This study aimed to identify design factors from the female perspective and then propose the implications for landscape design at the Hengshui Lake Park in Hebei Province, China. The Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) was adopted and 27 attributes from seven categories on women’s preferences in spatial cognitions were selected. Results indicated that among 27 factors, women gave more consideration to waterfront spaces, plant colors, restrooms, wheelchair accessibility, sign boards, warning signs, layered planting, historic landscapes, lighting systems, adult entertainment facilities, children's playgrounds, resting places, and pedestrian roads. Among these attributes, relatively dissatisfied ones are layered planting, warning signs, historic landscapes, lighting systems, adult entertainment facilities, sign boards, children's playgrounds, resting places, and pedestrian roads. For women, reasonable information on security, location, and landscape history should be supplied, and various personal, semi-public, and public spaces should be created using layered planting techniques. Based on women's characteristics of accompanying children, playgrounds and educational spaces on their history and culture should be reformed and upgraded.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the landscape image of the Seoul City Wall, focusing on the external restoration without paying attention to the landscape. To derive the results, data were collected from a domestic portal site and the original text of documents and used as the basic data for the study. As a result, 21 landscape image keywords related to the “Naksan course” were derived, and the correlation of the extracted keywords was analyzed. First, the landscape image of the Naksan section does not mean the characteristics of the place, but rather how it has been perceived as a physical element of the city for about 600 years. Second, the landscape image of the Naksan section can be divided into positive and negative images according to people’s reasons for visiting. Visitors pursuing a positive physical activity had a positive image, while those pursuing a passive activity had a negative image. Third, there is a need for a variety of landscape elements that can bring out the emotions of the visitors, because landscape images are derived in various ways. In this study, the Naksan section was the sole focus, and landscape image studies of the other sections are still ongoing, so visitors need to understand the landscape image needed for the Seoul City Wall and discuss the direction it should go. In addition, technical studies should be conducted to make up for the limitations of the text mining method used here to derive the results.

The present study aimed to understand the norms of the use of plants by Korean ancestors and to further broaden the horizon of the Palgyeong (eight landscapes) culture. This study explored the planting origin and symbolic meaning of Ssanggoi-su by the Gwangju Ahn clan in Sirye-ri, Gimhae to analyze and interpret the subtitle and content of the Chodangpalgyeong poem from a limited viewpoint of Yeomsudang. The results of this study are as follows: On the basis of the brotherhood of two brothers in the Gwangju Ahn clan Gwangju, Sirye-ri Ssanggoi-su was a symbolic tree to express the spirit of Seonbi by planting a pagoda tree called the scholar tree, as well as wishes that their descendants climb the ladder to become the highest government officials. However, Chodangpalgyeong is Palgyeong, which is a similar type of Sosang, composing poems on eight landscapes from the viewpoint of the Sarangchae space of the Yeomsudang garden. Chodangpalgyeong is the only collection of eight different landscape plants as objects of landscape. The Palgyeong poem presents a particular planting position for each of eight different plants, indicating planting patterns as custom. That presentation suggests that the landscape plants in Chodangpalgyeong are a symbolic counterpart that can enhance the careful consideration of the “ancient things” in addition to the pursuit of beauty. Furthermore, the plants that had appeared in “Bihaedangsasippalyoung (Bihaedang 48 Poems)” at the beginning of the Joseon Dynasty further appeared in Chodangpalgyeong in the early 19th century. This observation indicates the norm of the traditional planting pattern as well as the universal cultural phenomenon.

Public plazas are open spaces commonly found in city centers that all citizens can access. They can participate in events such as community gatherings, open markets, and concerts, or use these purposely designed areas while creating a sense of place based on their perceptions of the zone and the meanings they assign to it. This study aims to understand visitors’ sense of space in the context of public plazas. To do so, we measured and analyzed visitors’ attitudes including place identity, place attachment, and place dependence, as well as their behavioral patterns, perceptions, familiarity, and satisfaction level. We selected the study sites to represent plazas in Seoul, South Korea’s capital: Gwanghwamun Plaza, Seoul Plaza, and Cheonggye Plaza, which were recently developed as a part of a host of urban renewal projects due to their historical and cultural value. We collected data using survey methods and carried out descriptive analysis, principle component analysis (PCA), the F-test, and t-tests to analyze visitors’ demographic information, behavior, perceptions, satisfaction, familiarity, and the relationships among the measured variables. The findings reveal that sense of place in public plazas might be significantly associated with visitors’ behavioral patterns in, perceptions of, satisfaction, and familiarity with public plazas. The results indicate that landscape planning in urban plazas might need further research that considers visitor views in order to create a sense of place and make such areas meaningful as landmarks.

