Dentin hypersensitivity is an abrupt intense pain caused by innocuous stimuli to exposed dentinal tubules. Mechanosensitive ion channels have been assessed in dental primary afferent neurons and odontoblasts to explain dentin hypersensitivity. Dentinal fluid dynamics evoked by various stimuli to exposed dentin cause mechanical stress to the structures underlying dentin. This review briefly discusses three hypotheses regarding dentin hypersensitivity and introduces recent findings on mechanosensitive ion channels expressed in the dental sensory system and discusses how the activation of these ion channels is involved in dentin hypersensitivity.

An 8-year-old castrated male Maltese dog (patient) was referred to our institute with refractory canine babesiosis. The patient had previously responded to conventional treatment with atovaquone and azithromycin; however, anemia had recurred at six weeks after treatment withdrawal. No effect was observed on the administration of the same medication along with diminazene aceturate. On blood analysis, mild anemia was identified, with the absolute reticulocyte count indicating a markedly regenerative state. On Diff-Quik-stained peripheral blood film examination, the parasitic protozoan Babesia gibsoni was observed, and based on further laboratory examinations, a relapse of babesiosis was confirmed. Based on a previous study of drug-resistant variants of B. gibsoni and therapeutic trials, the treatment was then changed to a combination therapy of clindamycin, doxycycline, and metronidazole. Subsequently, the patient’s condition improved rapidly — B. gibsoni was not detected in the blood film and the PCR analysis for it was negative. This treatment was discontinued at six weeks after treatment initiation; however, at seven weeks after the treatment withdrawal, another relapse of babesiosis was confirmed and treatment was restarted with the same protocol. This treatment was effective again and lasted for 12 weeks. However, anemia recurred again at five weeks after withdrawal of the previous treatment and was corrected by restarting the same treatment protocol. This third treatment continued for 24 weeks and was finally stopped at the request of the client. The patient has reportedly been doing well with no manifestation of clinical signs and symptoms. This case report demonstrates that the clindamycin- doxycycline-metronidazole combination therapy against atovaquone and azithromycin-resistant B. gibsoni may be effective in improving the clinical manifestation of symptoms of canine babesiosis and this therapy may be an alternative treatment strategy.

Background: Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is an involuntary leakage of urine from the urethra when intra-abdominal pressure increases, such as from sneezing, coughing, or physical exertion. It is caused by insufficient strength of the pelvic floor and sphincter muscles, resulting from vaginal delivery, obesity, hard physical work, or aging. The pelvic floor electrical stimulator is a conservative treatment generally used to relieve the symptoms of urinary incontinence. it recommended to applied before surgery is performed. Objects: The purpose of this study was to determine if the transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TCES) would be effective for the physiological symptoms and psychological satisfaction of women with SUI for an 8-weeks intervention. Methods: Easy-K is a specially designed user-friendly TCES. Five female who were diagnosed with SUI by a gynecologist but who did not require surgical intervention were included in this study. Intervention was implemented over an 8-week period. Outcome measures included vaginal ultrasonography, Levator ani muscle (LAM) contraction strength, incontinence quality of life (I-QOL), and female sexual function index (FSFI) questionnaires. Results: The bladder neck position significantly decreased across assessment time. Funneling index and urethral width significantly decreased after 8 weeks of intervention (p<.05). The bladder necksymphyseal distance and posterior rhabdosphincter thickness statistically increased and the anterior rhabdosphincter thickness showed a tendency to increase. All participants demonstrated a significant increase in the LAM contraction score across three assessment times (p<.05). Although the total score of the I-QOL did not show significant improvement, it steadily increased and among I-QOL subscales, only the “avoidance” subscale showed statistical improvements (p<.05). The total score of the FSFI statistically improved and the “desire” score significantly changed (p<.05). Conclusion: The TCES is recommended for women who want to apply conservative treatments before surgery and who have suffered from SUI in aspects of sexual function and quality of life.

