To investigate the impact of nitrogen (N) mineral on reproductive potential of Brassica napus L, plants were treated with different levels of N treatment (N0; N100; N500). The half of N content for each treatment were applied at the beginning of the early vegetative stage and the rest was applied at the late vegetative stage. Nitrogen content in plant tissues such as root, stem and branch, leaf, pod and seed was analyzed and harvest index (HI) was calculated as percentage of seed yield to total plant weight. Biomass and nitrogen content were significantly affected by different levels of N supply. Biomass was significantly decreased by 59.2% in nitrogen deficiency (N0) but significantly increased by 50.3% in N excess (N500), compared to control (N100). Nitrogen content in all organs was remarkably increased with nitrogen levels. N distribution to stem and branches, and dead leaves was higher in N-deficient (N0) and N excessive plants (N500) than in control (N100). However, nitrogen allocated to seed was higher in control (N100) than in other treatments (N0 or N500), accompanied by higher HI. These results indicate that the optimum level of N supply (N100) improve HI and N distribution to seed and excessive N input is unnecessary.

본 연구는 기존 노인용 기능성 게임이 갖는 장점과 한계점을 분석하고 체감형 게임이 갖는 매체적 가능성을 접목하여 노인용 체감형 기능성 게임의 스토리텔링 전략을 탐색하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 따라서 본 연구는 노인용 기능성 게임에 대한 이론적 탐색과 경험적인 접근을 바탕으로, 노인이라는 대상의 특수성과 체감 인터페이스라는 기술적 속성, 그리고 재미와 기능이라는 이질적인 두 속성의 결합이 만들어내는 혼재성을, 게임의 형식으로 구조화하기 위해 스토리텔링 전략을 수립하고 게임을 기획하였다. <The four seasons>는 동작인식센서 키넥트를 활용한 재활치료용 체감형 기능성 게임이다. 지루하고 힘든 재활치료를 재미있게 훈련할 수 있는 체감형 기능성 게임으로 편마비 재활 치료를 위한 동작을 반복할수록 스크린 너머 가상세계가 풍요로워진다. 게임 플레이 과정은 뇌졸중으로 인해 편마비가 있는 중, 장년층이나 신체의 움직임이 원활하지 못한 노인들에게 정신적 위안과 신체적 건강을 얻게 한다. <The four seasons>게임은 감정 유희와 동작 유희가 인과적으로 연결 된 게임으로 동기부여, 동작반복, 피드백의 순환이 게임 내적 매커니즘을 통해 흥미롭게 전개되도록 하기 위해 특정 감정을 의도적으로 이끌어내고 그에 따른 결과로 행동을 유도한다. 본 연구 에서는 <The Four Seasons>의 스토리텔링 기획 과정을 체계적으로 기술함으로써 노인용 체감형 기능성 게임의 실제적 개선을 위한 스토리텔링의 구체적 방법론과 새로운 방향성을 모색하고자 하였다.

Kim, Younhee. 2018. “Private Speech and Mutual Engagement in Preschoolers' Playtime Interaction: Talk and Embodiment”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 26(2), 119~165. Preschoolers' playtime interaction presents a unique context where private speech/self-talk and mutual conversation are co-present as well as within and out-of-(pretend play) frame talk. Preliminary observation of the data from the larger project revealed an overall pattern where the two children would play together and soon one child or both of them wander off to his/her own private speech/play mode, and then mutual engagement is achieved again. The current study examines this phenomenon from a conversation analytic perspective by showing what types of sequential resources are employed by the children to manage the transition. The resources include making an announcement, a noticing comment about the shared environment, repetition, code-switching, and embodied resources such as gaze, postural orientation, and spatial positioning in the play space (Kendon 1990). The transition from mutual conversation to private speech often accompanies transition from reality to pretend play talk, though not exclusively so. Making a meta-pretend play comment and making a reference to the theme of the joint play also served as an effective way to achieve re-engagement. Based on detailed interactional analysis, the study suggests that the playtime interaction of preschoolers affords more self-oriented speech (self-repair, private speech) and is characterized by rather loosened expectation for responsivity while “playing together” takes close orientation to the other child's behavior as they co-ordinate moments of mutual engagement and separate play throughout their co-presence.