Daegu City has the most number of heat waves every year in the last 10 years among 7 metropolitan cities in Korea. As the slang, such as ‘Daefrica(Daegu + Africa)’ shown, Daegu City is recognized as a high temperature region in the summer. The purpose of this study is to understand the perception of urban green space as a mediator for heat wave mitigation for Daegu citizens. First, about 93.3% of the respondents perceived what the heat was. The most frequent cause of the increase in the number of heat waves was the increase in energy use (34.9%), ‘indiscriminate development’ (24.9%), ‘automobile and traffic increase’ (17.9%), ‘greenery reduction’ (12.6% ) were the most common cause. Second, 87.1% of respondents had positive perception about the mitigation effect on the effect of urban green space as a medium to mitigate the heat. In addition, 26.7% of respondents answered that they are very effective in mitigating the effect of the heat of urban greenery, and 95.1% of them responded more than ‘normal’. Third, as a result of examining the priorities of short and long-term heat-related policies, the short term was the highest (37.5%) in responding to ‘electricity tariff realization’ because of the high dependence on air conditioners. In contrast to the short-term perspective, the long-term policy for mitigating the heat wave was overwhelmingly supported by ‘expansion of urban green areas’ (50.7%). This is a result of confirming Daegu citizens’ consciousness which is highly evaluating the effect of urban green space as a medium for mitigating the heat. Fourth, the importance and performance of ‘urban green space type’ for mitigation of the heat wave were examined. The type of urban green space belonging to the phenomena maintenance area (quadrant Ⅰ), which both had high importance and performance, was classified as ‘neighborhood park’. In addition, it was surveyed as ‘Ssamji(mini) Park’ as the type of urban greenery in the concentrated improvement area (quadrant Ⅱ) where the importance is high but the performance is low. We believe that the value of urban green areas for mitigating the heat waves has been fully recognized through the recognition of Daegu citizens. We hope that the results of this study will be used as basic data for future Daegu city heat and urban greening policy.

The objectives of this study are to investigate the effect of plant type on the roof of a model building on the temperature of the interior space, and to provide the suitable plant species for a green roof. On the roof of scaled model building, grass (GR: Zoysia japonica), sedum (SE: Sedum makinoi Aurea), maekmundong (MM: Liriope platyphylla), and jasanhong (JH: Rhododendron schippenbachii) was planted. From June 28 to August 28, i.e., for 63 days, the internal and external temperature of the model building and the light intensity were measured and compared with the control model building (CON: no plant and substrate on the roof). With increased global radiation, the maximum temperature was increased from 28.2℃ to 51.74℃ for CON, from 27.2℃ to 47.7℃ for GR, from 27.7℃ to 49.3℃ for SE, from 27.9℃ to 48.3℃ for MM, from 27.5℃ to 48.9℃ for RD, whereas the outside temperature increased between 25.5℃ and 34.6℃. A positive linear relationship was observed between global radiation and the internal temperature (r=0.987-0.989) and hence, the temperature difference between the internal and external model building (ΔT) was larger with increased radiation. A positive linear relationship was shown between light intensity and ΔT at difference radiation levels. The regression coefficient was estimated as 0.99-1.00℃/[100W/m2] under 500 J/cm2, 1.10-1.15℃/[100W/m2] at averaged radiation 1,800J/cm2, whereas the large decrease in the coefficient, i.e., 0.76-0.86℃ /[100W/m2] was observed for above 1,800J/cm2 radiation level. The ΔT per unit of light intensity observed a significantly different between treatments. With the planted grass on the roof of the model building, the lowest ΔT per unit solar radiation was observed, which means that the covered roof with grass causes the building internal temperature to be less affected by the sun radiation.

