Cumulative effects are defined as the joint and aggregated effects of many factors and processes. Their consideration in landscape and environmental assessments are integral at both the project and strategic level, and they can help to bridge the different spatial and temporal scales. The primary challenge of conducting cumulative effect assessments (CEAs) is the difficulty in understanding the complicated nature of cumulative effects. We used three criteria for a systematic understanding of the barriers to addressing cumulative effects that are critical for improving knowledge systems for sustainable development and environmental assessment: salience, credibility, and legitimacy, and analyzed three cases through a variety of studies and resources: the Middle Humber in the U.K., the Transboundary Crown of the Continent in the U.S. and Canada, and the Great Sandhills in Canada, to understand how CEAs have been applied and obstructed in terms of the three criteria. In addition, a series of focus group interviews with experts and practitioners were performed to illuminate the critical barriers based on the criteria for addressing CEA in the context of South Korea. Based on the lessons, we suggest several key strategies such as securing a cooperative consulting process, and active and transparent partnerships; using a strategic environmental assessment as a framework; understanding and incorporating stakeholder knowledge; using advanced computer modeling and simulation techniques including effective visualization tools; and preparing a simple model design and understandable scientific information.

This study examined how the various garden forms introduced in the entire garden of Naumkeag were expressed, and in particular, how the modern style of the Naumkeag Garden was planned. The results are as follows. The Naumkeag garden has introduced various garden styles from China and Europe. This phenomenon appeared to be different from the features of the modernist garden that rejected historical style. The garden elements are introduced in detail and ornamental form, which is different from the characteristic of modernism that avoids such style. The introduction of new industrial materials, such as concrete and iron, has been actively incorporated and are the most visible characteristic of the modernist garden. It was confirmed that the role of the outdoor room, which is a characteristic element of the modernist garden, and garden elements were designed as the material filling the space. As a result, Naumkeag gardens are characterized by modernist style including the introduction of new industrial materials and functional aspects of garden elements. In addition, due to the influence of neoclassicism, garden styles from various countries were displayed. Nevertheless, the Naumkeag gardens are gardens to which Fletcher Steele introduced modernism, and it is evident that it played an important role in the birth and development of American modernist gardens.

The purpose of this study is to highlight the idea that the approach and methodology in Landscape Architecture and Urban Studies are rooted in regional planning, and to trace the legacy that can be borrowed from modern city and landscape planning. This study examines the academic relationship between Geddes’ Urban Evolution and McHarg’s Ecological Landscape Planning theory, and explores the significance of regional planning that can be accommodated in both Landscape Architecture and Urban Studies areas at present. As a result, the Geddes’ theory and the McHarg’s ecological landscape planning emphasized a scientific understanding of plans based on evolutionary theories and local research in regional planning. However, the McHarg’s theory was definitely different from the Geddes’ theory and offered its own unique identity and possibilities. First, it was completely focused on the environment. Second, it suggested a concrete methodology consisting of a technique of land suitability analysis to visualize an environmental or regional investigation. Third, McHarg advocated drawings as a visualization tool. McHarg’s theory of ecological landscape planning can be thought of as an evolutionary version of the theory of urban evolution. The study was limited to an applicable range to solidify the possibility of applying the theory in real situation, and more concrete and substantial approaches were suggested accordingly.

The main materials composing the outdoor space are the landscape plant materials. Even though grass plants out of landscape plant materials are efficient for water consumption and management, still, the types of grass used for landscape are extremely few. Thus, this study explores the preference on grass plants in apartment complexes to provide basic information for grass planting plan and design in the future. For this study, 171 questionnaires of two sites in Daegu and one site in Seoul were used for final analysis and the results are as follows. First, in the results of the awareness of grass plants, “do not know” (80.7%) was considerably higher than “do know” (19.3%). Second, in the results of the most preferred place for planting grass plants in apartment complexes, “trail” (31.2%) was the highest, followed by “space around the apartment building” (17.5%) and “waterscape” (15.4%). Third, for the preference on the shape of grass plants, “Upright-arching” (38.0%) was the highest, followed by “Upright-divergent” (29.2%), “Tufted” (19.9%), and “Mounded” (12.9%). Fourth, for the preferred height of grass plants, “Short size” (50.3%) was the highest, followed by “Medium size” (36.8%), and “Tall size” (12.9%). Fifth, for the preferred color of grass plants, “white” (27.7%) was the highest, followed by “green” (25.7%), “red” (20.5%), “yellow” (17.2%), and “blue” (9.0%). This information could be used as reference in case when planning and designing of grass plants in apartment complexes and further research including different regions is needed.

In order to cope with the steady increase in social demand, the establishment of forest welfare facilities is being considered not only by the national or local governments but also in the private sector. However, just as there are varying types of facilities, there are varying regulations overseeing these facilities, as well as complex processes involving negotiations between related government agencies, designation, approvals for establishment plans, registration, and feasibility assessments. Forest welfare facilities are created through heavy investment, thus requiring a prudent approach. Therefore, this study has compared the procedures of forest welfare facilities, identified points of improvement in the planning procedures, and provided basic data on forest welfare facilities plans. This study has reviewed the existing literature relating to the concept of forest welfare facilities and site selection and identified related laws and regulations on which new establishments are based. Further, it has examined the procedure of establishment of forest welfare facilities specified in the relevant laws and regulations, finally arriving at implications that consider similarities in establishment procedures in forest welfare facilities. There have been ongoing studies to evaluate and determine appropriate sites for forest welfare facilities. In addition to common elements such as landscapes and natural (forest) environments, previous studies have suggested methods for selecting appropriate sites based on specific evaluation factors, according to the characteristics of individual facilities. Some research results have been legislated and are being utilized subsequently. In addition, in the case of woodland burial grounds, which are suffering from various civil complaints during the establishment process due to psychological rejection unlike other forest welfare facilities, this study found that there were no indications of procedures such as public hearings, feasibility assessments, and committee reviews.

