The genus Diadegma is a well-known parasitoid group and some are known to have symbiotic virus so called polydnavirus (PDV, more specifically Ichnovirus, IV). The presence of the IV in the Diadegma species a has already been identified more than a decade ago. Previously we reported a DfIV, 62 genomic segments, 247kb from D. fenestrale which parasitized wide range of lepidopteran species (Generalist). However, DsIV from D. semiclausum which parasitized in the P. xylostella (Specialist) has 48 genomic segments, 208kb. Finally, 123 ORFs were re-annotated (repeat element protein, 41; cysteine motif protein, 11; viral innexin, 6; viral ankyrin, 8; polar residue rich protein, 7; N gene, 3; Neuromodulin protein, 2 and not assigned gene, 45). DsIV also have most of lepidopteran immunosuppression gene families and 103 ORFs annotated (repeat element protein, 36; cysteine motif protein, 8; viral innexin, 7; viral ankyrin, 6; polar residue rich protein, 7; N gene, 3; and not assigned gene, 36). Certainly, although viral species specific segments exists, two IVs showed high similarity in most of segments. However DfIV have some more number of that genes such as cysteine motif protein and viral ankyrin. Two Diadegma species also showed difference in mitochondrial genome structure. Therefore we concluded that two species has their own evolutionary linage depending on the lepidopteran hosts with its own symbiotic virus.

Beauveria comprises entomopathogenic fungi frequently isolated from insect cadavers, among which Beauveria bassiana is the most widely studied species of entomopathogenic fungal genus for its high potential as a biological pesticide. Even though it has been reported that B. bassiana is a heterogeneous assemblage of strains, little is known about the factors that might drive the genetic diversity among various isolates. In this work, we ought to study the gene diversity of 33 isolates in order to figure out the relationship between their gene diversity and biological features. First, we analyzed gene sequences that are involved in developmental and immunological processes of the fungal isolates and host. Now we are checking whether the gene diversity is related to the genes function, the isolates geographic localization, thermo-tolerance and virulence of the isolates. The obtained results so far showed no correlation between the genetic diversity and the fungal geographic localization. But interestingly, a positive correlation has been obtained between the virulence and the genetic diversity based on the internal transcribed spacers (ITS). Further analyses are aiming to confirm the obtained data and to analyze possible correlations between the genetic diversity and morphological and transcriptional data of the studied isolates. Based on the obtained results, we could much strongly focus on interesting genes which might be related to improving or screening highly virulent fungal agents as biological control agents.

Longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis (Ixodida: Ixodidae) is one of the vectors of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) in human. The tick occurs in mostly grass fields, and the use of pyrethroid insecticides induced pest resistance and environmental residual toxicity. Particularly the use of chemicals near residential areas where persons live become a big issue, so environmentally safe control agents need to be considered. Here in this work, our interest was given to the selection of highly virulent fungi against H. longicornis. A total of 101 fungal pathogens collected from mountainous areas were assayed by a dipping the nymph stage of ticks into a conidial suspension (1×107conidia/ml). Interestingly among several species, one species showed high virulence and mycosis were observed in 7-15 days. Most of the selected isolates produced a large amount of conidia in Italian millet, rice and millet with thermotolerance at 40-45°C. Based on these results, we selected a couple of isolates with high virulence against H. longicornis and they could be used for the control of the ticks after the set-up of a practical application strategy in fields by optimizing fungal colonization in soil and phyllosphere.

Thrips is one of the serious insect pests in many economic crops, in which general managements rely mainly on chemical insecticides. However, the overuse of chemicals led to the development of insect resistance and environmental residual issues. Therefore, thrips management requires the consideration of alternative strategies which are less harmful to the environment and working on different target points. In this work, we isolated entomopathogenic fungi from soil, and identified them with morphological and molecular biology methods, followed by a preliminary virulence assay against Tenebrio molitor larvae. Selected fungal isolates were adjusted to 1×107 conidia/ml for an indoor virulence assay against thrips adults, and highly virulent isolates were added to a thrip-pathogenic fungal library. Biological characteristics of efficacious isolates were investigated comparing to a previously commercialized fungal isolate. This entomopathogenic fungal library could be used as a valuable resource for developing effective strains to control thrips in agricultural fields.

