Aging are both global and domestic issues. In Korea, the population aged 65 and over accounted for 14.8% of the total population in 2018 and 14.4% in Jeju island. The Korea National Statistical Office estimates it will reach 41% by 2060. As the elderly population increases, socioeconomic policy changes and researches on health aging have been carried out especially in developed countries. Representative studies are telomere studies and molecular inflammation. Korean researchers also have made efforts to elucidate the secret of aging including TLR5 (Toll-like receptor 5)/caveolin study in Jeolla province, and ROS (reactive oxygen species) and molecular inflammation in Gyungsang province. However, Research on aging is still underway and research on gut microbiota started in Jeju province, centering on progeria, is expected to give hope.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of injection application of pig slurry on ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from timothy (Phleum pretense L.) sward. The three treatments were applied: 1) only water as a control, 2) pig slurry application by broadcasting, 3) pig slurry application by injection. The pig slurry was applied at a rate of 200 kg N ha-1. Total NH3 and N2O emission, expressed as a cumulative amount throughout the measurement time (40 days), was 2.68 kg NH3-N ha-1 and 6.58 g N2O-N ha-1, respectively, in the control. The injection application of pig slurry decreased total NH3 and N2O emission by 39.8% and 33.3%, respectively, compared to broadcasting application of pig slurry. The present study clearly showed that injection application exhibited positive roles in reducing N losses through NH3 and N2O emission.

Phalaenopsis ‘Blanc Rouse’ 품종은 국립원예특작과학원에서 2013년도에 육성한 신품종이다. 이 품종은 2007년에 백색 바탕에 분홍색의 소형 P. ‘KV 600’ 품종을 모본으로 하고 진한 핑크색의 P. ‘Kang 1’ 품종을 부본으로 교배시킨 후대 계통 중에서 선발하였다. 2010년에 화색, 초장, 화경 및 식물체의 생육상태 등을 고려하여 1차 선발 후 2013년에 2차 특성검정을 통하여 품종의 안정성과 균일성을 확인하고 ‘Blanc Rouse’로 명명하였다. 이 품종은 흰색바탕에 자주색 순판을 가졌으며 꽃 가운데 분홍색의 줄무늬가 크게 형성되어 있는 품종이다. 화형은 꽃잎과 꽃받침이 평편한 모양이고 꽃의 길이와 폭은 4.3cm, 4.8cm로 소형이다. 꽃대가 평균 2개 발생하며 복총상 화서로 화서당 꽃 수가 39.4개로 볼륨이 있어 소형분화에 적합하다. 자연 개화시기는 11월 하순으로 개화가 빠른 조생종 이다. 잎의 길이와 폭은 각각 17.3, 6.2cm이며 엽형은 수평이다. 기내 증식력이 높고 변이가 거의 없으며 내병성이 강하여 재배관리가 용이하다.

Resveratrol (3,4',5,-trihydroxystilbene), a phytoalexin present in grapes, exerts a variety of actions to reduce superoxides, prevents diabetes mellitus, and inhibits inflammation. Resveratrol acts as a chemo-preventive agent and induces apoptotic cell death in various cancer cells. However, the role of resveratrol in odontoblastic cell differentiation is unclear. In this study, the effect of resveratrol on regulating odontoblast differentiation was examined in MDPC-23 mouse odontoblastic cells derived from mouse dental papilla cells. Resveratrol significantly accelerated mineralization as compared with the control culture in differentiation of MDPC-23 cells. Resveratrol significantly increased expression of ALP mRNA as compared with the control in differentiation of MDPC-23 cells. Resveratrol significantly accelerated expression of ColⅠmRNA as compared with the control in differentiation of MDPC-23 cells. Resveratrol significantly increased expressions of DSPP and DMP-1 mRNAs as compared with the control in differentiation of MDPC-23 cells. Treatment of resveratrol did not significantly affect cell proliferation in MDPC-23 cells. Results suggest resveratrol facilitates odontoblast differentiation and mineralization in differentiation of MDPC-23 cells, and may have potential properties for development and clinical application of dentin regeneration materials.