This study compares and analyzes design status according to the visual, structural, and non-visible characteristics of the Korea One-pyeong Garden Expo, Gyeonggi Garden Culture Expo, and the Seoul Garden Show. The purpose of this study is to identify the design characteristics of the works exhibited at the garden expo and to present the initial study among the case studies conducted in the early stage of the domestic garden expo while providing relevant information to other local governments that will oversee future garden expos. Visual characteristics included plantations, materials, and colors, while structural characteristics included the plane, entrance, moving path, and edge. Non-visible features included the subject and cost. Collectively, garden works used more artificial materials than natural materials. Depending on whether the garden was to be maintained, it was necessary to choose species that were easy to maintain and that met the conditions of growth. Floor materials mainly included crushed stone, soil cement, bark, granite slate, and volcanic stone. Structurally, most gardens contained formal planes, closed entrances, and closed-type boundaries. The circular and regression lines were often transformed into straight or curved lines. Garden themes differed depending on the theme of each garden exposition, but there were also many universal themes (e.g., “resting through the garden”). Costs had not yet been set for the garden exposition’s budget.

A variety of garden exhibitions were held in major Korean cities during the fall of 2017. Various themes and garden forms were displayed in the six major cities of Seoul, Busan, Incheon, Suncheon, Gyeonggido Ansan, and Gyeonggido in Dongtan New Town. Many participants of the garden fair decorated gardens around natural objects that showed space and time according to their design. The garden provides the best means of personal development. It is a space and place in which to express the dynamics of self-realization. The garden fair offers interactivity through a combination of biophilia, and toylism that provides customers with pleasure, fashion, and satisfaction. There were 280 works on display in these six major metropolitan cities during the fall of 2017. This number has grown from the 10 original Korean garden show writers. We began this study to discover regular or irregular patterns contained at the exhibition as well as to present elements that could be used in major studies.

This study on the intensive landscape management zone of Muju county in Korea was conducted for the purpose of first, developing landscape guidelines that take the current conditions of the landscape in the area and tourists’ requirements into account and second, exploring ways to implement them. The current conditions of the landscape resources in the area were analyzed by conducting a theoretical examination; a survey of the current status of the landscape; and a questionnaire survey of the local people, tourists, and public officials. Based on the result of those surveys, the guidelines for the landscape design of the intensive landscape management zone were set, and measures to implement them were explored. The results of this study are as follows: 1. For the building landscape of the Meeting plaza at Muju IC, a variable structure made of natural materials is suggested for the extended space in front of the mall, while an integrated design of street furniture and installation of a landmark and its design are suggested for the streetscape. 2. For the area of Bandi Land and Taekwondowon, improvement of the street structure for the main street and of the height of the buildings, taking the view of mountains into account, is suggested, and the design is also proposed. 3. For the Muju Resort and entrance to the Gucheondong valley of Muju, building planning that takes fine natural views into account, as well as reorganization of public and commercial signboards, are suggested, and the design is also proposed. 4. For the implementation of these plans, focus is placed on the current status of land use by zone. First, implementation of landscape projects and switching to a roundabout at the entrance are proposed for the Muju IC Meeting Plaza. Second, a district-unit plan is suggested for Bandi Land and Taekwondowon areas because new development projects are planned for them. Third, a landscape agreement is suggested for the Muju Resort and the area of entrance to the Gucheondong valley of Muju because those are already-developed areas where active commercial activities are performed.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the mechanism of the physical environment of North Korea’s Kaesong Industrial District in terms of landscape management. It also assesses how such a mechanism has been created and the effectiveness of the results. As a research method, we compared the architectural design and landscape management guidelines of fifteen companies in the initial complex of Kaesong Industrial District. The results follow. First, advanced spatial planning, such as landscape management, has contributed greatly to preparing the physical environment of Kaesong Industrial District to be a future-oriented economic special zone. Second, the landscape management methods that do not apply to the manufacturing complex were first transplanted to the North Korean Kaesong Industrial District ten years before they were adopted in South Korea. Third, officials of the two Koreas have generally recognized the necessity and effectiveness of landscape management. Fourth, the necessity of landscape management methods further developed at Kaesong Industrial District, as well as the means of implementation, will continue to be a positive precedent for future inter-Korean economic cooperation projects. However, some problems were found in the process of formulating and executing the landscape management plan. First, despite the fact that it is a national project in which the central government of directly intervenes, it is an impromptu progress without preparation of each special field, including landscape plan. Second, although Kaesong Industrial District is an inter-Korean economic cooperation project, North and South Korea have never been cooperative in specialty areas such as landscape management.