Goniozus Förster which is belonging to the subfamily Bethylinae (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), are one of the large genera, and consist of approximately 170 species worldwide. Most members of Goniozus are ectoparasitoids of immature stages of microlepidopteran families, mainly Gelechiidae, Pyralidae and Tortricidae. As a results of this study, a total of five species of the genus Goniozus are recognized in Korea, which includes two new species, two newly recorded species and a previously recorded species. Diagnosis and illustrations for each species are presented.

DNA barcoding uses a 650 bp segment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene as the basis for an identification system for members of the animal kingdom and some other groups of eukaryotes. PCR amplification of the barcode region is a key step in the analytical chain, but it sometimes fails because of a lack of homology between the standard primer sets and target DNA. Two forward PCR primers were developed following analysis of all known arthropod mitochondrial genome arrangements and sequence alignment of the tRNA-W gene which was usually located within 200 bp upstream of the COI gene. These two primers were combined with a standard reverse primer (LepR1) to produce a cocktail which generated a barcode amplicon from 125 of 141 species that included representatives of 121 different families of Hexapoda. High quality sequences were recovered from 79% of the species including groups, such as scale insects, that invariably fail to amplify with standard primers. The current results show that primers designed to bind to highly conserved gene regions upstream of COI will aid the amplification of this gene region in species where standard primers fail and provide valuable information to design a primer for problem groups.

Although DNA barcode coverage has grown rapidly for many insect orders, there are some groups, such as scale insects, where sequence recovery has been difficult. However, using a recently developed primer set, we recovered barcode records from 373 specimens, providing coverage for 75 species from 31 genera in two families. Overall success was >90% for mealybugs and >80% for armored scale species. The G·C content was very low in most species, averaging just 16.3%. Sequence divergences (K2P) between congeneric species averaged 10.7%, while intraspecific divergences averaged 0.97%. However, the latter value was inflated by high intra-specific divergence in nine taxa, cases that may indicate species overlooked by current taxonomic treatments. Our study establishes the feasibility of developing a comprehensive barcode library for scale insects and indicates that its construction will both create an effective system for identifying scale insects and reveal taxonomic situations worthy of deeper analysis.

Real-time rainfall monitoring is of great practical importance over the highly populated Indochina area, which is prone to natural disasters, in particular in association with rainfall. With the goal of d etermining near real-time half-hourlyrain estimates from satellite, the three-layer, artificial neural networks (ANN) approach was used to train the brightness temperatures at 6.7, 11, and 12-μm channels of the Japanese geostationary satellite MTSAT against passive microwavebased rain rates from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) and TRMM Precipitation Radar (PR) data for the June-September 2005 period. The developed model was applied to the MTSAT data for the June-September 2006 period. The results demonstrate that the developed algorithm is comparable to the PERSIANN (Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks) results and can be used for flood monitoring across the Indochina area on a half-hourly time scale.