기후변화는 곤충의 성장, 발육, 생존, 생식력, 분포범위 등 생활사의 변수들에 영향을 준다. 특히 외래곤충의 경우 생태계 정착 및 확산이 빨라 지고 있으며, 생태계 교란, 토착종 감소 등 생물다양성을 감소시키는 직접적인 원인 중 하나이다. 알팔파바구미는 1990년대 제주도에서 처음 발견 후 남부지방에 대량 발생하여 농업해충으로 인식되었다. 최근 하면처로 이동하는 개체에 의한 밭작물의 피해와 여러 시군에서 서식이 확인되며 확산의 우려되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 기후변화가 알팔파바구미에 미치는 영향에 대해 파악하였다. 미래의 기후 시나리오 RCP 4.5와 RCP 8.5에서 알팔파바구미의 잠재적 분포를 추정하기 위해 MaxEnt 모델을 적용하였다. 모형의 변수는 2015~2017년까지 알팔파바구미의 서식이 확인된 66개 지점과 종의 생태특성 및 예측변수간 상관성을 고려한 6개(bio3, bio6, bio10, bio12, bio14, bio16)의 생물기후를 사용하였다. 예측된 모형의 적합 도는 평균 0.765로 잠재력이 의미 있는 값이며, 최고 따뜻한 분기의 평균기온(bio10)이 60~70%로 높은 기여도를 나타냈다. 2050년과 2070년의 시나리오(RCP 4.5, RCP 8.5)에 대한 모형의 결과는 한반도 전역에서 알팔파바구미의 분포 변화를 보여 주었으며, 기온상승에 따른 전국적 확산이 예측되었다.

대부분의 자동관수시스템 기술은 생산측면에서의 원예산물 효율적 재배에 초점을 맞추고 있으나, 화훼식물의 관상가치를 유지하며 효율적으로 식물을 유지 관리하는데 적용될 수도 있다. 이에 본 연구는 실내 조경식물로 많이 이용되고 있는 산호수(Ardisia pusilla)의 관상가치를 유지하기 위한 최적의 용적수분함량(volumetric water content, v/v) 조건을 알아보기 위하여 실시되었다. 토양수분센서와 데이터로거를 이용한 자동관수시스템으로 처리구별 상토 용적수분함량을 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 및 0.6m3･m-3으로 유지하도록 하였으며, 처리 당일과 처리 1, 2, 4주 후에 초장, 초폭, 엽수, 엽면적, SPAD, 잎 수분함량, 생체중, 건물중, 광합성률 및 엽록소 형광과 각 화분의 관수량을 측정하였다. 상토 용적수분함량 처리 1주일 후에는 처리에 따른 생육 및 생리 반응의 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 처리 2주일 후에는 가장 낮은 용적수분함량인 0.3m3･m-3 처리구에서 다른 처리구에 비해 낮은 Fv/Fm 값을 나타냈다. 처리 4주일 후에는 처리에 따른 생리 반응 차이를 보이지 않았으나 초폭, 지상부 생체중, 지상부 건물중, 엽수, 엽면적과 같은 생육 반응은 가장 낮은 용적수분함량 처리구에서 감소하였다. 본 실험 결과를 통해 산호수는 생육 반응에 비하여 생리 반응이 비교적 빠르다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 0.5m3･m-3 처리 구의 관수량이 가장 많았으며, 처리구와 관계없이 관수량은 지상부 생체중에 비례하는 것으로 나타났다. 종합적으로 살펴보았을 때, 0.4m3･m-3 처리구에서 산호수의 관상가치가 우수하게 유지되었고, 이를 통해 효율적이고 용이한 물관리가 가능하므로 실내에서 산호수 생육시 0.4m3･m-3 수준의 상토 용적수분함량이 가장 적절한 것으로 판단된다.