목적: 스마트 안경은 안경과 웨어러블 전자기기의 효과적인 융합을 잘 보여주는 어플리케이션이다. 스마 트 안경의 더 발전한 형태로, 전압에 의해 능동적으로 변색되는 안경의 제조도 가능할 것으로 기대된다. 따라서, 졸-겔 법에 의한 전기 변색 박막의 제조 과정에서 퍼콜레이션(percolation) 이론을 도입하여, 최적의 aging 조건을 찾아 전기 변색 코팅 박막 제조의 토대가 되고자 한다. 방법: 졸-겔 법을 이용하여 육 염화 텅스텐과 에탄올을 혼합하여 전기 변색 용액을 제조하였다. Aging에 따른 용액의 특성을 분석하고, ITO glass위에 전기 변색 박막을 코팅한 후, 리튬이온 기반 전해질을 이용하여 전기 변색 특성을 확인하였다. 결과: 졸-겔법으로 제조된 전기 변색 용액은 aging에 따라 텅스텐과 산소의 결합이 달라지며, 이것을 적 외선 분광법으로 분석하였다. WO3/ITO glass의 가시광선 전 영역의 광 투과도(시감 투과도)를 측정한 결과, aging에 따라 변색효율의 차이를 보였다. 또한, percolation이 충분히 진행되기 전 샘플의 경우, 광 투과도 가 착색 시 43.0 %, 탈색 시 63.6 %로 1.10의 가장 높은 광밀도를 보였다. 또한, aging이 충분히 진행된 후의 샘플은 착색 시 광 차단 효과가 좋은 결과값을 보였다. 결론: 졸-겔 법에 의해 제조된 변색 용액으로 전기 변색 유리를 제작하였을 때, 용액의 aging에 따라 광 학적 특성이 달라짐을 확인하였다. 긴 시간 aging하는 경우, 변색 효율을 가늠하는 광밀도가 감소하였다. 따라서, 변색효율이 좋은 렌즈가 필요한 경우, percolation 임계 점 이하의 aging 시간이 짧은 용액을 사용 하는 것이 좋으며, 진한 착색이 필요한 광학 샘플이 필요한 경우는 긴 시간 에이징한 용액으로 코팅막을 제 조하는 것이 좋을 것으로 판단된다. 이러한 코팅 박막에 대한 기초 조건의 연구가 향후 스마트 안경 등의 제작 시 참고가 될 것으로 기대된다.

Understanding the classification of malocclusion is a crucial issue in Orthodontics. It can also help us to diagnose, treat, and understand malocclusion to establish a standard for definite class of patients. Principal component analysis (PCA) and k-means algorithms have been emerging as data analytic methods for cephalometric measurements, due to their intuitive concepts and application potentials. This study analyzed the macro- and meso-scale classification structure and feature basis vectors of 1020 (415 male, 605 female; mean age, 25 years) orthodontic patients using statistical preprocessing, PCA, random matrix theory (RMT) and k-means algorithms. RMT results show that 7 principal components (PCs) are significant standard in the extraction of features. Using k-means algorithms, 3 and 6 clusters were identified and the axes of PC1~3 were determined to be significant for patient classification. Macro-scale classification denotes skeletal Class I, II, III and PC1 means anteroposterior discrepancy of the maxilla and mandible and mandibular position. PC2 and PC3 means vertical pattern and maxillary position respectively; they played significant roles in the meso-scale classification. In conclusion, the typical patient profile (TPP) of each class showed that the data-based classification corresponds with the clinical classification of orthodontic patients. This data-based study can provide insight into the development of new diagnostic classifications.

