Non-thermal techniques for microbial decontamination in foods are becoming more promising. This work aims to evaluate suitability and effectiveness of corona discharge plasma jet (CDPJ) for the inactivation of microbial contaminants of dried squid shreds. CDPJ was generated at 20 kV DC and at 58 kHz frequency. Upon the CDPJ treatment for 3 min of the shreds, bacterial contaminants namely aerobic, marine and Staphylococcus aureus were inactivated by 2.0, 1.6, and 0.9 log units, respectively. Also, a 0.9 log reduction of yeasts and molds contaminants was observed. The inactivation pattern fitted well to the pseudo-first-order model rather than first-order kinetic model. The CDPJ treatment did not exert statistically significant (P>0.05) changes in color characteristics and volatile basic nitrogen content of the shreds, as compared to untreated controls. In contrast, the moisture and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels were significantly (P<0.05) altered by the plasma exposure. However, the treatment exerted no significant (P>0.05) impact on the sensory characteristics of the shreds. The CDPJ was found effective for bio-decontamination of real-world samples of dried squid. This technology can readily be applied to commercial dried squid processing.

질산성질소는 자연계의 질소 순환과정에서 발생되며, 수중에서는 질산성질소가 무기이온인 질산염(NO3 - )의 형태로 존재한다. 질산성질소는 과도한 질소비료시비나 동물의 분뇨에 의해 오염된 지하수에 존재하며, 인체에 노출 시 암과 같은 질병 유발 가능성을 높인다. 본 연구에서는 흡착등온식 및 흡착속도식 모델을 이용하여 질산염 농도 및 시간에 따른 키토산 비드의 수중 질산염 흡착특성을 평가하였다. 질산염의 농도에 따른 흡착실험에서 Langmuir와 Freundlich 식을 이용하여 최대흡착량 및 흡착형태를 산출한 결과, 키토산 비드의 질산염 흡착형태는 Langmuir식에 가장 일치되 는 경향을 보였으며, 이때 키토산 비드의 질산염 최대흡착량은 14.83 mg 질산염/g 키토산비드이었다. 질산염의 시간에 따른 흡착실험에서 1차속도식 및 2차속도식을 이용하여 질산염의 흡착속도 및 확산형태를 평가한 결과, 키토산 비드 의 초기 흡착속도는 외부확산에 의한1차속도식 경향을 보였으며, 일정시간이 지난 후에는 내부확산에 의한 2차속도식 형태의 경향을 보였다. 본 연구에서 수행한 흡착 모델에 따른 수중질산염의 제거 연구는 키토산 비드의 흡착 형태 및 질산염 제거량을 수학적으로 예측하는데 도움이 된다.

The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, was introduced about a decade ago from Asia into North America where it has become a serious pest of soybeans. This invasive pest has rapidly spread throughout the midwestern United States and southern Canada since 2000. We examined 689 individuals obtained from 23 different collections in USA, Korea, China and Japan for testing eight microsatellite loci. To estimate the relative likelihood of alternative introduction scenarios of the soybean aphid, an approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) was performed for microsatellite data as implemented in DIYABC. The ABC analysis tested for three scenarios (B1, B2, and B3) hypothesizing an introduction from one of the Asian countries. In this analysis, scenario B1 obtained the highest posterior probability ranging from 0.90 to 0.91 with a 95% CI of 0.81-0.99 and 0.88-0.94, which assumes an introduction from Korea. The ABC analysis revealed that one hypothetical scenario, which assumes an introduction of the soybean aphid into USA from Korea, was very robustly suggested than the other two scenarios (from China or Japan).

