LPS at various concentrations of ICAE. The results of embryo coagulation rate, hatching rate, heart rate of zebrafish at various(0.01, 0.05, 0.1mg/ml) of ICAE was no toxicity. The ICAE treated group had an inhibitory effect on NO and PGE₂ production compared and decreased with concentration. The results of this study ethanol extract of Arthrospira platensis has an anti-inflammatory effect and suggest that is worthy of use cosmetics for skin protection.

목적 : 레이저 굴절수술 교정안에서 저위수차와 고위수차의 영향을 정시안과 비교하여 조사하였다. 방법 : 굴절수술 교정안 118안 및 정시안 36안을 대상으로 하였다. 나안시력은 단안으로 1.0 이상이 대상자의 기준이 되었다. 눈의 저위수차와 고위수차는 6 mm 동공크기에서 파면수차계를 이용하여 측정하였고, 교정안은 수술 전 등가구면굴절력 -6.00 D 를 기준으로 하여 두 그룹으로 나누었다. 결과 : 세 그룹 사이에서 6 mm 동공크기의 저위수차와 고위수차의 양은 각각 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다 (구면굴절이상: p=0.013, 전체 고위수차: p=0.000, 3차 수차: p=0.001, 4차 수차: p=0.000, 코마: p=0.000, 구면수차: p=0.000), 반면에 세 그룹 사이에서 난시량에 대한 차이는 없었다(p=0.932). 교정안에서 모든 항의 고위 수차와 구면굴절이상 사이의 상관관계가 나타났다(전체 고위 수차: r=0.378, p=0.000, 코마: r=0.279, p=0.002, 구면수차: r=0.418, p=0.000). 그러나 정시안에서 고위수차와 저위수차 사이의 상관성은 없었다. 결론 : 교정안에서 난시를 제외한 저위수차와 각 항의 모든 고위수차의 양은 정시안과 비교해서 수술 전의 등 가구면굴절력이 증가할수록 증가하였다.

목적 : 각막에서 일어나는 광학적 현상을 분석하기 위하여, 콜라겐과 동일한 광 특성을 갖는 나노물질에 대한 산란, 회절, 간섭에 의한 광 특성을 조사하였다. 방법 : 광 특성 분석 시뮬레이션 소프트웨어를 이용하여 콜라겐섬유와 동일한 물질의 광 특성을 분석하였다. 입사 빛이 콜라겐섬유를 통과할 때 전기장의 세기 분포를 확인하여 산란 현상을 분석하였다. 또한 콜라겐 광 특성을 갖는 슬릿에서의 광세기 분포를 확인하여, 일반적인 회절 및 간섭 현상과 비교하여 분석하고자 하였다. 결과 : 300~900 nm의 파장 분포를 갖는 입사 빛이 콜라겐섬유의 전·후 검출기에서 파장 별 투과율에 변화가 있는 것을 확인하였다. 특히 589 nm에서는 콜라겐 섬유를 통과한 후 광세기가 통과 이전보다 미세하게 높아졌다. 콜라겐 광 특성을 갖는 판에 빛을 입사시키면 입사 빛과 반사 빛이 중첩되어 정상파를 형성하였다. 정상파의 중심 파장은 589 nm이고 배와 마루는 대략 312 nm 간격으로 반복되었다. 단일 슬릿과 이중 슬릿에 빛을 입사시킨 경우 에도 동일하게 정상파가 관측되었으며, 슬릿 간격 및 두께에 따른 광 투과율에 변화가 있는 것을 확인하였다. 결론 : 콜라겐은 광학적으로 투명하기 때문에, 콜라겐의 광학적 특성을 갖는 판에 의한 투과광의 세기 분포는 일반적인 불투명 물체의 간섭 및 회절에 의한 광세기 분포와는 같지 않음을 확인하였다. 불투명 물체 및 금속에 의한 광학적 현상의 비교 분석 필요하며 이 결과는 다양한 분야에 적용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

