We identify a strong lensing galaxy in the cluster IRC 0218 that is spectroscopically confirmed to be at z = 1:62, making it the highest-redshift strong lens galaxy known. The lens is one of the two brightest cluster galaxies and lenses a background source galaxy into an arc and a counterimage. With Hubble Space Telescope (HST) grism and Keck/LRIS spectroscopy, we measure the source redshift to be zS = 2:26. Using HST imaging, we model the lens mass distribution with an elliptical power-law prole and account for the effects of the cluster halo and nearby galaxies. The Einstein radius is θE = 0.38+0.02-0.01" (3.2+0.2 -0.1 kpc) and the total enclosed mass is Mtot(< θE) = 1.8+0.2 -0.1 X 1011 M⊙. We estimate that the cluster environment contributes ~ 10% of this total mass. Assuming a Chabrier IMF, the dark matter fraction within θE is fChab DM = 0.3+0.1 -0.3, while a Salpeter IMF is marginally inconsistent with the enclosed mass (fSalp DM = -0.3+0.2 -0.5).

In our previous work, we investigated the orbital dynamics of Asteroid 1934 CT (or 1989 AC or 4179 Toutatis) from epoch 2012-Jul-24 (JDE2456132.5) using the Mercury program package. Asteroid 4179 Toutatis has an Earth and Mars crossing orbit with semimajor axis a = 2.5292 AU and eccentricity e = 0.6294, and therefore the perihelion distance is q = 0.9373 AU and the aphelion distance is Q = 4.1211 AU. After more than 300,000 years, asteroid 4179 Toutatis will escape from the Solar System, but during this time, it will have close-encounters with other planets from Venus to Uranus. As a continuation of this project, we investigated its energy changes in each close encounter. We also determine the energy of this asteroid when it escapes from the Solar System. The result is that during its orbital evolution, the energy of this asteroid changes and gives us negative, zero and positive values.

Quinto Edward Jay Mansarate. 2015. “Dichotomizing Ideological Representations in President Benigno Aquino III's October 30th Address”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 23(2). 65~95. On October 30th 2013, Philippine President Benigno S. Aquino III addressed the Filipino people in a 12-minute televised speech, in which he defended the government's spending program, Disbursement Acceleration Program (DAP), against accusations of it being the President's version of lawmakers' Priority Assistance Development Fund (PDAF) or ‘Pork Barrel.’ This paper examined ideological representations through a systematic discourse analysis of the 19-paragraph, 1851-word speech. In particular, the paper examined lexical choices within the bounds of ‘biased lexical items’ in political discourse (van Dijk 2005) and ‘referential strategy’ (Wodak, De Cillia & Reisigl 1999). Analysis of data pointed to the polarization of pronouns representing ‘US’ and ‘THEM.’ Data also revealed that positive-self and negative-others representations were achieved through the use of two strategies in van Dijk's (1998) ideological square: (i) emphasis of good things about ‘US’ and (ii) emphasis of bad things about ‘THEM.’ These strategies framed the President and his administration under good governance and administration accomplishments, while framing the critics and opposition as enemies of good governance and part of a failed past. The President's discursive choices reinforced the underlying ideological implication, ‘the Disbursement Acceleration Program is not pork barrel.’ The paper closes with some implications for future research. (200)

The purpose of this research is to study the evolution of the price of Burgundy wines and to try to identify the reasons for such an evolution. Land prices, rent prices and wine prices in Burgundy will be analysed over the last decades. In terms of results, the price of wine in Burgundy has been observed to rise drastically in recent years as well as the evolution of land and rent prices. A better comprehension of price variations could help wine companies manage their long term profitability, especially if land were considered as an investment (and therefore, part of the company). As a recommendation, marketing tools but also training should be used by craftsmen to build, promote and distribute strong brands in order to remain on the market but also to attract major agents and importers and be distributed worldwide.

The purpose of this paper is to empirically examine factors affecting customers’ intention to buy apparels through mobile apps. The proposed model was evaluated using survey data collected from 304 mobile app users and assessed by structural equation modeling. Our study contributes to a theoretical understanding of mobile apps usage.