Entomopathogenic fungi have been known as promising candidates for biological control of insect pests. Recently, researchers consider the fungal thermotolerance in formulations and field applications. In this study, we investigated the production of thermotolerant Isaria javanica and I.fumosorosea conidia through grain-based solid cultures and exposure to light stress. As results, of the ten grain substrates, Italian millet, rice, perilla seed and sesame, rice, sorghum produced highly thermotolerant conidia in the strains. The two strains were exposed to a light stress and showed enhanced thermal stability compared to control, when exposed to 45°C for 2 hours. This work suggests that heatresistant entomopathogenic fungal conidia can be produced by grainbased solid cultures and exposure to light stress.

세계화로 인해 교역 및 여행객의 증가로 외래 병해충의 유입이 증가하고 있고 이들의 유입 및 확산 경로 규명을 위하여 분자 유전학적 분석 방법이 이용되고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구는 외래 해충인 Reticulitermes kanmonensis의 유전적 특성을 분석하기 위한 18개의 초위성체마커(microsatellite)를 이용하여 총 16개 지역(전주, 김제1, 김제2, 군산1, 군산2, 서천, 완주1, 완주2, 완주3, 완주4, 익산1, 익산2, 논산, 일본1, 일본2, 일본3)의 흰개미 244개체를 분석하였다. 집단간 대립 유전자 패턴(allelic patterns)분석결과 일본3 지역의 유전적 다양성이 높게 나타났고 완주2 지역은 다른 지역에 비해 비교적 낮게 나타났다. 집단 간 유전적 거리(Genetic differentiation)는 평균적으로 0.163정도의 유전적 다향성 비율을 나타냈고, 서천과 군산2 지역이 0.048로 낮게, 서천과 일본2 지역이 0.442로 높게 나타나 서천과 군산2 집단이 유전적으로 가깝게 나타나고, 반면 서천과 일본2 집단과는 유전적으로 멀게 나타났다. STRUTURE 분석결과는 클러스터 집단 수가 6(k=6)일때 이상적인 집단 패턴을 나타내었고, 유전적 구조는 A그룹(전주, 김제1, 완주2), B그룹(서천, 군산1, 군산2), C그룹(완주1, 김제2), D그룹(논산, 익산1, 익산2), E그룹(김제1, 완주2, 완주3), F그룹(일본1, 일본2, 일본3)의 6가지의 패턴이 지역별로 분리되어 나타났다.

Whitefly has a broad host range of more than 600 species, and 40 biotypes have been reported worldwide. Among the various ecological types, B and Q are the most problematic. Especially, Biotype Q, which causes serious damage in the green house, mediates more than 40 kinds of viruses, including Tomato yellow leaf cull virus (TYLCV). The development of resistance to whitefly, adverse effects on non-target organisms, and strengthened legal regulations are making chemical control difficult in application. For these reasons, the use of alternative strategies is needed to suppress the Biotype Q whitefly population. Entomopathogenic fungi were investigated and developed to control hard-control insect pest, such as whitefly. These fungi are natural pathogen of their invertebrate host and contribute to the regulation of their host population in the environment. In addition, these agents are typically harmless to humans and non-targeted organisms and do not adversely impact the environment. Therefore, in this study, we screened pathogenic fungi against whitefly using our entomopathogenic fungal library, and virulence tests were conducted with conoidal suspension (1×107conidia/ml) in laboratory conditions. As a result, 10 isolates showed 80-100% mortality at 5 days after treatment. We will analyze the characteristics of these fungal isolates and evaluate their potential as insecticides against whitefly. The selected isolates against the high mortality of whiteflies can be effectively used in integrated pest management programs for whiteflies.

A combination using phosphine (PH3) and ethyl formate (EF) was performed to compensate for the disadventages (long exposure time and phytotoxicity) of a single substance. P. longisipinus was more susceptible to mixed phosphine and ethyl formate than P. orchidicola in 12 L dessicator. Mortality of mixed treatment was higher than aggregated mortalities that treated individually, so it indicated to have a synergic effect on each other. Ethyl formate was showed higher adsorption rate than phosphine on imported nursery plants and showed differences depending on the plant. P. longispinus and P. orchidicola was showed 100% mortality when phosphine and ethyl formate was treated as 1 g/m3 and 30 g/m3 for 4 hour in 0.5 m3 fumigation chamber and in 10 m3 container. Phytotoxicity was evaluated to mixture of phosphine and ethyl formate at 1 month after treatment.