목적 : 서로 다른 디자인의 시표를 사용하여 자각적 원거리 수평 주시시차 교정 값을 비교 및 분석해 보고자 하였다. 방법 : 35명의 시각적 불편함(설문지 기준)을 느끼는 대상자를 선정하였다. MKH 차트, 말렛 유닛, 중심융합자 극점이 있는 차트프로젝터 십자시표를 사용하여 원거리 주시시차 교정 값을 측정하고, 주시시차 교정 전후의 최소 입체각을 측정하였다. 결과 : MKH 차트, 말렛 유닛, 중심융합자극점이 있는 차트프로젝터 십자시표에서 자각적으로 측정된 원거리 수평 주시시차 교정 값은 각각 0.99±0.50 △, 0.31±0.30 △, 0.52±0.46 △으로 측정되었고 유의한 차이가 있었다(F=23.002, p=0.000). 주시시차 교정 전 최소입체각은 85.43±54.68″이었다. MKH 차트, 말렛 유닛, 중심 융합자극점이 있는 차트프로젝터 십자시표를 사용한 주시시차 교정 후에 증가된 최소입체각은 각각 58.00±40.2 1″(t=4.280, p=0.000), 75.14±54.09″(t=3.111, p=0.000), 69.14±50.66″(t=2.503, p=0.000)로 측정되었고 유의한 차이가 있었다. 결론 : 시표의 디자인에 따른 주시시차 교정 값에는 유의한 차이가 있었고, 주시시차 교정 후의 최소입체각은 모든 시표에서 유의하게 향상되었다. 본 연구에서는 서로 다른 디자인의 3가지 시표 중 MKH 차트를 통해 주시시차를 교정한 후 최소입체각이 가장 많이 향상되었다.

Many spiders belonging to Enoplognatha Pavesi, 1880 and Parasteatoda Archer, 1946 of Theridiidae were collected with sweep net between shrubs and bushes in the mountain forest during a survey of the mountain spider fauna. Among the spiders collected, male Enoplognatha gramineusa Zhu, 1998 and female Parasteatoda ryukyu (Yoshida 2000) were recognized as newly recorded spiders to Korean spider fauna. The present work describes these two spiders with measurements and morphological illustrations.

목적 : 소아의 굴절이상을 타각적 굴절검사인 탁상용 자동굴절검사기, 검영기와 휴대용 사진굴절검사기로 측정 하여 비교하였으며 휴대용 자동굴절검사기의 임상적 유용성에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 : 103명의 소아(206안)에게 탁상용 자동굴절검사기, 검영기, 휴대용 사진굴절검사기를 이용하여 굴절이상을 측정하였다. 각각의 기기에서 구면 굴절력, 난시 굴절력, 난시 축을 paired t-test로 분석하여 평균 차와 95% LoA를 구하였다. 측정된 굴절이상의 일치도를 분석하기 위해 Bland-Altman plot을 이용하였으며 기기 간의 상관관계를 조사하기 위해 Spearman 상관분석을 시행하였다. 결과 : Bland-Altman plot에서 구면 굴절력과 난시 굴절력에서는 휴대용 사진굴절검사기와 검영기에서 높은 일치도를 보였으며 난시 축은 탁상용 자동굴절검사기와 검영기에서 높은 일치도를 보였다. 탁상용 자동굴절검사기에서 근시쪽으로 측정되었으며 근시와 원시에서는 검영기보다 휴대용 사진굴절검사기가 근시 쪽으로 측정되었다. 또한 구면 굴절력, 난시 굴절력과 난시 축에서 휴대용 사진굴절검사기와 검영기가 높은 상관관계를 보였다. 구면 굴절력과 난시 굴절력은 휴대용 사진굴절검사기와 검영기가 유사한 굴절 값으로 나타났다. 난시 축은 검영기와 탁상용 자동굴절검사기가 유사한 측정치를 보이긴 했으나 측정기기에 따라 약간의 차이를 보였으며 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없는 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : 협조가 부족한 소아에서 휴대용 사진굴절검사기는 빠르게 굴절이상을 측정할 수 있으며 정확한 자세에서 검사하게 되면 유용하게 사용될 수 있다.

