This study explored how teachers could provide support to enhance students’ out-ofclass mobile-assisted language learning (MALL) engagement. We interviewed five Korean English teachers who used Class Card, a focal technology of this study, for their students’ self-directed vocabulary learning. Additionally, students of the interviewed teachers completed a survey on their perceptions of teacher support and MALL engagement. This study has three major findings. First, the teachers adopted either a proactive or a passive approach to promoting students’ out-of-class MALL engagement, which was influenced by their beliefs about whether teachers or students should be responsible for learning beyond the classroom. Second, all teachers provided orientation and behavioral support to enhance out-of-class MALL engagement, although the consistency and intensity in providing this support varied between proactive and passive teachers. Finally, students who perceived higher levels of teacher support reported greater out-of-class MALL engagement. We discuss the importance of classroom-based teacher support to enhance MALL engagement beyond the classroom as pedagogical implications.

고추온실에서 꽃노랑총채벌레(Frankliniella occidentalis)의 이항표본추출법을 개발하였다. 무작위로 선택된 고추를 상, 중 하단으로 나누어, 각 구간에서 세 개의 꽃에 있는 꽃노랑총채벌레를 70% 에탄올이 든 바이알에 털어서 채취한뒤 실체현미경 하에서 밀도를 확인하였다. 꽃노랑총채 벌레의 평균밀도와 3가지 Tally threshold (1, 3, 5) 밀도 이상인 감염비율(PT)간의 이항관계 모형을 평가하여 개발하고 검증하였다. 꽃노랑총채벌 레의 이항표본조사를 위한 최적의 Tally threshold는 3으로 나타났다. 개발된 이항표본추출법의 검증은 이항표본추출법 개발에 사용되지 않은 독 립적 자료를 사용해서 RVSP (Resampling Validation for Sampling Plan) 프로그램으로 진행했으며, 고정 표본 크기(FSS)와 Wald의 순차적 확률비 검정(SPRT)을 사용했다. FSS는 Tally threshold를 3으로, SPRT는 상한값 0.55와 하한값 0.32로 설정해 1000번의 시뮬레이션을 수행했 다. 시뮬레이션 결과 실제 평균과 예측 평균 간의 차이가 없었으므로 개발된 이항표본조사법이 효과적인 것으로 나타났다.

A red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis) from Seoul Zoo died with mild anorexia and sudden respiratory distress. A white globoid mass in the abdominal cavity and multifocal nodules in the kidneys were identified on the necropsy. Histologic examination showed anaplastic, solid patterned neoplastic cells in the kidneys and the mass. Immunohistochemistry for pancytokeratin and PAX8 was positive, while heterogeneous antigen expression was present in poorly differentiated neoplastic cells. Overall, the neoplastic changes in the kidneys and the mass were consistent with a renal origin. This case highlights the possibility of further discoveries of metastatic renal cell carcinomas in cranes.

Afghanistan is a producer of high-quality pistachios among the top ten producers in the World. Nowadays, these edible nuts are losing their quality and quantity due to hemipteran insect infestation and their diversity during all growth phases in the country borderline. The expansion of the pistachio pest in Iran has caused concerns for Afghanistan, especially in the provinces of Herat, Badghis, and Takhar which are close to the Iran borders. Hence, this survey was initiated to primarily detect the phytophagous insect pest presence in the pistachio open forest areas and to know what management tools were effectively used in alleviation of the pest infestation. Our findings indicated that galling aphids, aphids, thrips, and root beetles received the maximum positive responses in the Herat province, but psyllids, aphids, root beetles, leave miners, fruit borers and thrips received the highest responses in Badghis province. In addition, Takhar province depicted plant bugs, twig borer moths, galling aphids, leaf miners, and leafhoppers got the most positive responses accordingly. In the meantime, the data showed that management outcomes were not satisfactory despite the use of sanitation, cultural practices, and chemical application. The survey presented significant differences in the prevalence of pest and in the application of pest control methods among the survey regions. Finally, it is essential to develop the strategy of integrated pest management in order to stop the phytophagous insects from turning into actual pests. This will reduce the pistachio loss annually and improve the nut culture quality in Afghanistan.

본 논문에서는 히니가 어떻게 저장소로서의 의미와 아일랜드의 집단적 기억이 퇴적된 공간으로서의 의미를 가지고 있는 늪의 이미지를 통해 북아일랜드에서 일어나는 폭력에 대해 사유했는지 보여주고 있다. 늪 시편에서 시인은 고고학자가 되 어 늪을 발굴하면서 늪에 있는 희생자를 다시 끄집어내어 이들이 자신의 행위에 대한 심판을 받게 한다. 이러한 발견의 과정은 또한 히니가 1974년 에세이 “Feeling into Words”에서 썼듯 시적 창작 과정에 대한 은유이기도 하다. “The Tollund Man,” “Punishment,”와 “Kinship”이라는 시에서 히니는 과거와 현재의 폭력을 나란히 비교하 면서 어떻게 두 시대에서 (더 이상 유효하지 않은) 믿음에 기반한 폭력이 자행되는지 보여준다.