Myanmar, which has a total area of 678,500 square kilometers (262,000 sq mi), is the largest country in mainland Southeast Asia, and the 40th-largest in the world. It lies between latitudes 9° and 29°N, and longitudes 92° and 102°E. Much of the country lies between the Tropic Of Cancer and the Equator. It lies in the monsoon region of Asia, with its coastal regions receiving over 5,000 mm (196.9 in) of rain annually. Northern regions of the country are the coolest, with average temperatures of 21 ℃ (70 ℉). Coastal and delta regions have an average temperature of 32 ℃ (86.9 ℉). This expedition was conducted two times in two years. First, collecting expeditions of insect were conducted in Popa resort, Myanmar from Aug. 7, 2011 to Aug. 17, 2011. Second, collecting expeditions of Insect were conducted in Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park (AK National Park), Myanmar from Feb. 2, 2012 to Feb. 9, 2012. As a Protected area of the Forest department, these areas were almost natural conservation field and limited to collection actions. Usually on day time, butterflies collected by sweeping net, like various plants, they shows high diversity. Some Papilionidae species are difficult to meet because they fly very high and fast, usually they visit to top of trees. Up to now, 60 species of 7 families were confirmed. Materials are expected more than 100 species belonging to 10 families but it was difficult to identification because of lack of references of this areas. Among them, with rare species, manifold butterflies are provided with photos, ecological notes and activities of Myanmar.

Culex orientalis is belonging to the mimeticus group of the genus Culex and shows various patterns of white pale spots on the wing and wing venation which cause an ambiguity to identify as this species. To confirm whether or not these variations are limited within the species, we observed 230 Cx. orientalis specimens collected in Korea and divided them into 51 variations according to their wing spots patterns. To compare a molecular similarity between the variations, the ITS2 regions of five major variations were analyzed. The results showed that there are more than 97% nucleotide sequence similarity between the variations as well as within a variation. This results suggest that the wing variations of Cx. orientalis are limited a within-species divergence. To further confirm, ITS2 regions of other species (Cx. mimeticus and Cx. jacksoni) in the mimetiucs group will be analyzed and compared with those of Cx. orientalis variations.

Myanmar, which has a total area of 678,500 square kilometers (262,000 sq mi), is the largest country in mainland Southeast Asia, and the 40th-largest in the world. It lies between latitudes 9° and 29°N, and longitudes 92° and 102°E. Much of the country lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Equator. It lies in the monsoon region of Asia, with its coastal regions receiving over 5,000 mm (196.6 in) of rain annually. Annual rainfall in the delta region is approximately 2,500 mm (98.4 in), while average annual rainfall in the Dry Zone, which is located in central Myanmar, is less than 1,000 mm (39.4 in). The average annual temperature is about 27℃(about 80℉). This expedition was conducted two times in two years (8.7~8.17, 2011; 2.2~2.9, 2012). As protected forest from government, these areas were almost natural conservation field. Pitfall trap, sweeping method, light trap and searching etc. were used to collect insect. As the result, totally about 30 families in Coleoptera was collected, among them Oodes species of Carabidae was highest number and species in Chrysomelidae, Cicindelodae, Scarabaeidae and Dynastidae etc., were collected. It was difficult to identification because of lack of references of this areas. Maybe lots of new or new recorded species will discover from Myanmar. Among Coleoptera species, with big sized beetles as the central figure, photos for species of dominant, rare, nominated species of new or new recorded were introduced, and also collecting sites and activities were presented.

In haplodiploid sex determination, females are sexually reproduced from fertilized diploid eggs, and males from unfertilized haploid eggs. Haplodiploid sex determination seems simple in that sex depends simply on the ploid level. However, the underlying genetic mechanisms are thought to be much more complicated than expected. Among them, a powerful proposed mechanism is genomic imprinting. All epigenetic on-off systems require target genes, unless the systems target histone proteins on chromosomes. For Hymenoptera, a good candidate target gene in terms of sex determination is known either as feminizer (fem) or transformer (tra) in many insects. These two genes are essential for expressing femaleness. In most Hymenopteran insects, the maternal tra seems to be methylated and consequently not expressed, while the paternally derived tra gene is not methylated. Therefore, a fertilized egg with the paternally derived active tra gene will develop into a functional female. Like all Hymenoptera, ants (Formicidae) have haplodiploid sex determination. In Vollenhovia emeryi, however, queens are produced clonally while workers derive from fertilized eggs. Males are haploid, likewise deriving from fertilized eggs, but only after selective elimination of their maternal genome. Under the conventional genomic imprinting model, we would have expected that the opposite pattern of what is observed in others. Here we present extraordinary sex determination and suggest our hypothesis about genomic imprinting pattern in V. emeryi

The ant species, Vollenhovia emeryi, is distributed in Far East. The species can be divided into two major groups by their wing morphology of reproductives: short-winged and long-winged. A nationwide survey of the species was conducted for analyzing the mitochondrial haplotype diversity and genetic population structure. We collected 91 samples from 40 locations. A total of the 1239 bp partial COI (cytochrome C oxidase 1) region was used for the analyses. We found the total of 21 haplotypes. The mitochondrial haplotypes may correspond to the wing morphology. The genetic population structure examined potential geographic barriers of gene flow such as distance, mountains, rivers and plains which are non-mountain areas to prevent dispersal through mountain range. The result implied that no barriers considered in this study affected differently gene flow. Therefore, the behavioral characteristics of the ant may be the causal constraint of its genetic exchange.

The purpose of this study was to compare the muscle activity of the abdominal and lumbar multifidus during unilateral prone hip extension on the floor and on a round foam roll. Fifteen healthy participants were recruited. They were instructed to perform a unilateral hip extension on the floor and on a round foam roll in the prone position. Surface electromyography (EMG) signals were recorded from bilateral lumbar multifidus (LM), external oblique (EO), and internal oblique (IO) muscles. A paired t-test was used to compare muscle activity, with the level of significance set at =.05. The results showed that bilateral LM, EO, IO EMG activity during right-hip extension on a round foam roll was greater than that on the floor, and EMG activity of bilateral LM, right EO, and left IO during left-hip extension on a round foam roll was greater than that on the floor (p<.05). These findings suggest that the unilateral hip-extension exercise on a round foam roll can be used to activate the lumbar multifidus and abdominal oblique muscles and causes a different increasing pattern between the two lifting sides.