목적 : 이 설문 연구는 의료민영화와 안경원의 법인화 문제에 대한 일반 소비자의 인식도를 조사하고 그 결과를 안경사 집단에 대한 선행연구와 비교·분석하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 방법 : 2018년 5월부터 6월까지 서울·경기 지역에서 150명의 일반 소비자를 대상으로 의료민영화와 안경원의 법인화 문제에 대하여 대면설문조사를 실시하고 응답 결과를 통계분석 하였다. 결과 : 일반 소비자 집단은 의료민영화 문제에 대하여 일관되게 부정적인 인식을 나타내었으나, 안경원의 법인화 문제에 대해서는 부정적인 인식이 많지 않고 중립적인 응답의 비율이 매우 높았다. 안경사 집단에 대한 유사한 설문 조사 결과와 비교했을 때, 의료민영화에 대한 인식은 두 집단이 비슷했으나 안경원 법인화에 대한 인식은 큰 차이를 보였다. 결론 : 반 소비자 집단의 안경원 법인화 문제에 대한 부정적인 인식도가 높지 않으므로, 안경사 집단은 일반 소비자 집단을 대상으로 안경원 법인화 문제에 대한 적극적인 홍보를 강화할 필요가 있다.

The present study was conducted to investigate the differences in managed farming practices, including low-intensive farming, duck farming, and golden apple snail farming, in a rice ecosystem by comparing terrestrial arthropod communities. A total of 75 species from 70 genera belonging to 43 families in 11 orders were identified from 9,622 collected arthropods. Araneae, Hemiptera, and Coleoptera were the richest taxa. Collembola was the most abundant, followed by Diptera, Hemiptera, and Araneae. Bray- Curtis similarity among the farming practices was very high (76.7%). The biodiversity of each farming practice showed a similar seasonality pattern. The richest species group was the predators, followed by the herbivores. The species richness and diversity of ecologically functional groups among the farming practices were not statistically significant, except for the abundance of predators in golden apple snail farming. The biodiversity seasonality of ecological functional groups in each farming practice showed similar patterns. The biomass of Araneae, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera was greater than the other taxa, in general. The biomass of each ecological functional group showed little difference and the biomass fluctuation patterns in each farming practice were almost the same. Collectively, the community structures and biodiversity of terrestrial arthropods among the farming practices in the present study were not different. The present study may contribute to sustain rich biodiversity in irrigated rice fields and to advanced studies of food webs or energy flow structures in rice fields for ecological and sustainable agriculture.