This study compares the differences in the gastrointestinal transit time between the conventional capsule endoscope and a minimized capsule endoscope model in normal dogs to verify whether the minimization of capsule endoscope can help relief retention in the gastrointestinal tract, especially in the pyloric passage. Three male beagles were used as the experimental group for which the minimized capsule endoscope model was orally administered and the control group consisted of three beagle dogs for which the conventional capsule endoscope was orally administered. Nine experiments were conducted with three experiments for each dog in each group. The results showed a significant difference in the gastric transit time (GTT) by the minimization of the capsule endoscope between the two groups (control group: 123.3 ± 80 min, experimental group: 63.3 ± 40.9 min, p=0.019). In contrast, the difference in the small bowel transit time (SBTT) by the minimization of the capsule endoscope between the two groups (control group: 86.6 ± 58.9 min, experimental group: 80 ± 33.5 min, p=0.863) was not significant. In this study, the capsule endoscopes reached the large intestine without retention in the small intestine in all subjects. The significant difference in the GTT between the control group using the conventional capsule endoscope and the experimental group using the minimized capsule endoscope model suggests that the smaller size of the capsule endoscope is helpful in resolving retention in the gastrointestinal tract, thus shorting the GTT.

최근, 여러 분야에서의 AI가 빠르게 성장하였고 게임에서도 큰 발전이 있었다. 게임 AI에 대한 접근 방법은 여러 가지가 있다. 먼저 지도 학습 기반 접근 방법은 게임 플레이 데이터에서 학습하고, 플레이 행동을 흉내 낸다. 그러나, 지도 학습 기반 접근 방법은 입력 자질을 선형 조합하므로, 복잡한 문제에는 성능 향상에 한계가 있다. 선형 조합에 따른 성능 한계를 개선하기 위해, 딥 뉴럴 네트워크 기반 접근방법은 지역적 특성 및 전역적 특성을 개별적으로 각각 표현하기 위해 둘 이상의 뉴럴 네트워크를 사용한다. 그러나 딥 뉴럴 네트워크 기반 접근방법은 충분한 학습 집합이 필요하다. 학습 집합을 준비해야 하는 부담을 줄이기 위해서, 강화 학습 기반 접근 방식은 Agent가 먼저 Action을 하고 이에 따른 보상을 분석하여 학습한다. 즉, 이 접근방법은 Agent가 최대 보상을 받도록 학습한다. 본 논문에서는 강화 학습을 통해 여러 게임에서 학습하는 AI를 제안한다. 제안하는 AI 모델은 개별 게임에서 Local Agent가 플레이하고, 여러 Local Agent에서 Global Agent를 학습한다. 실험 결과, 한 게임에서 학습한 Agent는 학습했던 게임에서는 우수한 성능을 보여주었지만, 새로운 게임에서는 성능이 떨어졌다. 반면에, 두 게임에서 학습한 제안하는 Agent는 학습한 게임과 새로운 게임 모두에서 잘 적응했다.

Sepsis is one of the systemic inflammatory responses, and it can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Mechanical ventilation (MV) is one of the best treatments in patients with sepsis related to ARDS. However, mechanical ventilation itself can cause lung injury through various mechanisms. In this study, we applied mouse cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of sepsis with subsequent injurious ventilation to determine if sepsis could affect the development of ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). To evaluate lung injury caused by sepsis, mild, moderate, and severe CLPs were induced. To evaluate lung injury caused by MV with or without sepsis, tidal volume (7 mL/kg, 10 mL/kg, or 24 mL/kg) was maintained for 3 h with or without septic insult (mild sepsis for 72 h). Lung compliance was then determined and biochemical evaluations were performed. Results showed that lung compliance was lower in the severe sepsis group compared to that in the mild or moderate sepsis group. MV alone decreased lung compliance in a tidal volume dependent manner. Both CLP and VILI groups showed significant decrease in lung compliance and increase in total cell count upon bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. These results confirm that ventilation can affect lung injury in mouse sepsis model.