The bird cherry-oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a polyphagous species and worldwide distribution. We investigated the development periods and survivorship of R. padi nymph, and longevity and fecundity of R. padi adult. The study was conducted at six constant temperatures of 10.0, 15.0, 20.0, 25, 30.0, and 32.5°C, respectively. R. padi developed successfully from nymph to adult stage at all temperatures tested. Developmental rate of R. padi increased as temperature increased from 10.0 to 25.0°C and declined after then. The lower developmental threshold (LDT) and thermal constant (K) of R. padi nymph stage were estimated by linear regression. Higher temperature threshold (TH) and lower temperature threshold (TL) were calculated by two nonlinear functions. LDT and K of R. padi nymph stage were 5.61°C and 100.65DD. The temperature range of R. padi from TL to TH using empirical model (32.18) was wider than that from biophysiological model (27.08). Developmental completion of R. padi nymph stage was described using a two-parameter Weibull distribution model. The adult emergence frequency of R. padi over full range of constant temperatures was simulated using developmental rate functions and Weibull function. Daily egg production of R. padi in relation to adult age and temperature was estimated. Life table parameters were estimated by the jackknife method.

The purpose of this systematic review is to investigate the effects of tape application on improving body conditions. The search strategy for this review included a literature search by members of the International Kinematic Academy in 12 countries between January 2014 and February 2015 using PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane, Google Scholar, websites and national journals. The search words included“Kinesiotape, Kinesio tape, kinesiotaping, elastic taping, taping, functional taping, myofascial taping, sensomotor taping”. The review included all articles, even those published in different languages. These searches resulted in 821 publications. There are several effects of tape application were revealed such as improving blood circulation, lymphatic circulation, body range of motion, activation of mechanoreceptor and joint stability, and decreasing pain. No one negative about the positive effects of taping, however the more effort is required to find evidence of effects of tape application.

소셜벤처는 창의성과 혁신성을 가지고 영업활동을 통한 수익을 기반으로 취약계층에게 사회서비스를 제공하거나 취약계층 대상의 일자리를 제공하는 등 국민의 삶의 질을 높이는 사회적 목적을 추구하는 진취적인 사회적기업 모델로서 사회적기업의 발전을 위한 그 원동력으로 작용될 가능성이 높다. 최근 창의적 비즈니스 아이디어로 사회문제를 해결하려는 소셜벤처와 같이 사회적기업에 대한 청년들 의 관심이 증가되고 소셜벤처와 관련되어 일자리가 확산되는 등 혁신적인 모델을 통한 사회적기업의 사 회적 역할과 기능이 확대될 것으로 기대되고 있는 추세이며, 사회적기업과 관련된 공공기관들에서도 이 같은 추세에 따라 각종 다양한 정책들을 제시하고 있는 실정이다. 이러한 흐름에 따라 본 연구에서는 혁 신적인 아이디어와 창의성을 가진 소셜벤처에 대한 체계적인 지원을 통하여 혁신적인 사회적기업 모델로진화하여 보다 진보된 사회서비스의 제공과 청년실업 해소에 기여할 수 있는 소셜벤처의 지원정책에 대 한 분석을 통해 소셜벤처의 특수성에 적합한 실천적인 전략을 제시하고자 하는데 연구의 목적을 두었다. 현재 진행되고 있는 소셜벤처 지원현황과 문제점에 대한 분석을 통하여 소셜벤처의 특수성에 적합한 소 셜벤처를 활성화하기 위한 정책적인 방향성에 대한 방안을 제시하였다.

The objective of this study was to investigate the immunomodulatory effects mixed with Weissella cibaria JW15 strain and black soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). In this experiment, JW15 was cultured in De Man Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) broth at 37% for 17 hr, and the cells were washed twice with sterile phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (pH 7.2). And black soybean was extracted by ethanol or hot boiling water. The immuno-modulatory effects of mixed JW15 and black soybean extract were investigated by measuring the production of nitric oxide (NO), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and cytokine (Interleukin-1β and Tumor necrosis factor-α) in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells or RAW blue cells. The 0.1 % ethanol and hot water extract of black soybean increased NO, NF-κB, and cytokine production in a concentration dependent manner. The NF-κB activation by JW15 mixed with 0.1 % hot water extract of black soybean (0.26 ± 0.02) was significantly higher than JW15 alone (0.20 ± 0.02). Also, combination of JW15 and 0.1% hot water extract of black soybean triggered IL-1β production of 110.19 ± 4.38 pg/mL, which was significantly greater than the JW15 alone (12.06 ± 7.58 pg/mL). The results of this study indicate that combination of Weissella cibaria JW15 and black soybean extract may have an ability to activate innate immune response synergistically. According to these results, the mixture of JW15 and black soybean extract could hold great promise for use in probiotics.