꽃매미(Lycorma delicatula White, 1845)는 노린재목 꽃매미과에 위치한 곤충으로 중국 남부와 동남아시아의 아열대 지역이 원산지이며, 식물을 흡즙하여 광합성 저해와 배설물로 인한 그을음병을 유발시켜 과수 및 농작물 등에 피해를 주는 해충이다. 한국에서는 2006년에 대발생하여 문제가 되었으며 매 년 분포와 밀도가 증가하여 포도농장을 중심으로 피해가 확산되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 종분포모델 중 하나인 MaxEnt 를 이용하여 꽃매미의 잠재 분포지역을 예측하고 분포에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석하였다. 출현정보는 현장조사와 문헌조사를 통해 수집하였고 환경변수데이터는 기상청에서 제공하는 기후데이터로 19개의 Bioclimatic variables 를 만들어 사용하였다. 추가로 인간영향 요인을 확인하기 위해 Socioeconomic data and applications center (SEDAC)에서 제공하는 Population density 와 Global human footprint 를 다운받아 인간 영향 변수데이터로 사용하였다. 각 변수간의 Correation 을 고려하여 Model set 를 만들어 Model selection 을 수행하였다. 가장 적절한 모델은 Bio4, Bio6, Bio10, Human footprint 이었으며 분포 예측에 대한 기여도가 가장 높은 환경변수는 Human footprint 이었다. 예측한 잠재 분포지역은 경기도, 충청도, 전라도, 경상남도와 대구 인근지역이 높은 서식확률이 예측되었고, 강원도 지역과 같은 고산지역은 분포확률이 낮았다.

The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae Sülzer, is an important sap-sucking pest of many plants, including Chinese cabbage. The objective of this study was therefore (1) to determine the effects of sublethal concentrations of afidopyropen, sulfoxaflor, and spirotetramat on adult longevity and the fecundity of M. persicae, and (2) to study the feeding behavior of M. persicae on Chinese cabbage leaves treated with various concentrations of these three insecticides. Longevity and total fecundity of M. persicae adults were decreased at concentrations higher than LC30. Feeding behavior analyses using an electrical penetration graph showed that sublethal concentrations of afidopyropen, sulfoxaflor, and spirotetramat had significant effects on the duration of phloem ingestion.

과일이나 농작물의 부패 및 발효 환경에서는 Methanol, Ethanol, Acetic acid을 비롯한 다양한 화학물질들이 생산된다. Drosophila melanogaster는 이러한 발효·부패 환경에 서식하면서 일정 농도 이상의 다양한 화학물질에 지속적으로 노출되어 생존하도록 적응되어온 것으로 생각된다. 다양한 화학물질이 포함한 환경에 안정적으로 서식하기 위해서는 D. melanogaster는 화학물질에 능동적으로 반응하여 해독 유전자나 대사 관련 유전자의 발현량을 변화 시킴으로써 발효·부패 환경에서 생성되는 화학물질에 대한 높은 내성을 가지고 있을 것으로 판단된다. 현재까지 유전자의 발현량 측정을 위해 real-time PCR를 이용하여 reference gene의 발현량을 기준으로 정량화하는 방법이 가장 널리 사용되고 있다. 그러나 조직별, 환경별, 발달단계를 비롯한 다양한 조건에서 안정적으로 발현되는 reference 유전자 선정이 필수적으로 선행되어야 하므로 본 연구에서는 발효·부패 환경에서 생산되는 두 화학물질인 Methanol과 Ethyl Acetate에 노출된 D. melanogaster에서 안정적으로 발현되는 reference gene을 찾는 연구를 실시하였다. 본 연구에서는 다양한 농도의 Methanol과 Ethyl Acetate을 D. melanogaster에 노출시킨 후 RNA 추출과 cDNA 합성을 실시였고, 5가지 후보 reference gene (hsp22, nd, rpL18, tbp and ef-1b)의 안정적 발현 여부를 qRT-PCR을 통해 조사하였으며, 유전자 발현의 안정성을 측정하는 3가지 프로그램(geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper)을 이용해 비교·분석하였다. 본 학회에서는 연구의 과정과 그 결과를 발표하고자 한다.