Introduction In 2011, consumers spent $ 6.6 billion on certified fair-trade products, for a 12% increase worldwide (Thompson, 2012). Fair-trade is a social movement aiming to set fair prices for products, alleviate poverty, and assist producers and workers marginalized by the traditional economic model. Online stores have emerged as an effective marketing channel for fair trade products due to their ability to inform and reach a broad range of customers for very low cost. And this trend piques our interest in examining fair trade online stores. How do online fair trade retail stores rate in terms of usability? This is important because usability constitutes a key factor of online store quality. Usability refers to the perceived ease of navigating and/or making purchases through the retail website (Flavian et al., 2006). Previous studies find evidence that the richness of information related to products, culture, and artisans are criteria for success in fair-trade business (Lee & Littrell, 2005). Incorrect and/or low quality information undermine consumer interest in ethical products and subsequently, reduce credibility of fair trade retailers and their products (Carrigan & Attalla, 2001; Maignan & Ferrell, 2004). Usability is a way to ensure information is presented in a manner that will engender the trust of consumers. Trust is defined as the willingness of a consumer to be vulnerable to the actions of a retailer based on the expectation that the retailer will perform a particular action (cf. Mayer et al., 1995). Trust is known to be an antecedent in building relationships (Rotter, 1971). Fair trade retailers operating online stores must consider two types of trust. One type is customers’ trust toward fair trade retailers. To create such trust, fair trade retailers must convey that the marginal price differences between fair trade products and commercial products will be used to help producers (Castaldo et al, 2009), and must be transparent in communicating the operational processes underlying fair trade retailing. The other type of trust is related to the website and reflects skepticism about completing transactions online (Gefen & Straub, 2003). Compared to a brick-and-mortar store, online customer’s trust is critical since a customer’s perceived risk in purchasing goods online can be reduced by trust (Ha & Stoel, 2008; Pavlou, 2003). Lack of social presence for an online store impedes development of a customer’s trust toward the retailer (Gefen & Straub, 2003). Building upon the existing literature, we posit that a low level of usability, due to its role in developing online interactivity and engagement, will lead to lack of trust building, which is critical in promoting the sale of fair trade products. The purposes of this study are (1) to propose how usability, interactivity, and engagement can improve trust building, and (2) to provide empirical evidence of the lack of usability, interactivity, and engagement in current fair trade online stores. Website usability allowing consumer interactivity and engagement is an essential website attribute for formulating trust. Thus, the goal of this study is to provide suggestions for competitive e-retailing strategies for fair trade retailers based on results of a benchmarking study comparing websites of commercial and fair trade retailers. Literature Review Website Usability. Usability is created through the use of advanced website attributes that allow greater involvement of customers. Website usability not only influences consumer attitudes but also trust toward the website or company (Childers et al, 2001; Roy et al., 2001). Recently, scholars have suggested usability is related to engagement (Quesenbery, 2003). For instance, insufficient usability may be a factor in failing to engage consumers with the website; conversely, engagement can be sustained when attributes of usability meet user needs (O’Brien & Toms, 2008). Website usability may have a direct impact on enhancing interactivity. Interactivity. Interactivity refers to the extent to which users can participate in communication, user control, and entertainment (cf. McMillan & Hwang, 2002). Based on this notion, two types of interactivity within the e-commerce context are examined: (1) website interactivity concerns the website design and attributes enabling consumer interaction with the site to make decisions and personalize content (Merrilees & Fry, 2003), and (2) social interactivity promotes ‘consumer-to-consumer’ and ‘consumer-to-company’ communicative interactions within virtual social space provided by the retailer (Chan & Li, 2010; Nambisan & Watt, 2011). The outcomes of interactivity are two-fold. First, interactivity promotes customer engagement with brands (Ha & James, 1998). Consumers’ interaction with other consumers and the company (via social interactivity) and navigating and personalizing the website (via website-interactivity) create psychological engagement with the company. Second, interactivity entices consumers to acquire greater amounts of information from the website, which subsequently has a positive impact on trust towards the online retailer (Ballantine, 2005; Chen et al, 2005). Consistent with this view, Merrillees and Fry (2003) claim that the level of perceived interactivity is a predominant determinant in constructing trust in the online domain. Engagement. Consumer engagement behavior refers to the creation of an enduring and meaningful relationship between the company and the consumer (Doorn et al. 2010). Consumer engagement involves a highly interactive and experiential process. Highly engaged consumers integrate product knowledge and exchange information with other consumers (Borle et al. 2007). Engagement behaviors facilitate consumer trust towards products and the company (e.g. Pigg & Crank, 2004). Social engagement, the spontaneous information exchange among users, can justify one’s purchase decision. The consumer-generated content becomes a more trustworthy source of knowledge than the information promoted by the retailer (Chan et al., 2010). The relationship between interactivity and engagement is reciprocal. Consumers highly involved in engaging with others are likely to utilize more website attributes promoting interactivity. Method The data for this study were collected from 28 