To minimize cultivation costs, prevent insect-pest infestation, and improve the production efficiency of thermophilic mushrooms, plant substrates obtainedfrom local areas in Cambodia were used for production of both spawn and mushrooms. In this experiment, different sawdusts different organic wastes and grain ingredients and analyzed for improvement of spawnproduction efficiency. Four thermophilic mushroom species, Pleurotus sajor-caju (oyster mushroom, Sambok), Ganoderma lucidum (deer horn shaped), Auricularia auricula (ear mushroom), and Lentinula edodes (shiitake), were used to identify efficient new substrates for spawn and mushroom production. Although the mycelia in the rubber tree sawdust medium showed a slightly slower growth rate (10.9 cm/15 days) than mycelia grown in grains (11.2 cm/15 days in rice seeds), rubber tree sawdust appeared to be an adequate replacement for grain spawn substrates. Th findings indicate that rubber tree sawdust, sugarcane bagasse, and acaciatree sawdust supplemented with rice bran and calcium carbonate could be new alternative the substrates for . Although sugarcane bagasse and rubber tree sawdust showed similarly high biological efficiencies (BE) of 60% and 60.8%, respectively, acacia tree sawdust exhibited relatively a low biological efficiency of 22.4%. However, it is expected that acacia sawdust has potential for the mushroom cultivation when supplemented with currently used sawdust substrates in Cambodia, because of its relatively low price. The price of the sawdust (20 kg sawdust= 6500 Riel or 1.6 USD) currently used was 6.5 times higher than the price of acacia sawdust (201000 Riel or 0.25 )USD). Therefore, utilization for acacia sawdust for mushroom cultivation could become feasible as it would reduce by producing costs of mushrooms in rural areas of Cambodia.

Cryopreservation affects osmotic tolerance and intracellular ion concentration through changes in expression levels of water and ion channels. Control of these changes is important for cell survival after cryopreservation. Relatively little is known about changes in K+ channel expression compared to water channel expression. This study was performed to investigate changes in TASK-2 channel (KCNK5: potassium channel, subfamily K, member 5), a member of two-pore domain K+ channel family, in cryopreserved mouse ovaries. Cryopreservation increased TASK-2 mRNA expression in mouse ovaries. In addition, TASK-2 protein expression was upregulated in vitrified and slowly frozen ovaries. TASK-2 protein was expressed in all area of granulosa cells that surround the oocyte within the follicle, except nucleus. Viability of cells overexpressed with TASK-2 was higher than that of vector-transfected cells. Our results found that TASK-2 expression was increased by cryopreservation and overexpression of TASK-2 decreased cryopreservation-induced cell death. These results suggest that TASK-2 upregulation might reduce cryodamage.

Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) is critical for the triggering of innate immune response by recognizing the conserved molecular patterns of single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses and mediated antigenic adaptive immunity. To understand how TLR7 distinguish pathogen-derived molecular patterns from the host self, it is essential to be able to identify TLR7 receptor interaction interfaces, such as active sites or R848-agonist binding sites. The functional interfaces of TLR7 can serve as targets for structure-based drug design in studying the TLR7 receptor’s structure-function relationship. In contrast to mammalian TLR7, chicken TLR7 (chTLR7) is unknown for its important biological function. Therefore, it has been targeted to mediate contrasting evolutionary patterns of positive selection into non-synonymous SNPs across eleven species using TLR7 conservation patterns (evolutionary conserved and class-specific trace residues), where protein sequence differences to the TLR7 receptors of interest record mutation that have passed positive section across the species. In this study, we characterized the Lys609 residue on chTLR7-ECD homodimer interfaces to reflect the current tendency of evolving positive selection to be transfer into a stabilization direction of the R848-agonist/ chTLR7-ECDs complex under the phylogenetically variable position across species and we suggest a potential indicator for contrasting evolutionary patterns of both the species TLR-ECDs.