This study was conducted to investigate attention restoration effects provided by Seoullo 7017, an elevated public skygarden newly transformed from a 40-year-old overpass as a part of an urban revitalization project. In October 2017, a questionnaire survey utilizing Perceived Restorativeness Scale (PRS) and Zuckerman Inventory of Personal Reaction Scale (ZIPERS) was conducted among employees visiting Seoullo 7017 and 133 valid responses were collected. From a series of factor analyses of PRS and ZIPERS items, four PRS factors were derived from 16 PRS items and named as “Diversion”, “Boring”, “Coherence” and “Compatibility”; and two ZIPERS factors were extracted from twelve ZIPERS items, namely “Positive impacts” and “Negative impacts”. Significant differences in restoration effects and psychological stress were found according to frequency of visits, accessibility, and whether or not Seoullo 7017 was seen from offices. In conclusion, the newly created Seoullo 7017 was found to have healing effects, such as psychological stability and relief from stress, on employees who could easily access the garden.

As the urban population continues to increase, cities grow through the expansion of high-rise and high-density residential areas, which demand good living environments to improve citizens’ quality of life. This study is based on the apartment type proposed by Moon Soo-young(2011) in accordance with the layout pattern of green spaces in three apartment complexes located in Dalseo-gu, Daegu Metropolitan City. The purpose of this research is to discover the causes of the high nutritional rate and successful planting method, as well as to suggest a plan to improve the planting structure(general complex, built apartment). According to the study results, the green area ratio of the study was the highest with 44.7% of the total area, followed by Wolbahil state(center type) with 30.3%, and the Bible Jeongnam Town(type of arrangement around buildings) with 27.3%. Shared facility centers were placed outside the apartment buildings in common with the type of arrangement around the buildings and the type of centering arrangement, and the coverage rate in the apartment complexes increased. There are many underground parking lots in the vicinity of the buildings; the center type of the buildings and the parking lots for the disabled are located underground. In general, residents use the underground parking lot, and the ground greenery ratio is higher than other types. Through the analysis of the facilities in the complex according to the type, we found the cause of high green ratio and good planting method and suggested an improvement plan for the general and constructed apartments. In the general apartment complex improvement plan, it is possible to increase the green area by minimizing the single-story buildings such as the shared facilities center and arranging these facilities in the apartments. The number of entrances is reduced due to the connectivity between underground parking lots. Reducing the area of the road within the complex can reduce the number of green spaces. It is important that water pipes are laid mainly under broad-leaved trees and that the plant structure is multi-layered. In order to estimate the construction of the apartment, we propose a method to construct the green space in three dimensions by using methods such as wall greening and rooftop greening. It is possible to utilize enough spaces to waste through the plant materials. In the plant structure, a cluster planting was arranged and the shrubs and plants were placed in the complex.

This study is on the policy direction settings that can accomplish regional revitalization by continuously developing the various theme of rural tourism and can contribute to the improvement of the quality of life. The recent issues of SDGs are discussed, and their link with rural development, especially with rural tourism, are examined. To be specific, it focuses on healing-type rural tourism that is rising as a new theme in the tourism industry. The results have revealed the possibility of linking the indicators of SDGs and the needed resources for healing rural tourism. Therefore, it is possible to strengthen the rural tourism theme linkage, and to contribute to the regional revitalization through establishment of the detailed action indicators of rural tourism in line with SDGs. However, since research on SDGs is at an early stage, there is a need for further discussion on various examples from the rural tourism field.

The garden festival is mostly required to move visitors while omitting the value of taskscape, temporality, and contextuality, which are in the original garden. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to how the garden festival represents a given theme by implication and embodies the disconnected time. For this purpose, this study is intended to look at the narcissism garden (entitled “To you who don’t love me [To me in the mirror]”), which was exhibited in the garden art section of the Goyang International Flower Festival in 2018, to investigate how it effectively conveys the theme how space, time, and human senses in the garden were expressed. The mystic gate acts as a gateway into the garden and is a space for setting up the time and context that is cut off at the garden festival. The inside wardrobe creates a visual focus through objects and decorates the appearance with a time that is trapped in the eyes of others, but expresses the inside that is itself hurt by a lack of confidence. The hourglass in the heart expressed the social atmosphere of tightening the corset strings that it was wearing and a look wanting to hold onto the flying time. The double-sided mirror newly interpreted narcissism by arranging two dressing tables and looking at itself ecstatically in front of the broken mirror, thinking its face was beautiful. The message wall had a direct expression through the text and indirectly expressed the message that it is beautiful by planting a peach tree, but is only a temporary appearance in which flowers fall after a short period of time. The significance of this study is that both the design strategy and motive for clearly delivering the theme given to the festival to the visitors were reflected in the actual space through a focus on the time of the garden and the forming of new thinking and approach.