commercial apparel retailers and 22 fair trade apparel retailers based in the US. The 22 fair trade retailers consisted of 13 for-profits and 9 non-profits. The sample was selected based on previous studies (i.e., Lee, Geistfeld, & Stoel 2007; Halepete & Park, 2006; Park & Stoel, 2002), trade publications, and a Google search. A binary measurement instrument was employed to categorize website content as either ‘available’ or ‘not available’ on both the commercial and fair trade store websites. In order to minimize any bias occurring from subjective evaluation of website content, two graduate students separately coded the data, and compared coding sheets. Differences were discussed until agreement was reached. Frequency counts were used to describe the availability of website and social interactivity related content. Chi-square analysis was used to identify statistically significant differences between commercial and fair trade online retailers. Results To assess website interactivity, we examined six attributes that facilitated convenience for consumers in locating information or customizing website content. They included (1) search engine navigation, (2) picture enlargement, (3) matching item suggestion, (4) log-in to own personal account, (5) styling suggestions by other consumers, and (6) picture rotation function. Analysis (chi-square) confirmed significant differences in availabilities of search engine navigation, picture enlargement, matching item suggestion, and log-in to own personal account. Interestingly, only two commercial retailers and one fair trade company were equipped with a product or styling suggestion technology. The use of 360-degree view of products was not used by any of the sample companies [commercial retailers (n=0); fair trade retailers (n= 0)]. To assess social interactivity, we analyzed attributes that facilitate relationships. The attributes are categorized into the following dimensions: 1) social media utilization, 2) social commerce, and 3) customer engagement. We examined the following five attributes constituting social interactivity: 1) existence of social media sites including Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube, 2) consumer Facebook sharing, 3) link to other retailers’ websites, 4) online chatting, and 5) consumer review section. Analysis showed the differences between commercial and fair trade retailers were all statistically significant. Conclusion & Implications This study examined the differences between commercial and fair trade retailers to evaluate the current status of fair trade retailers in terms of interactivity and engagement in managing their websites. We identified attributes where fair trade retailers lagged and these could hinder trust development with consumers. We address three implications applicable to fair trade retailers, and more broadly, retailers selling ethical products. First, website interactivity attributes that provide effective ways to communicate product, store and fair trade information are critical when the concept of fair trade is still unknown to a large segment of consumers. The focus of fair trade retailers should remain not only in delivering creative and high quality products, but also well-managed websites that can attract, educate, and engage consumers via interesting cultural products (Lee & Littrell, 2006). In doing so, advanced website interactivity attributes that enhance the convenience of online shopping, increase ease of navigation, and ensure competent delivery of information should be incorporated in fair trade company websites. Second, the lack of use of social media by fair trade retailers is concerning. Word-of-mouth (WOM) communication is innate to social media, and encourages spontaneous communications among consumers. Utilizing various social media platforms is an efficient way to generate consumers’ voluntary exposure to fair trade products at a minimal cost. Encouraging customers to share WOM would be a natural path to increase engagement, and spread the concept of fair trade. Moreover, when a consumer spreads fair trade product information on his or her social media networks, the people who will be viewing the information have already established a relationship with him or her, and such messages are perceived to be more credible than information shared by the company or unknown strangers (Chu & Kim, 2011). In addition, virtual space inviting consumer feedback on the company website or social media sites can stimulate interactions with unknown consumers. The third person point of view by unknown consumers compared to fair trade retailers may be perceived to be unbiased, and consequently accepted as more trustworthy. Third, the concept of social commerce, referring to the practice of featuring links of other company websites on one’s own website, is critical to enhance the overall visibility and traffic to fair trade e-commerce sites. The unique feature distinct to fair trade retailers is their shared use of ‘certified fair trade’ labeling. While commercial apparel retailers promote their brand to generate corporate profits, the vision of fair trade retailers is to promote their products to bring social welfare. Thus, the union of fair trade retailers and collective initiatives can create synergy. Integrating the concept of social commerce with collective initiatives is one practical way to achieve this objective. Considering this common denominator across fair trade retailers, the use of fair trade labeling and links to other fair trade retailers on the website will support greater exposure to potential consumers and engagement with diverse fair trade retailers. Two major challenges fair trade retailers face are that: (1) their small size fails to generate economies of scale, and (2) due to the absence of national chains or organizations managing fair trade stores, brick-and-mortar fair trade stores are not evenly distributed geographically. Therefore, an interactive and engaging online presence for fair trade retailers is critical in resolving these limitations. It is a way to reach a large segment of consumers who do not reside around brick-and-mortar fair trade stores. We hope that interactivity and engagement will increase consumer exposure to fair trade retailers and ultimately increase fair trade sales.