상업적 영농을 하는 양돈농가는 돼지의 생산비를 줄이면서 소비자들이 선호하는 고품질의 고기를 생산하는 것이 소득증 대에 있어서 무엇보다 중요한 일이다. 이에 농림축산식품부는 돼지도체를 1+, 1, 2 및 등외등급으로 판정하고, 그 결과에 따라 농가수취가격을 차등화함으로써 고품질 돼지고기 생산을 촉진하기 위해서 돼지고기 도체등급제도를 시행하고 있으며, 돼지도체의 체중과 등지방두께를 기준으로 1차 등급판정을 한 다. 가장 높은 등급인 1+ 등급은 돼지의 탕박 기준으로 도체 중이 83-93 kg, 등지방두께가 17~25 mm이다. 축산물등급판정 통계연보에 의하면, 2018년 경락단가가 가장 높은 평균 도체 중량은 암퇘지가 83.5 kg, 거세돼지가 77.8 kg이었으며, 평균 등지방두께는 암퇘지가 19.2 mm, 거세돼지가 20.3 mm인 것으로 조사되었다. 본 연구는 거세돼지와 암퇘지에 대한 분산분석, 육량변수와 육질변수 사이의 개별 상관관계, 그리고 육량변수세트와 육질 변수세트 사이의 정준상관분석을 수행하였다. 먼저 분산분석의 결과는 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다. 첫째, 돼지의 육량 및 육질특성변수들에 있어서 성별 차이를 분석한 결과는 등지방두께는 거세돼지가 암퇘지보다 0.14㎜ 두꺼웠다(P<0.05). 둘째, 육즙감량과 가열감량은 거세돼지가 암퇘지보다 많았다 (P<0.05). 셋째, 보수력, 콜라겐함량, 지방함량, 수분함량, 단백질함량 및 전단가는 암퇘지가 거세돼지보다 높았다 (P<0.05). 육량특성과 육질특성 사이의 상관분석 결과는 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다. 첫째, 도체중이 무거울수록 등지방두께가 두껍고, 육즙감량이 많이 생기지만, 가열감량은 줄어드는 관계를 갖는다 (P<0.01). 둘째, 등지방두께가 두꺼울수록 지방함량이 늘어나고, 육즙 감량이 많이 생기지만, 콜라겐함량, 수분함량, 단백질함량 및 가열감량과는 음(-)의 상관관계를 갖는 것으로 나타났다 (P<0.01). 셋째, 수분함량과 지방함량의 상관관계가 가장 높았으며 (0.793), 이어서 단백질함량과 지방함량의 상관관계가 높았지만 (0.634), 이들 함량 간에서는 서로 음(-)의 관계를 보이고 있다 (P<0.01). 마지막으로 정준상관분석의 결과는 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다. 첫째, 육량특성변수 짝과 육질특성변수 짝 사이에 유의한 관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다 (P<0.01). 둘째, 등지방두께(BFT)가 높으면 지방함량과 육즙감량은 높은 반면, 수분함량, 단백질함량, 가열감량, 콜라겐함량, 전단가 및 보수력이 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과에 따르면, 소비자들은 지방함량이 많으면서 수분손실이 많은 돼지고기와 단백질함량과 콜라겐함량이 적은 돼지고기는 기피할 수 있다는 점을 간과하여서는 안 될 것이다. 특히 국내 돼지도체등급은 1차적으로 돼지도체중량과 등지방두께를 평가한 이후, 육질항목을 평가하여 최종등급이 판정 되고 있기 때문에 우선적으로 육량지수인 도체중량과 등지방 두께를 적절하게 관리하는 것이 소비자의 요구를 충족하면서 농가의 생산비 절감 및 농가수취가격상승에 의한 소득증대로 이어지는 중요한 요인이 된다는 사실에 주목할 필요가 있다.

Stakeholder management in construction projects is an important factor in project performance creation. The purpose of this study is to verify the effect of the recognition of the importance of the quality influence factors among the stakeholders of the construction project on the perceived quality and the project performance. The impact of the project management methodology on the project performance has been actively researched, but there is little research result on the project stakeholders. The projects to be researched are apartments and buildings that have been completed within the last five years of domestic large construction company. The method of survey is to measure the consensus of the importance of the quality influential factors among the three parties such as the ordering party, the design supervisor and the constructor, and confirm whether the agreement affects the quality of the actual project. Finally, the research model was verified by surveying the satisfaction of the client on the final product. The results are as follow. The degree of agreement on the importance of quality influential factors among stakeholders has a significant effect on perceived quality. In the relationship between perceived quality of influence factors, organizational (support) quality influenced technological quality and managerial quality, and technological quality and managerial quality also have significant influence on resource quality. The results of analysis showed that perceived quality of resources strongly influenced project performance. The remaining three experienced qualities also significantly affect project performance.

The normal feeding approach of goats might be due to their precise anatomical and physiological characteristics of entity, which permit them to be highly selective, to eat legume silages and wild green grass. This review has been designed to consider the grazing behavior, fodder selection, and feed composition of goats. Various herbs and corns consumed by goats have numerous nutritive resources. Based on the general herbaceous intake activities and behavior of goats, they prefer wild grass such as grass grown in the steep hills than soft grass. Because the digestion capacity of cellulose feed has higher digestion level compared to other non-ruminants within rumen and it is advantageous to use wild forest or mountain grass which comprises high proportion of cellulose feed for goat. In South Korea, there are abundant feed resources for goats because of occupying large areas of mountains. Thus, goat production and feeding costs could be reduced if plants are used from the wild forest as a feed for goats relative to grassland grazing. Also, it is expected to contribute in improvement of goat farming with harmonious relationship between the grassland and wild forest while satisfying animal welfare and physiological desires of livestock.