본 연구에서는 azoxymethane (AOM)과 dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)로 유도된 대장 발암과정에 대한 셀레늄의 방어 효과를 조사하였다. 셀레늄 결핍(0.02 ppm Se), 정상(0.1 ppm Se), 과다(0.5 ppm Se)사료를 12주간 식이로 급여하여 혈액검사와 대장암 발생의 초기단계인 aberrant crypt foci (ACF)수를 측정했으며, 암 발생율을 조사하였다. ICP-AES 를 사용하여 간의 셀레늄 농도를 측정하였으며, 또한 셀레늄포함 항산화효소인 glutathione peroxidase (GPx) 활성을 알아보았다. 또한 TUNEL assay와 PCNA, β-catenin에 대한 면역조직 염색을 수행하였다. ACF 수 및 종양 발생률에 있어서, 셀레늄과다사료를 급여한 군이 정상셀레늄사료를 급여한 군보다 낮았으며, 셀레늄결핍사료를 급여한 군은 오히려 ACF 수 및 종양 발생률이 높았다. GPx 활성은 셀레늄의 섭취가 과다한 군에서 높게 나타났으며, 이 때, TUNEL 에서 apoptotic positive cell이 증가하는 것을 확인했다. 또 한 셀레늄의 섭취가 과다한 군에서 PCNA와 β-catenin의 발현이 감소됨을 볼 수 있었다. 본 마우스 모델실험에서 셀레늄은 여러 기전에 의해 대장암 발생을 억제할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구는 도매상에서 판매하고 있는 염소육의 영양학적 및 미생물학적 품질을 평가하기 위하여 수행하였다. 시료는 1년생, 2년생, 3년생 염소육을 대상으로 수행하였으며, 각 연령별에서 3마리씩 4부분의 다른 부위(어깨, 목, 허리, 다리)를 선정하여 총 36점을 대상으로 본 실험을 수행하였다. 염소육의 품질을 평가하기 위하여 각 시료의 외형, 색, 냄새, 육즙, 일반조성분, pH, 총균수, 대장균군과 효모수를 측정하였다. 각 부위별 염소육의 pH는 평균적으로 5.647- 5.692로 나타내어 각 부위별 염소육의 pH는 유의적 차이가 나타나지 않은 반면 연령별 염소육의 pH는 5.585-5.743로 유의적 차이(p < 0.01)를 나타냈다. 각 연령별 염소육의 육즙함량은 32.24-42.10%로 유의적인 차이(p < 0.01)를 나타내었으며, 마블링은 다른 부위보다 목살부위에서 더 명확하게 확인할 수 있었다. 염소육의 단백질 함량은 20.78-27.71% 의 결과로 유의적 차이(p < 0.01)를 나타내었고, 다리부위는 다른 부위에 비하여 높은 단백질 함량을 나타내었으며 각 부위별 염소육의 지방 함량은 2.657-11.469%로 유의적인 차이(P < 0.01)를 나타냈다. 염소육의 수분함량은 69.20- 73.31%, 1년생 염소육의 회분함량은0.989 ± 0.129%로 다른 연령대의 염소육보다 높은 것으로 나타났으며 이 결과 또한 유의적인 차이(P < 0.01)를 나타내었다. 칼슘의 함량은 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않은 반면 1년생 염소육의 인의 함량은 0.149 ± 0.0251%로 다른 년생의 염소고기에 비하여 높은 것으로 나타냈다. 연령별 염소육의 총균수 수준은 5.05- 5.15 log cfu/g으로써 유의적 차이를 나타내지 않은 반면 각 부위별 염소육의 대장균군의 오염수준은 2.56-3.05 log cfu/g 으로 유의적인 차이(P < 0.01)를 나타냈다. 연령별 염소육 또한 대장균군 오염수준은 2.79-2.84 log cfu/g 으로써 유의적인 차이(P < 0.05) 를 나타냈으며 1년생 염소육의 대장균 오염수준은 다른 연령의 염소육에 비해 높은 것으로 나타났다. 효모의 오염수준 또한 각 부위별(P < 0.01), 연령별(P < 0.05) 로 유의적인 차이를 나타내었다. 결론적으로 염소육의 영양학적, 미생물학적 품질은 염소의 연령과 판매 부위에직접적인 영향을 받는 것으로 사료된다.

원자전달 라디칼 중합을 이용하여 poly(epichlorohydrine) (PECH)를 주사슬로 한 양친성 가지형 공중합체를 합성하였다. PECH로부터 poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA) 및 poly(butyl methacrylate)(PBMA)의 가지형 중합이 성공적임을 1H NMR과 FT-IR분석을 통해 확인하였다. 합성한 가지형 공중합체에 KI나 LiI 염을 도입하였을 때, ether 신축진동 피크가 낮은 wavenumber영역으로 이동하였으며, 이는 배위결합 상호작용 때문이다. PECH-g-PBMA 복합체의 이온 전도도는 PECH-g-PMMA 복합체에 비해 항상 높게 나타났는데, 이는 고무상인 PBMA 사슬의 높은 이동성으로부터 기인한 것으로 확인되었다. 최고 이온전도도 값은 질량비 10 wt%의 KI가 도입된 PECH-g-PBMA 전해질체에서 2.7 × 10 -5 S/cm로 나타났다.