A lead-free bulk ceramic having a chemical formula Ba0.8Ca0.2(Ti0.8Zr0.1Ce0.1)O3 (further termed as BCTZCO) is synthesized using mixed oxide route. The structural, dielectric, impedance, and conductivity properties, as well as the modulus of the synthesized sample are discussed in the present work. Analysis of X-ray diffraction data obtained at room temperature reveals the existence of some impurity phases. The natural surface morphology shows close packing of grains with few voids. Attempts have been made to study the (a) effect of microstructures containing grains, grain boundaries, and electrodes on impedance and capacitive characteristics, (b) relationship between properties and crystal structure, and (c) nature of the relaxation mechanism of the prepared samples. The relationship between the structure and physical properties is established. The frequency and temperature dependence of the dielectric properties reveal that this complex system has a high dielectric constant and low tangent loss. An analysis of impedance and related parameters illuminates the contributions of grains. The activation energy is determined for only the high temperature region in the temperature dependent AC conductivity graph. Deviation from the Debye behavior is seen in the Nyquist plot at different temperatures. The relaxation mechanism and the electrical transport properties in the sample are investigated with the help of various spectroscopic (i.e., dielectric, modulus, and impedance) techniques. This lead free sample will serve as a base for device engineering.

This study was to investigate the sorbic acid, benzoic acid and sulfur dioxide in commonly consumed beverages, snacks and instant ramens in Korea. A total of 150 food samples including 50 beverages, 50 snacks and 50 instant ramens were examined using the Korea Food Code method. Sorbic and benzoic acid were analyzed by the HPLC method, whereas sulfur dioxide was measured by Monnier-Williams method. Our results indicated that benzoic acid was detected in six beverages samples, and its concentration was in the range of 3.08-11.94 mg/kg. The contents of both sorbic and benzoic acid in 50 beverage samples did not exceed the residue allowance standards set by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS). Sulfur dioxide was detected in 12 beverages samples, but its content was lower than the detection limit specified in the method by the Korea Food Code. On the other hand, sorbic acid was not detected all samples. These results provide a basic data regarding sorbic acid, benzoic acid and sulfur dioxide in commonly consumed beverages, snacks and instant ramens in Korea.

본 연구에서는 대표적인 신선 잎채소류인 상추의 세척 단계에서 초음파 (37 kHz)와 염소 (100~300 ppm)의 병용 처리 후 냉장 ~ 실온저장 (10~25C)에 따른 이 식품 중의 Salmonella Typhimurium 의 성장예측모델을 개발하였다. 1차 모델 개발을 위해 Gompertz 방정식을 활용하여 각기 다른 실험 조건에서의 S. Typhimurium의 생육도 (SGR과 LT)를 조사했다 . 본 방정식에 의한 1차 모델 개발시 R2가 0.92 이상으로 우수하게 나타났으며 저장온도가 낮을수록 초음파에 사용된 염소의 농도가 높을수록 SGR 값은 감소하였고 LT 값은 증가하였다 . 이를 바탕으로 2 차 polynomial 모델을 개발하여 다양한 통계적 지표 (R2, MSE, Af 및 Bf)를 통해 분석한 결과 개발된 모델의 적합성을 확인할 수 있었다 . 따라서 개발된 모델이 초음파와 염소의 병용 세척에 따른 저장 중 상추에 대한 S. Typhimurium의 성장예측모델로 사용 가능하다고 판단되어지며 , 신선 잎채소류에서의 식중독을 예방하고 미생물학적 위생관리기준을 설정하는데 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다 .