식품에서 발견되는 곤충이물은 제조단계와 유통, 소비단계 유입으로 대별된다. 식약처 발표에 따르면 2016년 5332건 이물신고 건수의 34.3% 인 1830건이 곤충이물이며 이중 조사, 판정 불가 56%, 제조단계 6.5%를 제외한 49.4%가 소비, 유통 단계에서 유입된 것으로 조사되었다. 유통, 소비단계에서의 곤충 이물 유입은 전 지구적인 기후변화와 소비자 트랜드 변화, 유통, 물류 시스템 변화 등의 요인과 결합되어 지속적으로 증가되고 있으나 제품 생산 후 제품이 물류센터, 특약점, 도, 소매점과 같은 다양한 환경에 노출되고 소비자 사용 시 다양한 원인으로 인해 발생되기 때문에 근본적인 원인 제거는 불가능 하다. 따라서 현재로써는 방충포장을 통해 곤충오염 리스크를 줄이는 방안이 가장 효과적일 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구에서는 유통 중 제품으로 유입되는 곤충을 제어하기 위해 생산비 증가와 식품 안전에 미치는 영향을 고려하여 천연식물 추출물을 활용한 방충박스포장소재를 개발하고 이를 약 770만 제품박스에 적용한 결과 소비자 해충클레임이 65%정도 감소하는 것으로 조사되었다.

Avermectin produced by Streptomyces avermitilis is an anti-nematodal agent against the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. However, its potential usage is limited by its poor water solubility. For this reason, continuous efforts are underway to produce new derivatives that are more water soluble. Glycosylation is generally used to enhance the aqueous solubility and biological activity of natural compounds. Uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferase (BLC) from Bacillus licheniformis is involved in the biosynthesis of the bioactive compound by transferring UDP-activated sugar moieties to acceptor molecules. Here, the enzymatic glycosylation of avermectin was catalyzed by uridine diphosphate (UDP) glycosyltransferase from Bacillus licheniformis with various UDP-sugars. As a result, the following four avermectin B1a glycosides were produced: avermectin B1a 4’’-β-D-glucoside, avermectin B1a 4’’-β-D-galactoside, avermectin B1a 4’’-β-L-fucoside and avermectin B1a 4’’-β-2-deoxy-D-glucoside. The avermectin B1a glycosides were structurally analyzed based on HR-ESIMS, 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. The solubility of avermectin B1a4’’-β-D-glucoside and avermectin B1a4’’-β-D-galactoside in water are 49 and 21 times higher than that of avermectin B1a. Consistent with the improved water solubility of avermectin glycosides, the anti-nematodal effect of avermectin B1a4’’-β-D-glucoside was found to exhibit the highest activity,which was approximately 32 times greater than that of avermectin B1a, followed by avermectin B1a 4’’-β-2-deoxy-D-glucoside, avermectin B1a 4’’-β-L-fucoside, and avermectin B1a 4’’-β-D-galactoside. These results show that glycosylation of avermectinB1a effectively enhances itsin vitro anti-nematodal activity and that avermectin glycosides can be further applied for treating infestations of the pine wood nematode B. xylophilus.

Japanese pine sawyer beetle, Monochamus alternatus Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is considered as a serious pest in pine trees. To develop an eco-friendly strategy to manage this forest insect, we collected entomopathogenic fungi from Korean soil and assessed their virulence against the adults of the insect in laboratory conditions. As a result, two isolates with conidial suspension (1.0×107conidia/ml), showed 87% and 90% mortality 12 days after fungal treatment, respectively. We assessed the potential of the fungi-derived destruxin and protease as additives to the fungal isolates, and they showed insecticidal activity via feeding and spraying treatments. Finally, we produced fungal conidia in massive solid cultures and formulated wettable powders, and now studying optimal conditions of oil-based formulation with two isolates. Based on these results, we are evaluating the control efficacy of the fungal agents against M. alternatus in field conditions.

Pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus causes devastating damage to pines worldwide. To develop new agent for controlling PWN, 43 alkyloxyalcohols were synthesized and nematicidal activity was tested against PWN. As a control, monochamol, which reported to have nematicidal activity was also tested. The nematicidal activity was diffferent according to total carbon chain length in compounds and carbon numbers of diol derivates. The odd numbered carbon diol derivates (ROC5OH, ROC7OH, ROC9OH) showed weak activity. The compounds which had C14H30O2 formula (C11OC3OH, C10OC4OH, C8OC6OH, C6OC8OH) showed the same level nematicital activity as that of monochamol in the term of LC50 value. Thee compounds which had C15H32O2 and C13H28O2 formulas (C12OC3OH, C11OC4OH, C12OC3OH, C10OC3OH, C9OC4OH, C5OC8OH) were followed.

The order Hymenoptera contains over 150,000 species worldwide comprising up to 132 families, divided traditionally into two suborders, e.g., Symphyta Gerstäcker, 1867 and Apocrita Gerstäcker, 1867. Also, the morphology, ecology, and behavior of Hymenoptera are exceedingly diverse. The classification system of Hymenoptera has undergone some changes; with the growth of detailed knowledge and technique an increasing number of genera and families has been recognized. Herein, we present current status of higher level classification within Hymenoptera and suggest future directions for more extensive taxonomic researches on South Korean Hymenoptera.

Hymenoptera is one of four largest orders of insects, with over 150,000 described species, 132 families, 27 superfamilies, and 2 suborders. There are currently about 3,000 hymenopteran species in 65 families and 20 superfamilies known in South Korea, of which the majority of the families have been studied while some of them are still poorly studied. The present overview on South Korean Hymenoptera aims to provide brief taxonomic history of the studies, a complete bibliography, a list of South Korean hymenopteran species, and information on South Korean hymenopterists for each taxon.

금지급 과실파리 침입시 대응조치(박멸프로그램) 실행과정에서 박멸프로그램의 종료는 3세대기간 동안 미포획되는 상황을 기준으로 하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 카람볼라과실파리(Bactocera carambolae), 구아바과실파리(B. correcta), 남방고추과실파리(B. latifrons), 작은퀸즐랜드과실파리(B. neohumeralis), 일본귤과실파리(B. tsuneonis) 등 5종에 대한 기존 온도발육자료를 바탕으로 세대기간 추정에 필요한 적산온도 모형을 제시하였다. 각 종의 세대기간 추정에 필요한 발육 영점온도와 적산온도는 칼람볼라과실파리 11.8℃와 384.6 Degree days(DD), 구아바과실파리 11.6℃와 454.5 DD, 남방고추과실파리 10.4℃와 517.5 DD, 작은퀸즐랜드과실파리 9.2℃와 467.8 DD로 추정되었다. 일화성인 일본귤과실파리의 경우는 월동용의 우화모형(발육영점은 11.3℃, 625 DD)을 이용하는 방법을 제안하였다.

This study examined the effects of group exercise program on health conditions and quality of life in cerebral palsy. Adults with cerebral palsy in their 20’s who participated in the evaluation of measurement tools prior to and following the experiment. The control group was engaged in manual exercise for the range of joint movement and extension exercise for arms, legs and trunk, and experimental group performed group exercise program including boccia exercise. The health condition and quality of life of the experimental group were significantly increased after intervention (.05<). There was a slight increase in the control group, however it was not statistically significant. As a result of comparing the health condition and quality of life of the two groups, the value of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group. The results of this study suggest that exercise programs for patients with cerebral palsy in the twenties are considered as beneficial interventions to improve health conditions and quality of life.

The purpose of present study was to investigate the effect of kinesio taping on pulmonary function in stroke patients using manual wheelchairs. Twenty stroke patients were divided into a wood chair group (WCG, n=10), a wheelchairs group (WG, n=10), and a kinesio taping with wheelchairs group (KWG, n=10). Taping with wheelchairs group was applied kinesio taping on back muscles (vertical paraspinal strips and oblique strips). All three groups were trained in upright seated posture for 30 minutes. Pulmonary function tests were performed with forced expiratory volume in one second, forced vital capacity and peak expiratory flow as spirometer. There was a significant increase in forced expiratory volume in one second and forced vital capacity only in KWG. The results of this study demonstrate that kinesio taping has an immediate effect on the improvement of pulmonary function in stroke patients using manual wheelchairs.