This study was carried out to estimate the effect of selected inoculants on chemical compositions and fermentation characteristics of rye silage. Rye was harvested at dough stage and divided into 5 treatments, following: No additives (CON); L. plantarum R48-27 (LP27); L. buchneri R4-26 (LB26); Mixture of LP27 and LB26 at 1:1 ratio (MIX); and L. buchneri (LB). The rye forage was ensiled into 10 L bucket silo for 100 days. The contents of NDF and ADF were lowest (P<0.05) in LB26. The pH in LB26, MIX, and LB were lower (P<0.05) than CON and LP27. Lactate content in LB was higher (P<0.05) than the others, while acetate content in LB26 and LB were higher (P<0.05) than that in CON and LP27. Lactate to acetate ratio was highest (P<0.05) in LB, but lowest in LB26. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count in LB was higher (P<0.05) than that in CON, while yeast count in CON was lower than in all silages applied inoculants. In conclusion, silages inoculated with LB26 could improve potentially the aerobic stability caused by increases of acetate and propionate concentrations.

Supplementation with glutamine(Gln) has beneficial effects on intestinal and immune functions. Cage-reared chicks suffer from various stressors during early growth, but the effect of Gln supplementation on growth performance and stress hormones is uncertain. We investigated the effect of Gln on growth performance and blood corticosterone levels in Hyline chicks. Groups of 3-day-old chicks were fed one of three diets: normal feed(CTL group), normal feed supplemented with a low level of Gln, or normal feed supplemented with a high level of Gln. Growth and various physiological and biochemical parameters related to stress were assessed. On day 30, after a 24-h fast, blood was analyzed for corticosterone and other parameters, including glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, total bilirubin, lactate dehydrogenase, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, blood total protein, and inorganic phosphate. Growth performance was maintained in Gln supplemented groups. The corticosterone level was decreased in the two groups receiving Gln supplementation compared to the CTL, and all other humoral factors did not differ between the groups. We suggest that Gln supplementation is a safe and useful strategy for reducing the effects of stress in cage-reared chicks.

Nonthermal atmospheric plasma has been studied for its many biomedical effects, such as tooth bleaching, wound healing, and coagulation. In this study, the effects of dentinal tubules occlusion were investigated using fluoride-carboxymethyl cellulose (F-CMC) gel, nano-sized hydroxyapatite (n-HA), and nonthermal atmospheric plasma. Human dentin specimens were divided to 5 groups (group C, HA, HAF, HAP, and HAFP). Group HA was treated with n-HA, group HAF was treated with n-HA after a F-CMC gel application, group HAP was treated with n-HA after a plasma treatment and group HAFP was treated with n-HA after a plasma and F-CMC gel treatment. The occlusion of dentinal tubules was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), which shows Ca/P ratio. In the EDS results, a higher Ca/P ratio was shown in the groups including n-HA than in the control group. The specimens of group HAP and HAFP had a higher Ca/P ratio in retentivity. In the SEM results, there was not a significant difference in the amount of times applied. Therefore, this study suggests F-CMC gel and n-HA treatment using nonthermal atmospheric plasma will be a new treatment method for decreasing hypersensitivity.

스탠다드국화 신품종을 육성하기 위하여 충남농업기술원 화훼연구소에서 2009년에 황색의 모본 ‘Summer Yellow’와 부본 ‘ST07-09-02’계통을 인공 교배하였다. 2010년에 종자를 파종하였고, 이중 내병성이 강하고 기호성이 우수한 개체를 선발하여 ‘ST10-047-01’로 계통명을 부여하였다. 2011년부터 2013년까지 주년 생산성을 위해 촉성 및 자연, 억제재배 특성을 각각 검정하였으며, 2013년 ‘Geumhwa’로 명명하고 품종등록 출원하였다. ‘Geumhwa’의 생육 및 개화특성은 국내에서 많이 재배되고 있는 황색 스탠다드국화인 ‘Summer Yellow’를 대조 품종으로 하여 조사하였다. ‘Geumhwa’ 품종은 자연개화기가 10월 6일로 ‘Summer Yellow’의 10월 25일에 비해 빨랐다. ‘Geumhwa’는 초장이 86.3cm로 ‘Summer Yellow’의 93.8cm보다 작았고, 곁가지 제거수는 8.1개로 ‘Summer Yellow’의 16.6개보다 적었다. ‘Geumhwa’의 꽃직경은 13.6cm로 ‘Summer Yellow’의 13.5cm와 비슷하였으며, 꽃잎수는 ‘Geumhwa’가 263.6개로 ‘Summer Yellow’의 295.3개보다 적었다. 재배상 유의사항은 ‘Geumhwa’는 중간종이므로 초기생육이 왕성하도록 비배 관리를 하고 생육기간 중 지베렐린 1,000mg･L-1를 2회 처리하여 신장력을 높이도록 한다. 또한 설상화수가 적은 편이므로 재전조를 실시하여 설상화수를 늘린다면 황색의 연중 조기개화가 가능한 고품질 신품종 스탠다드 절화국화로써 소비자 기호 충족 및 농가소득 창출에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