This study proposes the use of fashion as a tool of psychotherapy for individuals feeling social and psychological pressure due to society’s emphasis on appearances. The concept of fashion therapy was re-established, and theories (cognitive behavioral therapy, person-centered therapy, solution-focused brief therapy) founded on art therapy were introduced. Based on past research, this study developed a process for fashion therapy.

Network analysis of keywords relevant to three fashion trading areas, Garosu-gil, Dongdaemun, and Itaewon in Seoul, Korea, revealed that ‘associated industry’ is an important factor along with ‘design’ and ‘brand’. Additionally, distinct attributes of each commercial district can serve as differentials to attract consumers; thus, they are necessary factors in order to develop as fashion trading areas.

The efficacy of chemical disinfectants is reduced owing to the inactivation of active ingredients after dilution. This study investigated the effect of time on the efficacy of six different disinfectants, after dilution, against avian influenza virus. When used at the recommended concentration, most disinfectants showed efficacy at a high concentrations in the presence of organic materials immediately after dilution, while sodium dichloroisocyanurate-based products, after dilution, showed reduced efficacy over time at low concentrations in the absence of organic materials. Most disinfectants were neutralized by organic materials; however, this could be compensated for by increasing the product dosage. For successful decontamination in farms, disinfectants should be used at high concentrations in accordance with the manufacturers’ recommendations. Furthermore, the presence of organic materials must be taken into consideration, and diluted disinfectant solution should be prepared no more than a day before use.

This study explains an agricultural mobile commerce case using Oauth Based Real-Time Information Sharing Technique according to the growth of the agricultural e-commerce market. Considering the characteristics of the agricultural market, it can confirm differential values with the existing agricultural mobile commerce market according to the functions and characteristics of its technique. We compare variables for introducing agricultural mobile commerce with the existing mobile commerce. Trust through information sharing with real-timefarming diaries, suitability and perceived ease of use variables are positively influenced, but influence on completeness and authority of information variables are relatively insufficient. Through this, we explained differential values of agricultural mobile commerce and suggested an applicable business model.

The rice green caterpillar Naranga aenescens Moore (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is one of important destructive insect pests to Poaceae including rice and corn. We investigated the development periods of N. aenescens egg, larva, pupa and total immature at eight constant temperatures of 15.0, 17.5, 20.0, 22.5, 25.0, 27.5, 30.0, and 32.5°C, respectively. N. aenescens developed successfully from egg to the adult stage at all temperatures tested except 15.0°C. Developmental rate of N. aenescens increased as temperature increased from 15.0 to 30.0°C but declined at 32.5°C except pupa stage. The lower developmental threshold (LDT) and thermal constant (K) was estimated by linear regression. Higher temperature threshold (TH) and lower temperature threshold (TL) were calculated by two nonlinear functions. LDT and K from egg to adult emergence were 12.01°C and 330.84DD. The temperature range of N. aenescens from TL to TH using performance model (24.03) was wider than that from SSI model (19.77). Developmental completion of N. aenescens was described using a two-parameter Weibull distribution model. The adult emergence frequency of N. aenescens over full range of constant temperatures was simulated using developmental rate functions and Weibull function.

Species diversity of ant fauna inhabiting the university campus in the Seoul Metropolitan city, Hanyang University is documented in this investigation. Totally, 14 species of 8 genera belong to 3 subfamilies discovered in study area. Our results are compared with the previous works on ant fauna in the forest and urban habitats based on species number difference. In study area, site 12 and 13 contain wide forest area and diverse environmental elements such as rotten wood, leaf mold and group of living tree. Site 7 has small forest area, but show wide variety of environments like site 12 and 13. Urbanized region like site 8, 10 or area in construction like site 1 show the most lowest diversity. Aside from diversity, Four ant species, Paratrechina flavipes, Lasius spp., Camponotus japonicas, Tetramorium caespitum, appear at almost all habitat, seems to have strong tolerance to environmental change.

Vollenhovia emeryi (Hymenoptera: Myrmicinae) is dimorphic in its wing morphology of alate females: the long-winged and the short-winged. In our previous study, we found that the long-winged is ancestral and the short-winged is derived. Intriguingly, the former is infected with the intracellular symbiotic Wolbachia bacterium and the derived is void of the bacterium indicating that the latter somehow evolved resistance to the bacterium. This may be one of few cases in which transition from susceptibility to the bacterium can be traceable via the divergence estimation. As a consequence, we inferred that the two morphs diverged approximately quarter million years ago; a remarkably recent event in evolutionary perspective. In this presentation, we will further discuss genetic orchestration in the host insect and future research directions.