This study was carried out with the goal of improving accessibility for farmers in record management. The pre-survey for farm records found that the main reasons for lack of records were “no need” and “no time” to keep such records. Based on the results of the pre-survey of smartphone-based farm recordkeeping, the major composition articles were management books, daily work logs, analysis books and additional books compiled by setting log in, notice and suggestions. The number of smartphone- based farm record books was 4,430 nationwide. We also updated farms keeping records on seven occasions for user convenience. Regional differences in the utilization ratio of record books showed that continuous promotion and education aimed at users were key points of success for farm recordkeeping books.

This study investigated the differences between gender for effectiveness of career competencies training and integrative life planning on career aspirations, self-identity and congruity between the real and ideal self of adolescents in Lokoja, Nigeria. The sample consisted of 227 adolescents who scored low on Ego-identity scales and were found exhibiting low self-identity, which affected their career aspirations. They were made up of 114 males and 113 females. Quasi-experimental pre-test, post-test and control group design was used with the sample, which was randomly assigned to three groups. Career Competencies Training (CCT), Integrative Life Planning (ILP) and the control. A Self-Identity Questionnaire (SIQ), Congruity Questionnaire (CQ) and Career Aspiration Questionnaire (CAQ) were administered to the three groups before and after the experimental programmes. CCT and ILP groups were the training groups while the control was the waiting group. The statistical tools used were Means, Standard Deviation and ANCOVA. A null hypothesis was formulated to guide the study and was tested at 0.05 level of significance. There is no significant difference in the post-test scores on the self-identity, career aspiration, and congruity of real and ideal self of adolescents exposed to career competencies training, integrative life planning and the control group due to gender. The use of both training is therefore recommended. Parents should be encouraged to take cognizance of the congruity between the real self and the ideal self of their adolescents so that they can be properly guided on their career aspirations.

The purpose of this study was to parallel circuit training and circuit training with sonic systemic mechanism was to compare the differences in pulmonary function and chest expansion in adult men. This study was performed on 20 subjects. 20 subjects were divided into two groups; Circuit training group(n=10), Circuit training with sonic systemic mechanism(n=10). Both of the group performed the exercise 3 times a week for 5 weeks. The data was analyzed by the Repeated t-test for comparing before, during and after changes of factors in each group and the Independent t-test for comparing the between groups. The result are as follows. Circuit training group was statistically significant difference FVC, FEV1/FVC(p<.05), Circuit training with sonic systemic mechanism group was statistically significant difference PEF, VC in pulmonary function(p<.05). Circuit training group was statistically significant difference FEV1/FVC of between the two group in pulmonary function(p<.05). Circuit training group and circuit training with sonic systemic mechanism group was statistically significant difference in chest expansion(p<0.05) and there was no statistically significant difference of between the two group in chest expansion(p>.05).

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of vibration on Golgi tendon organ(GTO) and Hold-Relax of PNF in muscular activity and gait factors on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness(DOMS). This study was conducted on 20 subjects. they were divided into two groups; Hold-Relax of PNF(n=10), Vibration on GTO(n=10). Both of the group was performed interventions 1 times a day for 3 days. The data was analyzed by the repeated-ANOVA for comparing before, after 24h and after 48h changes of factors in each group and the Independent t-test for comparing the between groups. The results are as follows. There was statistically significant difference of before, after 24h and after 48h vibration on GTO group and Hold-Relax of PNF group in muscular activity and gait factors on DOMS.(p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference of between vibration on GTO group, but there was statistically significant difference Hold-Relax of PNF group in EMG, step width, step length, stride length(p>0.05). As a results of this study, Hold-Relax of PNF group are effective in improving muscular activity and gait factors