This study is on the policy direction settings that can accomplish regional revitalization by continuously developing the various theme of rural tourism and can contribute to the improvement of the quality of life. The recent issues of SDGs are discussed, and their link with rural development, especially with rural tourism, are examined. To be specific, it focuses on healing-type rural tourism that is rising as a new theme in the tourism industry. The results have revealed the possibility of linking the indicators of SDGs and the needed resources for healing rural tourism. Therefore, it is possible to strengthen the rural tourism theme linkage, and to contribute to the regional revitalization through establishment of the detailed action indicators of rural tourism in line with SDGs. However, since research on SDGs is at an early stage, there is a need for further discussion on various examples from the rural tourism field.

This study was conducted to investigate anti-inflammatory and wrinkle improvement effects of Sophora flavescens Aiton water extracts (SWE) treated with proteolytic enzyme. The antioxidant activity of proteolyzed Sophora flavescens Aiton water extracts (SWE-E) showed increased total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content, electron-donating ability and ABTS+ free radical scavenging activity compared with SWE. To investigate the anti-inflammatory effects, the inhibition of NO production was assessed in RAW 264.7 cells induced by LPS. The SWE-E showed an increased anti-inflammatory effect compared with SWE at the same concentration. The anti-wrinkle effect was evaluated by the rate of collagenase and elastase inhibitory activity, which was determined by the MMP-1 mRNA measured in human dermal fibroblast (HDF) by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Collagenase and elastase are important enzymes that play roles in wrinkle formation, and SWE-E showed a significantly higher collagenase inhibition rate than non-treated extracts. The MMP-1 mRNA in HDF cells decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, SWE was shown to be a non-irritant in the BCOP assay, which is an alternative method to in vivo eye irritation test. Taken together, these results suggest that proteolytic enzyme could enhance the antioxidant activity, as well as the anti-inflammatory and anti-wrinkle effects of SWE, and that SWE-E could be used as a cosmeceutical ingredient.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common type of oral malignancy. Numerous therapies have been proposed for its cure. Research is continually being conducted to develop new forms of treatment as current therapies are associated with numerous side-effects. Luteolin, a common dietary flavonoid, has been demonstrated to possess strong anti-cancer activity against various human cancer cell lines. Nevertheless, research into luteolin-based anticancer activity against oral cancer remains scarce. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the effect of luteolin as an anti-cancer agent. After treatment with luteolin, Ca9-22 and CAL-27 oral cancer cells showed condensed nuclei and enhanced apoptotic rate with evidence of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is closely related to tumor migration and invasion. Luteolin suppressed cancer cell invasion and migration in the current study. Elevated expression of E-cadherin, an adherens junction protein, was evident in both cell lines after luteolin treatment. Luteolin also significantly inhibited transcription factors (i.e., N-cadherin, Slug, Snail, Twist, and ZEB-1) that regulated expression of tumor suppressors such as E-cadherin based on Western blot analysis and quantitative PCR. Thus, luteolin could induce mitochondrial apoptosis and inhibit cancer cell invasion and migration by suppressing EMT-induced transcription factors.

큰머리톱가슴긴고목벌레[Mimemodes cribratus (Reitter)] (신칭)을 국내에서 처음으로 보고하고, 한국산 톱가슴긴고목벌레과의 종 분류 검색표 및 본 종의 기재문과 식별형질에 대한 사진을 제공한다.

Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot is an edible green seaweed that belong to the Codiaceae family and has been used in Oriental medicine for the treatment of enterobiasis, dropsy, and dysuria. Methanol extract of codium fragile has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties, although the anti-cancer effect on oral cancer has not yet been reported. In this study, we investigated the anti-cancer activity and the mechanism of cell death by methanol extracts of Codium fragile (MeCF) on human FaDu hypopharyngeal squamous carcinoma cells. Our data showed that MeCF inhibits cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, and markedly induced apoptosis, as determined by the MTT assay, Live/Dead assay, and DAPI stain. In addition, MeCF induced the proteolytic cleavage of procaspase -3, -7, -9 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase(PARP), and upregulated or downregulated the expression of mitochondrial-apoptosis factor, Bax(pro-apoptotic factor), and Bcl-2(anti-apoptotic factor), . Futhermore, MeCF induced a cell cycle arrest at the G1/S phase through suppressing the expression of the cell cycle cascade proteins, p21, CDK4, CyclinD1, and phospho-Rb. Taken together, these results indicated that MeCF inhibits cell growth, and this inhibition is mediated by caspase- and mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathways through cell cycle arrest at the G1/S phase in human FaDu hypopharyngeal squamous carcinoma cells. Therefore, methanol extracts of Codium fragile can be provided as a novel chemotherapeutic drug due to its growth inhibition effects and induction of apoptosis in human oral cancer cells.

As the urban population continues to increase, cities grow through the expansion of high-rise and high-density residential areas, which demand good living environments to improve citizens’ quality of life. This study is based on the apartment type proposed by Moon Soo-young(2011) in accordance with the layout pattern of green spaces in three apartment complexes located in Dalseo-gu, Daegu Metropolitan City. The purpose of this research is to discover the causes of the high nutritional rate and successful planting method, as well as to suggest a plan to improve the planting structure(general complex, built apartment). According to the study results, the green area ratio of the study was the highest with 44.7% of the total area, followed by Wolbahil state(center type) with 30.3%, and the Bible Jeongnam Town(type of arrangement around buildings) with 27.3%. Shared facility centers were placed outside the apartment buildings in common with the type of arrangement around the buildings and the type of centering arrangement, and the coverage rate in the apartment complexes increased. There are many underground parking lots in the vicinity of the buildings; the center type of the buildings and the parking lots for the disabled are located underground. In general, residents use the underground parking lot, and the ground greenery ratio is higher than other types. Through the analysis of the facilities in the complex according to the type, we found the cause of high green ratio and good planting method and suggested an improvement plan for the general and constructed apartments. In the general apartment complex improvement plan, it is possible to increase the green area by minimizing the single-story buildings such as the shared facilities center and arranging these facilities in the apartments. The number of entrances is reduced due to the connectivity between underground parking lots. Reducing the area of the road within the complex can reduce the number of green spaces. It is important that water pipes are laid mainly under broad-leaved trees and that the plant structure is multi-layered. In order to estimate the construction of the apartment, we propose a method to construct the green space in three dimensions by using methods such as wall greening and rooftop greening. It is possible to utilize enough spaces to waste through the plant materials. In the plant structure, a cluster planting was arranged and the shrubs and plants were placed in the complex.

We investigated the effects of two Brucella proteins expressed in a pMAL expression system, RocF and EF-Ts, as subunit vaccines on immune modulation and protective efficacy using a mouse model. Mice vaccinated with MBP-RocF and MBP-EF-Ts displayed increased production of TNF, IFN-, MCP-1, IL-10 and IL-6, and TNF and MCP-1, respectively. Furthermore, mice vaccinated with MBP-EF-Ts showed decreased induction of IFN- and Th2-related cytokines, IL-10 and IL-6. Higher proportions of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were observed in the blood of mice vaccinated with MBP-RocF than in the PBS-vaccinated group, although the increases were not significant. Furthermore, significantly reduced Brucella proliferation in the spleens of the MBP-RocF and MBP-EF-Ts groups were observed, but inflammation of these organs was not attenuated. Overall, these results indicate that RocF and EF-Ts could be potential subunit vaccine candidates against animal brucellosis.