Hay-making is one of the most common way for forage preservation in livestock industry. The quality and production of hay could be affected by various factors. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of tedding time and frequency on drying rate and feed value of forage rye (Secale cereale L.) hay. Rye was harvested on heading stage using mower conditioner. Hay was tedded at each set hour(09:00, 13:00 and 17:00) and sampled at each set hour to determine dry matter (DM) content. After two months’ preservation, CP (crude protein), ADF (acid detergent fiber), NDF (neutral detergent fiber), IVDMD (in vitro dry matter digestibility), TDN (total digestible nutrient), RFV (relative feed value), DM loss, visual scores and total fungi count were determined for estimation of hay quality. Tedding was necessary for both speeding up drying rate and improving forage quality. Tedding at 17:00 showed lower NDF content (p<0.05), and also higher RFV value was found compared with tedding at 9:00 and 13:00 (p<0.05). On the other hand, it was observed that more DM losses would be found when tedding later (p<0.05). Tedding in 1~3 times per day were lower in ADF and NDF content (p<0.05), increased CP, TDN and RFV (p<0.05), got less DM loss (p<0.05), and contained less fungi during conservation compared with no tedding (p<0.05). On the other hand, tedding too frequent caused more DM loss (p<0.05). In conclusion, for shorter drying process and higher quality of forage rye hay, tedding at 13:00∼17:00 for 1∼2 times per day was recommended in this study.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors influencing consumers purchasing of domestic, imported and craft beer through AHP analysis and to provide implications for marketing for each beer market. In this study, theories and calculations related to AHP analysis were thoroughly examined and selection attributes were determined by referring to existing theories. A total of 164 consumers who have purchased beer were the target of the survey. The results were analyzed by AHP analysis and the differences were analyzed. It was confirmed that the domestic, imported, and craft beer had the highest weight in the taste in the first layer. At this time, we can confirm that imported, and craft beer has a relatively high weight on taste and domestic beer has a relatively high weight on brand image. We also found that design and advertising images do not have a significant impact on beer selection. Even though it is study on beer, we can find people have different preference between their orgin. In this study, it is possible to show what type of factors does the beer manufacturing and distribution company should concentrate on by analyzing factors that consumers consider, unlike other studies focusing on consumption status of existing beer.

한국산 둥글장수풍뎅이(Pentodon quadridens bidentulus)의 3령 유충과 번데기의 형태를 처음 기술한다. 서식지와 실험실 사육에서 둥글장수 풍뎅이의 생태, 분포, 생활사 또한 제공한다.

We examined the adaptability of Korean winter forage crops such as Italian ryegrass, barley, oat, and triticale in Uzbekistan. The overall growth before wintering was slightly different between Uzbekistani and Korean varieties, but there was no significant difference among winter forage crops. The heading date of the Korean triticale 'Shinyoung' was the earliest, (April 4), and the heading date of the Uzbekistani triticale 'Frack cerebristy' was quite late, (April 25). The heading date of the Korean Italian ryegrass 'Kowinearly' was four days earlier than that of 'Kowinmaster,' on April 13, and that of the Korean barley ‘Youngyang’ and ‘Yuyeon’ were five days earlier than that of the Uzbekistani barley ‘Bolgaly’. The maximum dry matter yield of winter forage crop was from Uzbekistan triticale, 'Frack cerebristy', which was 13,536 kg/ha. The dry matter yield of Uzbekistan barley was 8,222 kg/ha. Compared with Uzbekistan barley, 'Bolgaly', yields of Korean barley 'Youngyang' and 'Yuyeon', Korean oat 'Samhan', and Korean Italian ryegrass 'Kowinearly' and 'Kowinmaster' were 59∼64%, 125%, and 113∼133%, respectively.

This study explores the positive effect of cross-cultural activities on social healing and healthy aging. While the life expectancy has increased, the healthy years of older adults have yet decreased. Among elderlies especially those who experienced war-related adversities in their early ages, have limited access to positive cross-cultural activities. The theories of social-connectedness suggest that both perceived social support and objective connectedness to the society promote healthy aging. It is necessary to develop a culturally contextualized approach for their healthy aging while considering individual traits. The present study tries to contextualize the post-adversity and resilience in social network observed among Jeju legacy. With that contextual identification, promoting cross-cultural competence among elderlies is expected to yield positive gain in their aging process. The organized transcultural activities for Korean American elderlies in the U.S. exemplify how cross-cultural interactions promote inclusive social interaction and social healing at grass-root levels.