In this experiment comparison was made for the agronomic characteristics and quality of forage rye among the different growing stages. Rye was harvested every 5 days, then separated into three parts and determined the quality. Before harvesting, plant height and yield were recorded. Dry matter yield increased continuously, while fresh matter yield decreased after heading. ADF and NDF value increased before blooming and then showed a slight fluctuate. In addition, highest CP content appeared on jointing stage. TDN and RFV went down until blooming stage and then showed a steady trend. So the proper harvest time is from heading to blooming stage for forage rye.

Taste is closely related to intake of food. Taste perception is also influenced by type of food ingested, and nutrition and health status. Bitter taste plays an important role in the survival of human and animals to avoid probable toxic and harmful substances. Vertebrate animals recognize bitter taste through type 2 taste receptors (T2Rs). Several T2Rs have been expressed extra-oral such as the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, urogenital tract, brain and immune cells, and parts of their functions are being revealed. This review will discuss physiological roles of T2Rs in relation to innate immunity, secretion and smooth muscle contraction expressed in extra-oral cells and tissues, and we summarize relationships between polymorphisms in T2Rs and general or oral diseases. It is not a coincidence that animals pay much genetic costs for taste and smell during evolution.

본 연구는 식용화 팬지의 UV-B 주·야간 처리에 따른 항산화물질 변화와 생장반응을 알아보고자 수행되었다. 식용화 팬지(Viola comuta ‘Purple’, ‘Blue’)를 대상으로 인공 재배기에서 광원을 LED(백색) 120μmol·m-2s-1로 16시간으로 하였으며, 자외선 UV-B(310~320nm)처리는 기존연구에서 UV-B처리 효과가 좋았던 20분을 주간(11:50~12:10)과 야간(23:50~00:10)으로 처리하였다. 처리 결과, 두 품종 모두 대조구와 UV-B 주·야간 처리간의 꽃과 잎의 생체중 및 건물중은 유의한 차 이가 없었으며, ‘Blue’의 야간 UV-B 처리를 제외한 모든 처리구에서 꽃수도 유의차가 없었다. 처리 후 1, 3, 5주차에 분석한 결과, 잎의 엽록소함량은 ‘Purple’의 3주차를 제외한 모든 처리구에서 유의차가 없었으며, 두 품종 모두 Fv/Fm과 NPQ(Non Photochemical Quenching)값이 처리 간 유의차가 없었다. 또한 UV-B 처리 5주차에 활성산소(superoxide, O2 -)의 Nitrotetrazolium blue chloride(NBT) 염색 후 현미경으로 관찰한 결과, 처리 간 차이가 없었다. 항산화물질인 총 플라보노이드 함량을 분석한 결과, ‘Purple’은 3주차까지 대조구보다 주간 UV-B 처리구가 많은 것을 알 수 있었고, ‘Blue’의 경우 5주차까지 유의차는 없었지만 주·야간 UV-B 처리구가 대조구에 비해 높은 것을 알 수 있었다. 안토시아닌 함량은 ‘Purple’의 경우 3주차만 제외하고 야간 UV-B 처리구가 가장 높은 것을 알 수 있었으나, ‘Blue’의 경우 처리 간 유의차가 없었다. 결론적으로, 주·야간 UV-B 20분처리는 팬지 ‘Purple’과 ‘Blue’의 생장에 거의 영향을 주지 않았으며, ‘Purple’의 총 플라보노이드 함량은 처리 3주까지 증가하였다.