Plasminogen activators (PAs) are serine protease that cleave plasminogen to form the active protease plasmin and may participate in mammalian fertilization. Although correlations have been reported between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and sperm function, the relationship between PA activity and ROS is unknown. We determined the effects of ROS on sperm function and PA activities in boar spermatozoa preincubated under the X-XO system. When spermatozoa were treated with the X+XO group, a significant increase (p<0.05) was observed in the percentage of acrosome reacted spermatozoa compared with that of the control group. However, when antioxidants were added to the medium with X+XO, the rate of acrosome reaction tended to decrease. Also, a significantly lower percentage of acrosome reacted spermatozoa was observed in the X+XO+catalase group at 6 hr of incubation compared with that of X+XO group. The density of malondialdehyde (MDA) was higher in the X+XO group than in different treatment groups. In another experiment, incubation of spermatozoa in medium with X+XO was associated with a significant (p<0.05) increase in activity of tPA-PAI and tPA compared with the control group. Antioxidants decreased the increased activity of tPA-PAI and tPA by preincubation in the X-XO system. Also, a significantly lower (p<0.05) activities of tPA-PAI and tPA were observed in the X+XO+catalase group compared with the X+XO group. No significant differences, however, were observed in the activity of uPA. These results suggest that the increase of acrosome reaction by the X-XO system resulted in increase of PAs activity in the sperm incubation medium.

Plasminogen activators (PAs) are serine proteases that convert plasminogen to plasmin. The PA/plasmin system has been associated with a number of physiological processes such as fibrinolysis, ovulation and fertilization. Although correlations have been reported between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oocyte maturation, the relationship between PA activity and ROS is unknown. The present study was undertaken to determine the effects of cumulus cells on PA activity in matured porcine oocytes under xanthine (X)-xanthine oxidase (XO) system. When oocytes were matured under the X-XO system, the proportion of oocytes remaining GV stage was higher (p<0.05) in oocytes without cumulus cells. The incidence of degenerated oocytes was higher (p<0.05) in the X+XO ( and ) than in the control group ( and ). The proportion of TUNEL-positive oocytes and activity of caspase-3 were higher (p<0.05) in cumulus-free oocytes and oocytes exposed to ROS. Tissue-type plasminogen activator-plasminogen activator inhibitor (tPA-PAI) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) activity were detected in oocytes that were separated from cumulus-oocytes complexs (COCs) at 44 h of maturation culture, and only tPA was produced in oocytes that were denuded before the onset of maturation culture. On the other hand, the activities of PA were increased (p<0.05) when oocytes were cultured under the X-XO system. The higher activity of tPA was observed in denuded oocytes (DOs) underwent apoptotic changes by oxidative stress. In COCs, however, tPA-PAI as well as tPA activity was detected and apoptotic changes such as DNA cleavage or caspase-3 activation were not observed. These results suggest that tP A may be relevant to apoptotic cell death in porcine oocytes by oxidative stress.

In vivo redox reaction is involved in the processes of oxidative diseases. Thus, direct and non-invasive measurement of in vivo free radical reactions in living animals should be essential to understanding the roles of free radicals in pathophysiological phenomena. Electron spin resonance (ESR) technique has been utilized in analysis of free radicals, which are generated through imbalance of in vivo redox status. In vivo ESR/spin probe technique using nitroxide radicals as spin probes was developed for estimation of in vivo free radical reactions in whole living animals. This technique using a probe may become a powerful tool for use in clarifying mechanisms of disease and in monitoring pharmaceutical therapy. The application of ESR was introduced and discussed in this article.