본 연구는 스톡홀름 Saltsjon 해변가와 보존지역, 신도시에 영향을 주는 색채마감의 요인에 대해서 분석하였다. 사실 상 환경에 영향을 주는 색채디자인은 보존지역뿐만 아니라 신도시에도 중요한 영향을 끼친다. 칼라디자인 맵을 이용해 서 지역별로 건축물 색채의 시각적인 평가 및 선호도를 제시하였다. 이러한 시도는 해변가 및 신도시뿐만 아니라 역사적 인 보존지역에도 색채를 조절하는데 중요한 도구가 된다. 색상, 명도, 채도는 색채 측정기와 색채 팔레트를 이용해서 측정하였다. 체크 부분은 주로 건축물 외관 및 지붕으로 하였다. 시각적 평가 제안인 색채경관은 해안가 및 도시의 이미지를 만드는데 중요한 목표가 된다. 이러한 비교를 통해 색채이미지 축은 색채 전이로 인해 경향을 분석할 수 있는 좋은 방법이다. 분석 결과 도시 색채에 있어서 태양복사의 양에 따라 다양한 색채 구성표가 만들어져 많고 화려한 색채 구성이 이루 어졌다. 도시의 색에 있어서 건물 벽보다는 지붕과 관련된 변수가 도시경관에 긍정적 효과가 있었으며 현대 건물의 재료 는 빛의 산란에 의해 색의 범위가 확대되어 색채의 전이 축이 넓게 나타났다. 젊은 세대는 새로운 지역에서는 무겁고 밝은 색채계획을 함께 선호하였으며 보전지역에서는 자연스러운 색채를 선호하였다. 스톡홀롬 가치 결정 요인분석에 있어서 색채의 고유한 특성은 스톡홀롬의 도시경관의 가치에 긍정적 영향을 미치고 있으며 이후 건물 개조 및 신축에 있어서 적용해야 할 것이다.

Osteocalcin (OC) is the most abundant noncollagenous protein of extracellular matrix in the bone. In an OC deficient mouse, bone formation rates are increased in cancellous and cortical bones. OC is known as a negative regulator of mineral apposition. OC is also expressed in the tooth of the rat, bovine, and human. However, little is known about OC during tooth development in Xenopus. The purpose of this study is to compare the expression of OC with mineralization in the developing tooth of Xenopus, by using von Kossa staining and in situ hybridization. At stage 56, the developmental stage of tooth germ corresponds to the cap stage, and an acellular zone was apparent between the dental papilla and the enamel organ. From stage 57, calcium deposition was revealed by von Kossa staining prior to OC expression, and the differentiated odontoblasts forming predentin were located at adjoining predentin. At stage 58, OC transcripts were detected in the differentiated odontoblasts. At stage 66, OC mRNA was expressed in the odontoblasts, which was aligned in a single layer at the periphery of the pulp. These findings suggest that OC may play a role in mineralization and odontogenesis of tooth development in Xenopus.

We created species richness maps of mammals, birds and plants using "Nnational Ecosystem Survey" data and identified correlations between species richness maps of each taxa. We examine the distribution of species richness of each taxa and calculated conservation priority rank through plotting species-area curves using an additive benefit function in Zonation. The conclusions of this study are as follows. First, plant showed high species richness in Gangwon province and Baekdudaegan, and mammals showed high species richness at eastern slope of Baekdudaegan in Gangwon province unusually and the species richness of mammals distributed equally except Gyeonggi and Chungnam province. However, birds showed high species richness in the west costal because the area is the major route of winter migratory birds. Second, correlation of each taxa’s distribution is not significant. Correlation between mammals and birds is positive but correlations between birds and others are negative. Because mammals inhabit in forest but birds mostly live in coastal wetlands and rivers. Therefore, bird’s habitats are not shared with other habitats. Third, the probability of mammals occurrence is very low under 25% in species-area curve, others increase proportionally to area. Birds increase dramatically richness at 10% because bird's habitat is concentrated in coastal wetlands and rivers. Plants increased gently species richness due to large forest in Gangwon province. We can calculate the predicted number of species in curves and plan various conservation strategies using the marginal number of species. Finally, high priority ranks for conservation distributed mainly in Gangwon province and Baekdudaegan. When we compared with priority map and terrestrial national parks, the parks were evaluated as high priority ranks. However, the rank of parks away from Baekdudaegan was low. This study has the meaning of selecting conservation priority area using National Ecosystem Survey. In spite of the omission of survey data in national parks and Baekdudaegan, the results were good. Therefore, the priority rank method using species distribution models is useful to selecting protected areas and improving conservation plans. However, it is needed to select protected areas considering various evaluation factors, such as rarity, connectivity, representativeness, focal species and so on because there is a limit to select protected area only using species richness.