The purpose of this plan is to regenerate by improving the overall residential environment, that create harmony with the fine natural environment The planning method is to review the current status, draft the basic concept, and set detailed plans by sector. Each process is planned to be implemented based on local residents’ participation. The major content of the plan is as follows. First, the use district that is the biggest obstacle for housing rehabilitation was changed into a residential zone from a green zone, and accompanied by street network planning and organization that is essential for an area’s designation as a residential district. Second, district units plan and landscape guidelines were established to enable construction of special buildings with windows facing east that allow a view of the Mangyeong River. Third, a landscape refinement project surrounding Mangyeonggang-ro was set as the key project, to improve the image of the village and pursue common interests in the community of local residents. Fourth, business facilities, rental housing, and residents’ community facilities for young people are comprehensively planned in the downtown area, which has been declining because of the closing of the bus terminal, to reanimate the community’s landmarks, in terms of both function and space. Fifth, the project pursues regional economic regeneration from promotion of tourism based on full utilization of the landscape of the Mangyeong River, which is a local asset. The planning is conducted in a way that enables the refined residential area to work as another tourism resource. Sixth, unused and less used national owned land is actively utilized to allow for a smoother implementation of the project. In addition, plans to reinforce residents’ capabilities, to develop in connection with the KAB, and HUG are pursued, so that the implementation of the project can be led by local residents.

지난 5년 동안 HMD(Head Mounted Displays)가 개발되어 사람들이 가상현실을 통해 게임에서 몰입형 콘텐츠를 즐길 수 있게 되었다. 이러한 시각을 위한 장치인 HMD는 널리 보급되어 사용되고 있지만, 가상현실에 사용자의 입력을 제공하는 장치는 아직 표준화되지 않았다. 그 결과 다양한 유형의 대화형 장비들 (Leap Motion, Marker-Based Devices 등)이 각자의 장단점을 가지고 개발되어 현재 사용 중에 있다. 예를 들어, Leap Motion은 손동작만 추적할 수 있으며 마커 기반 장치는 사용자와 추적 카메라 사이에 장애물이 있거나 어두운 환경의 경우 동작의 추적에 어려움이 있다. 착용형 모션 캡처는 신체에 착용되는 상호 작용 장치이며 인간과 카메라 사이에 장애물이 있어도 움직임을 추적할 수 있는 장점이 있다. 본 논문에서는 가상현실을 위하여 연구/ 개발된 상호작용 방법들을 설명하고 축구 게임을 통해 검증한다. 우리가 아는 한 본 연구는 착용형 모션 캡쳐를 가상현실 게임에 적용한 세계 최초의 연구이다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the efficiencies of project management offices in large information system construction projects using the data envelopment analysis. In addition, we tried to estimate the confidence interval of those efficiencies using bootstrap DEA to give a statistical meaning. The efficiency by the CCR model is analyzed as eight project management offices are fully efficient and 22 project management offices are inefficient. On the other hand, there are 15 project management offices are fully efficient, but 15 project management offices are inefficient in the BCC model. As the result of the scale efficiencies, of the inefficient project management offices, 13 project management offices are inefficient in scale. It is possible to eliminate the inefficiency in the CCR model by improving their project performances. And, the nine project management offices showed that the inefficiency was due to pure technical efficiency, and these companies should look for various improvements such as improvement of project execution system and project management process. In order that the inefficient project management offices be efficient, it is analyzed that more efforts must be made for on-budget and on-time as a result of examining the potential improvement potentials of inefficient project management offices.

Earthworms have been employed in traditional oriental medicine for the treatment of neurological disorders, as anticonvulsants, analgesics, and sedatives. In fact, earthworms are currently used as a medicinal agent in China, South Korea, Japan, Taiwan and North Korea. However, both the species and the genus of the earthworms registered in the pharmacopoeia of each country are different. Neural injury is induced by oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. The role of various synthetic chemicals of earthworms as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents have been studied and earthworm extract and its components have been shown to protect nerve cells and restore nerve function in various preclinical neuronal damage models. We employed earthworm extracts to provide prevention and treatment strategies for many neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease, mild cognitive impairment, cerebral infarction, and peripheral nerve damage. In this study, we investigated the effects of earthworm extracts and its components to explore their prophylactic and therapeutic effects in various neuropathic models. We used earthworm resources to provide prevention and treatment strategies for many neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease, mild cognitive impairment, cerebral infarction, and peripheral nerve damage. We summarized the protective effects of both earthworms and their extracts on neuropathies. The current study identified some earthworm components to be used in treatment and prevention strategies for nerve disorders and could be helpful for the development of new therapies for intractable diseases.