[Purpose] It aims to suggest the differential factors to enhance the customer satisfaction and to activate the shopping in the convenience store (CVS). [Methodology] Convenience store service convenience (CVS SERVCON) was developed at the first time and the gap of relative importance level between the owners and the consumers was assessed by AHP analysis method..[Findings] First, the importance of access convenience was assessed as the first priority in both CVS owners’ group and the consumers’ group, while the detailed elements showed the differences which required the improvements. Based on the consumers’ assessment, the importance of location was relatively low. They assessed relatively high on 24 hours operation of CVS and personal services. Second with respect to the transaction convenience, CVS owners’ group rated it as the fourth priority while the consumers’ group rated as the second, which requires the improvement. Third in terms of benefit utility and value-added service of post-benefit convenience which are the sub-factors of benefit convenience, the rate on the importance from the consumers showed higher than that from the owners, which requires the improvement. [Implications] Based on this study results, CVS operating companies are anticipated to be able to satisfy the customers, moreover, to secure the loyal customers if they concentrate the resources to develop the differentiation strategy on the areas where the consumers’ demands are high while performs the maintenance strategy on the areas where their demands are low. In addition, this study contributed the theoretical expansion of SERVCON upon development of CVS SERVCON to comply with its definition.

Recently the business environment surrounding the financial investment industry is changing rapidly, and the demands of customers (diversity and the cycle of change etc.) are getting shorter. In this context, it can be said that companies are forced to adopt an agile management environment. In particular, non-face-to-face channels, including MTS, is adopting the agile system into the digital finance sector from a company-wide and strategic perspective. This study analyzed the effects of MTS services’ environment quality on customer satisfaction and continuous intention to use for MTS users who are rapidly increasing under the agile management environment in the financial investment industry. This study surveyed the quality of service environment (accessibility, convenience, design, security), customer satisfaction, and continuous intention to use for 350 MTS users. First, accessibility, convenience, and security of MTS service environment quality had a positive effect on customer satisfaction, and design was rejected Second, customer satisfaction has a positive effect on continuous intention to use. Third, convenience and security of MTS service environment quality have positive effects on continuous intention to use, and accessibility and design were rejected. The results of this study, together with demographic analysis, are expected to provide useful implications for MTS activation studies and securities firms’ strategies.

Because some coat colors other than white and yellowish-brown are not accepted by the Jindo dog Standard, this study was conducted investigate population size for pertaining to the coat color of Jindo dogs except white and yellow-brown, the natural monument of korea during 2018. It was investigated, there were 130 black Jindo (four-eyed) dogs, 32 tiger-striped Jindo dogs, 24 black Jindo (all black) dogs , 19 grey (pepper-and-salt) Jindo dogs and 1 spotted Jindo dog in Jindo area. The coat colors Jindo dogs should not be limited to yellow and white in the breed standard, and Jindo dogs should be judged not by their coat color but by their noble characteristics. Such analyses of population size of coat colors Jindo dogs could be applied as important fundamental data for conservation and management of endangered coat colors in Jindo dogs.

BALB/c mice were vaccinated with Brucella (B.) abortus recombinant protein L27 (50S ribosomal protein L27) cloned into a pMal vector system. L27 was induced, purified and injected intraperitoneally (IP). Mice were vaccinated on 0-, 15- and 35-day. Serum cytokines were evaluated on 36- and 49-day from first vaccination. Mice were intraperitoneally infected with 5×104 CFU of virulent B. abortus 544 on day-50 and sacrificed after two weeks from infection. Bacterial burden from the spleen was quantified and showed a 0.7- and 0.9-log reduction in vaccinated mice in comparison to PBS and MBP (maltose binding protein) groups respectively. Cytokines in the serum demonstrated increased interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and other pro-inflammatory cytokines such as macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). On the other hand, interleukin 10 (IL-10) was attenuated in the sera of vaccinated mice. This cytokine profile is indicative of a cell-mediated type of immune response which is favorable for the eradication of intracellular infections. The current study showed the potential of another B. abortus ribosomal protein in inducing protective immunity against B. abortus infection.