The research discussed in this paper was conducted to evaluate an intensive English teacher training program (IETTP) and to consider implications for in-service English teacher education. Data was gathered from a variety of sources including trainees’ self-evaluation of their teaching and English language proficiency, feedback on sessions of the program, interviews, and documents. The analysis of the gathered data revealed that the trainees perceived their teaching improved. The comparison of the pre- and post-tests of language skills showed that the level of the trainees’ English language significantly improved. The trainees’ feedback on the program and the trainers revealed that they were satisfied with the course components, and with the trainers’ enthusiasm, materials, motivation and demonstrations. It was also found that the program management was process-focused; the evaluation was conducted on a regular basis and the results were fed back into the program. The findings of the program evaluation supported the conclusion that the trainees benefitted from the programs and that the goals of the training program were achieved at a satisfactory level in most areas. The findings provide guidelines for the further development of IETTPs, and implications for policy-making on English teacher education.

Taking the great advantage of Subaru's wide field coverage both in the optical and in the near infrared, we have been providing panoramic views of distant clusters and their surrounding environments over the wide redshift range of 0:4 < z < 3. From our unique data sets, a consistent picture has been emerging that the star forming activity is once enhanced and then truncated in galaxy groups in the outskirts of clusters during the course of cluster assembly at z < 1. Such activity is shifted into cluster cores as we go further back in time to z ~ 1.5. At z = 2 - 2.5, we begin to enter the epoch when massive galaxies are actually forming in the cluster core. And by z ~ 3, we eventually go beyond the major epoch of massive galaxy formation. It is likely that the environmental dependence of star forming activity is at least partly due to the external environmental effects such as galaxy-galaxy interaction in medium density regions at z < 1, while the intrinsic effect of galaxy formation bias overtakes the external effect at higher redshifts, resulting in a large star formation activity in the cluster center.

Transparent ceramics are used in new technology because of their excellent mechanical properties over glasses. Transparent ceramics are nowadays widely used in armor, laser windows, and in high temperature applications. Silicon nitride ceramics have excellent mechanical properties and if transparent silicon nitride is fabricated, it can be widely used. h-BN has a lubricating property and is ductile. Therefore, adding h-BN to silicon nitride ceramics gives a lubricating property and is also machinable. Translucent silicon nitride was fabricated by hot-press sintering (HPS) and 57% transmittance was observed in the near infrared region. A higher wt. % of h-BN in silicon nitride ceramics does not favor transparency. The optical, mechanical, and tribological properties of BN dispersed polycrystalline Si3N4 ceramics were affected by the density, α:β-phase ratio, and content of h-BN in sintered ceramics. The hot pressed samples were prepared from the mixture of α-Si3N4, AlN, MgO, and h-BN at 1850˚C. The composite contained from 0.25 to 2 wt. % BN powder with sintering aids (9% AlN + 3% MgO). A maximum transmittance of 57% was achieved for the 0.25 wt. % BN doped Si3N4 ceramics. Fracture toughness increased and wear volume and the friction coefficient decreased with an increase in BN content. The properties such as transmittance, density, hardness, and flexural strength decreased with an increase in content of h-BN in silicon nitride ceramics.

Nano sized SiC particles (270 nm) are easily agglomerated in nickel sulfamate electrolytic bath during a composite electrodeposition process. The agglomeration of nano particles in composite coatings can significantly reduce the mechanical properties of the composite coatings. In this study, Ni-SiC nano composite coatings were fabricated using a conventional electrodeposition process with the aid of ultrasound. Nano particles were found to be distributed homogeneously with reduced agglomeration in the ultrasonicated samples. Substantial improvements in mechanical properties were observed in the composite coatings prepared in presence of ultrasound over those without ultrasound. Ni-SiC composite coatings were prepared with variable ultrasonic frequencies ranging from 24 kHz to 78 kHz and ultrasonic powers up to 300 watts. The ultrasonic frequency of 38 kHz with ultrasonic power of 200 watt was revealed to be the best ultrasonic conditions for homogeneous dispersion of nano SiC particles with improved mechanical properties in the composite coatings. The microstructures, phase compositions, and mechanical properties of the composite coatings were observed and evaluated using SEM, XRD, Vickers microhardness, and wear test. The Vickers microhardness of composite coatings under ultrasonic condition was significantly improved as compared to the coatings without ultrasound. The friction coefficient of the composite coating prepared with an ultrasonic condition was also smaller than the pure nickel coatings. A synergistic combination of superior wear resistance and improved microhardness was found in the Ni-SiC composite coatings prepared with ultrasonic conditions.