Background: Despite muscle latency times and patterns were used as broad examination tools to diagnose disease and recovery, previous studies have not compared the dominant arm to the non-dominant arm in muscle latency time and muscle recruitment patterns during reaching and reach-to-grasp movements. Objects: The present study aimed to investigate dominant and non-dominant hand differences in muscle latency time and recruitment pattern during reaching and reach-to-grasp movements. In addition, by manipulating the speed of movement, we examined the effect of movement speed on neuromuscular control of both right and left hands. Methods: A total of 28 right-handed (measured by Edinburgh Handedness Inventory) healthy subjects were recruited. We recorded surface electromyography muscle latency time and muscle recruitment patterns of four upper extremity muscles (i.e., anterior deltoid, triceps brachii, flexor digitorum superficialis, and extensor digitorum) from each left and right arm. Mixed-effect linear regression was used to detect differences between hands, reaching and reach-to-grasp, and the fast and preferred speed conditions. Results: There were no significant differences in muscle latency time between dominant and non-dominant hands or reaching and reach-to-grasp tasks (p>.05). However, there was a significantly longer muscle latency time in the preferred speed condition than the fast speed condition on both reaching and reach-to-grasp tasks (p<.05). Conclusion: These findings showed similar muscle latency time and muscle activation patterns with respect to movement speeds and tasks. Our findings hope to provide normative muscle physiology data for both right and left hands, thus aiding the understanding of the abnormal movements from patients and to develop appropriate rehabilitation strategies specific to dominant and non-dominant hands.

The use of Project Management Information System (PMIS) is increasing in project management industries such as construction, defense, manufacturing, software development, telecommunication, etc. It is generally known that PMIS helps to improve the quality of decision making in project management, and consequently improves the project performance. However, how much and which parts of project management performance are affected by PMIS still need to be studied further. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of PMIS quality on project management performance. We collected data from various project based industries such as construction, defense, manufacturing, software development and telecommunication by using survey questionnaire. PMIS quality was measured in three dimensions. They are system quality, information quality and service quality. Project management performance was measured in nine variables such as time reduction, work accuracy, cost management, etc. Statistical analyses such as multiple regression were used to analyze the data. The results showed that PMIS quality had significant impacts on the project management performance and user satisfaction. It was notable that only two dimensions out of the three PMIS quality dimensions, system quality and information quality, affected the project management performance. Also, it was found that PM performance played a mediating role between PMIS and user satisfaction, and between PMIS and reuse intention. The contribution of this research is that it helps to clarify what aspects of PMIS affect the project management performance and user satisfaction.

최근에는 게임을 플레이어가 직접 즐기는 것 뿐만 아닌 인터넷 방송을 통해 시청하는 경우도 늘어났다. 따라서 예전처럼 기술력을 바탕으로 한 화려한 그래픽뿐만 아니라 플레이어 또는 시청자에게 인상 깊은 스토리를 전달해주는 것 또한 중요해졌다. 본 논문은 게임에서 스토리를 전달하는 방법 중 퀘스트를 인터랙티브 스토리텔링을 고려하여 레벨디자인 할 수 있는 저작도구를 설계하고 구현하였다. 구현된 퀘스트 레벨디자인 저작도구는 NPC, 필드(몬스터), 아이템과 같은 배경 설정을 한 뒤 이들을 연결해주는 인터랙션 설정을 마치면 여러 유형의 퀘스트가 설정해준 내용을 바탕으로 생성된다. 이러한 방식으로 생성된 퀘스트는 인과 관계가 명확하여 플레이어로 하여금 퀘스트의 내용을 쉽게 납득할 수 있도록 도와준다. 또 퀘스트 레벨디자인 저작도구는 프로그래밍을 모르는 기획자도 쉽게 사용할 수 있고 이를 이용하면 시간과 비용이 많이 드는 퀘스트 기획, 제작에 사용할 수 있을 것이다.