This study examines the characteristics of expressing hippie styles in contemporary women’s collections and analyzes them to benefit future fashion design and research. This study reviewed advanced research, fashion magazines, and information providers. The advanced research determined the study’s scope by pinpointing the designers who introduced the hippie style into their collections. The results are as follows: First, the reproduced hippie style appears as the combination of various colors and materials, a convergence or mixture of styles, or the use of collage or patchwork. It employs natural silhouettes or varied colors and materials, which makes the renewed hippie style more luxurious than in the past. Second, the reproduced hippie style emphasizes and distinguishes between two types of femininity: a girlish, romantic image using A-line silhouettes and, bright, gleaming colors, and a sexy version that boldly exposes the body or women’s curves and, uses soft and flexible materials. Third, the exotic tendencies found in the reproduced hippie style reflect the characteristics of the times, folk costume, or eastern or western features perceived as exotic. Recently, traditional costumes have changed slightly to recall characteristics found in the past. Fourth, the reproduced hippie style reflects hippies’ affection for and interest in nature by using environmentally-friendly materials like natural fibers. Flowers, the symbol of hippies, appear most frequently.

The present work is aimed at evaluating the kinetics and dynamic adsorption of methylene blue by CO2- activated carbon gels. The carbon gels were characterized by textural properties, thermal degradation and surface chemistry. The result shows that the carbon gels are highly microporous with surface area of 514 m2/g and 745 m2/g for resorcinol-to-catalyst ratios of 1000 (AC1) and 2000 (AC2), respectively. The kinetics data could be described by pseudo-first-order model, with a longer duration to attain equilibrium due to restricted pore diffusion as concentration increases. Also, AC1 exhibits insignificant kinetics with fluctuating adsorption with time at concentrations of 20 and 25 mg/L. However, AC1 reveals a better performance than AC2 in dynamic adsorption due to concentration gradient for molecules diffusion to active sites. The applicability of Yoon–Nelson and Thomas models indicates that the dynamic adsorption is controlled by external and internal diffusion.

본 리뷰 논문은 식품 산업에서 나노 기술의 활용에 관한 보고이다. 식품 병원균에 대한 항균 활성을 갖는 생리 활성 성분은 식품 보존시 효율성을 향상시키고 보존성을 증진시키기 위해 나노입자(NPs)로 캡슐화된다. 그러나, 이러한 NPs는 인간에게 생체 적합성과 무독성을 지녀야 된다. 식품 보존분야의 발전은 일부 산업 분야에서 식품 포장용 NPs의 개발을 가져왔다. 식품 산업 분야에서 가장 일반적으로 사용되는 NPs 그룹은 금속 산화물이다. 산화 아연과 이산화 티타늄 같은 금속 산화물 NPs는 식품 재료에 서 항균 활성을 나타내기 때문에, NPs는 강화된 기능적 특성으로 식품 보존에 사용될 수 있다. 식품 영양과 관능적 특성과 관련된 나노 기술의 적용은 나노 기반 식품 제조 및 보존에 관한 안전규제를 중심으로 간략하게 정리하였다.

이 논문은 예이츠의 희곡『갈보리』에 나타난 예이츠의 실험적 연극 장치들을 연구한다. 예이츠의 실험적 연극 장치들은 극장을 개혁하고자 하는 그의 반연 극적 노력에서 기인되었다. 그의 노력은 연극적 재현의 혁명적 개혁을 이끌었고, 그의 연극이 디에게시스 연극이라고 불리게 되는 결과를 가져왔다. 『갈보리』에서 예이츠는 예수의 ‘꿈으로 다시 살기’라는 신성모독의 위험이 있는 주제를 무대에 올리기 위해 과감한 연극적 장치들을 사용하였다. 관객들의 감정적 반응을 자극하는 모든 자연주의 연극적 요소들을 과감하게 제거하고 그 대신에 다양한 거리를 두게 하는 장치들을 사용하였다. 특히, 디에게시스적 언어로 극을 파편화시키는 디에게시스 장치를 이용해서 관객들이 극의 상황을 눈으로 보는 것이 아니라 귀로 들어서 머릿속에서 상상하도록 이끌었다. 그 결과, 예이츠는 관객이 연극에 적극적으로 참여하도록 이끌고 극적 갈등이 관객의 머릿속에서 일어나는 연극이 가능하게 하였다.