With the increasing interest among modern people in the environment and leisure activities, the social demand for parks and green spaces is increasing. Thus, with the increase in park consumers, it is necessary to systematically investigate and analyze user characteristics and demands and continuously reflect them in park management to increase user satisfaction. Therefore, this study focused on Central Park in Dongtan 1 New Town, Hwaseong City, to analyze and evaluate what variables affect users’ behavior and satisfaction and suggested ways to construct future neighborhood parks. After theoretical considerations, the site was investigated and analyzed, and user behavior and satisfaction were studied through surveys and in-depth interviews. The results showed that user satisfaction with the Central Park was generally high, and the park had a large positive effect on the satisfaction with the residential environment among residents. It seems that the psychological and mental satisfaction provided by the park, which relieves mental and physical stress in modern people’s busy lives and supports static and dynamic recreational activities, will be high. It was judged that if user demands are more actively reflected upon, user satisfaction can be increased, and parks can be vitalized.

Background: High string instrument (violin, viola) players are at high risk for developing musculoskeletal problems. In particular, a higher prevalence of shoulder problems has been reported. However, evidence of the effectiveness of therapeutic exercise for musicians with this condition is lacking until now. Objects: This case series study investigated the effect of a specific exercise program on shoulder pain, dysfunction, and posture of professional orchestral high string musicians. Methods: Five professional orchestral high string players with shoulder pain participated in this study. A six-week specific exercise program focus on scapular stability for shoulder pain consisted of scapular muscle exercise. Physical examinations for pain and dysfunction, posture were performed, were identified among all subjects before starting the exercise program. Results: The results revealed that shoulder pain decreased by 67.86% and the effect of pain on instrument play decreased by 63.33%. The shoulder pain and disability Index and the performing arts module-quick disability of the arm, shoulder and hand scale decreased by 71.72% and 51.61% respectively. The exercise program improved function and posture. Conclusion: A specific exercise program for high string players was effective in managing shoulder pain. This case series is intended to provide empirical data on the effectiveness of an exercise program aimed at assessing the effect of exercise on pain, dysfunction, and posture of professional orchestra musicians associated with specific instrument groups.

게임에서의 스토리는 상호작용 할 수 있는 인터렉티브 스토리텔링이라는 점에서 사용자의 몰입을 유도한다. 이러한 인터렉티브 스토리텔링은 기존의 이야기의 선형 구조와 달리 비선형 구조를 띄고 있기 때문에 기존의 서술구조와는 다른 서술구조가 연구되어왔다. 크게 사건 중심인 트리 기반 서술구조, 제약 기반 서술구조, 캐릭터 중심인 캐릭터 기반 서술구조가 있다. 트리 기반 서술구조는 HTN, HSP등 여러 알고리즘으로 발전되었고, 분기가 많을수록 트리의 크기가 커진다는 단점과 이야기의 자유도가 떨어진다는 단점이 존재하였고, 캐릭터 기반 서술구조의 경우 사건이 아닌 캐릭터를 설계한 다음 캐릭터가 자유롭게 행동하게 하여 이야기를 진행하는 방식으로 사용자가 몰입하는 대상이 캐릭터라는 점에서 게임에 더 적합할 수는 있지만, 캐릭터의 행동을 세밀하게 설계하기 힘들다는 단점이 존재한다. 본 연구는 이 중 제약 기반 서술구조를 전체 이야기의 흐름 파악과 다양한 사건전개가 용이하도록 새로운 태그들을 제시하여 재설계하였다. 새롭게 제시된 <event>라는 태그는 이야기의 흐름 파악을 쉽게 할 수 있게 하고, <plot>이라는 태그는 다양한 사건전개가 용이하도록 설계되었다. 제안하는 서술구조를 이용하여 예시로 이솝우화 중 토끼와 거북이에 적용하였다.