예이츠이 시극『그림자 어린 바다』에서 소유의 순간이 어떻게 꿈을 꾸는가? 본 논문은 꿈의 시작과 끝의 요호바적 전환부를 들여다본다. 즉 어떻게 성공적으로, 기교적으로 소유, 대리, 및 위치확정이라는 개념에 근거하여 잡아내기 어려운 불확정적 신비성을 들어내는지를 본다. 또 환각적 꿈꾸기의 중성적 특성을 위한 그의 창의성이 얼마나 유연하며 자연적인지도 본다. 그리고 마지막으로 환각적인 선상의 일련의 사건 들의 결말과 클라이맥스에 우리는 만족하는가? 이에 대한 문제도 검토한다.

This study is exploratory research on a relationship between changes in cultivated area of major crops and farm income by regions. We investigated level of income, volatility of income, and migration of suitable region by climate changes as factors influencing changes in cultivated area. Research processes are as follows. First, we classify the regions where cultivated areas are expanded or reduced through the trends of cultivated area by region and crop during recent 10 years. Second, we compare the changes in income related factors between groups during the same periods. Finally, the results from portfolio analysis show changes in stable income-based optimal crops. From these procedures, we found that the changes in cultivated area are not simply explained by income-related factors. In cases of vegetables, however, we also found that high volatility of income could contribute to reduce cultivated area of the crops. The results from portfolio analysis are not always consistent in all of cases. This means that crop selection can be decided by other factors than stable income.

기독교는 본질적으로 성육신된 그리스도의 형상대로 참된 인간 그리고 공동체로서 존재하는 육신적(incarnational) 방식의 종교이다. 그러나 교회의 탈육신적(excarnational) 경향 — 특히 찰스 테일러의 책 『세속의 시대』에서 처음 제기되었던 이슈 — 은 21세기에 디지털화, 사이버화, 가상화, 그리고 사이보그화의 요소들로 인하여 더욱 문제화 되고 있다. 그러므로 이 논문에서 제안하는 것은 특히 사이버공간과 가상현실의 영역들 안의 탈육신적 철학과 응용들을 반하는 방식으로 성육신된 그리스도가 본이 되신 참되고 “육신화된 혼”(embodied soul), 또는 “영혼화된 몸”(ensouled body) 패러다임의 기독교로 귀환하는 것이다. 선교적 함축은 사이버공간을 가상의 영역으로 이해해야 한다는 것이고, 사이버공간 안에 소외되고 또는 사로잡힌 현세대의 탈육신된 마음과 혼, 특히 의식을 건져내기 위하여 사이버공간 안으로 전략적 침투를 해야 한다는 것이다.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the intelligibility and attitude towards four English varieties to Korean-speaking learners (KSLs) of English, who have been exposed mainly to General American (or Korean-accented English) in their English language learning classrooms throughout the primary and secondary schools. A total of 105 Korean undergraduate students listened to a recording in one of the four accents (General American, British, Australian, and Korean-accented English) and completed an intelligibility test followed by a questionnaire survey on attitudes. Analysis revealed that British English was most intelligible to KSLs among four varieties whereas that of Australian was least intelligible. Attitudes toward an English variety did not exert a strong force that may contribute to the level of intelligibility. The findings also showed at which phonological features identified KSLs were most sensitive to intelligibility differences. We conclude that the more exposed English variety to KSLs, the more favorable attitudes can be formed, but is not necessarily intelligible. What the findings demonstrate is that attitudes are not the best explanation of intelligibility and call for improvement in ways of directing KSLs’ attention to some phonological features in a learnability perspective.

The purpose of this paper is to examine some of the profound effects of Augmented Intelligence (AI) on Product, one of the “Four-Ps” of marketing: Product, Price, Place, and Promotion. Today’s customers are used to extreme convenience, beyond the brick-and-mortar shopping experience, and beyond online images. Customers increasingly demand more information, and more personalized information. This paper addresses how the presentation of products has changed. This paper is conceptual, based on a review of academic literature on marketing strategy, psychology, AI, and Machine Learning as chronicled in major marketing and business research journals.