In this study, activated carbon (AC) as a carbon source was modified with different concentrations of cobalt chloride (CoCl2) to prepare a Co-AC composite, and it was used for the preparation of Co-AC/TiO2 composites with titanium oxysulfate (TOS) as the titanium precursor. The physicochemical properties of the prepared Co-AC/TiO2 composites were characterized by N2 adsorption at 77 K, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The photocatalytic treatments of organic dyes were examined under an irradiation of visible light with different irradiation times. N2 adsorption data showed that the composites had decreased surface area compared with the pristine AC, which was 389 m2/g. From the XRD results, the Co-AC/TiO2 composites contained a mixturephase structuresof anatase and rutile, but a cobalt oxide phase was not detected in the XRD pattern. The EDX results of the Co-AC/TiO2 composites confirmed the presence of various elements, namely, C, O, Ti, and Co. Subsequently, the decomposition of methylene orange (MO, C14H14N3NaO3S) and rhodamine B (Rh.B, C28H31ClN2O3) in an aqueous solution, respectively, showed the combined effects of an adsorption effect by AC and the photo degradation effect by TiO2. Especially, the Co particles in the Co-AC/TiO2 composites could enhance the photo degradation behaviors of TiO2 under visible light.

For the present paper, we prepared MgO/MWCNT/TiO2 photocatalyst by using multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs) pre-oxidized by m-chlorperbenzoic acid (MCPBA) with magnesium acetate tetrahydrate (Mg(CH2COO)2·4H2O)and titanium n-butoxide (TiOC(CH3)34) as magnesium and titanium precursors. The prepared photocatalyst was analyzed byX-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The decompositionof methylene blue (MB) solution was determined under irradiation of ultraviolet (UV) light. The XRD results show that theMgO/MWCNT/TiO2 photocatalyst have cubic MgO structure and anatase TiO2 structure. The porous structure and the TiO2agglomerate coated on the MgO/MWCNT composite can be observed in SEM images. The Mg, O, Ti and C elements can bealso observed in MgO/MWCNT/TiO2 photocatalyst from EDX results. The results of photodegradation of MB solution under UVlight show that the concentration of MB solution decreased with an increase of UV irradiation time for all of the samples. Also,the MgO/MWCNT/TiO2 photocatalyst has the best photocatalytic activity among these samples. It can be considered that theMgO/MWCNT/TiO2 photocatalyst had a combined effect, the effect of MWCNT, which could absorb UV light to create photo-induced electrons (e−), and the electron trapping effect of MgO, which resulted in an increase of the photocatalytic activity of TiO2.

핀란드 Okiluoto 섬 중앙부에 방사성폐기물 처분장으로 예정된 부지에서 블록 규모 지하수 유동 모의를 수행하였다. 현장에 설치된 심부 관측공에서 관찰된 단열대에 관한 자료를 이용하여 단열망을 구성하였다. 이 단열망을 이용하여 3차원 유한 요소 격자망의 수리전도도장를 생성하고, 이를 지하수 유동 모의에 이용하였다. 현장에서 이루어진 양수시험 전과 후에 심부 관측공에서 측정된 수위와 구간별 유입, 유출량을 이용하여 시추공과 교차하는 단열대의 투수량계수와 부지의 함양률을 조절하며 지하수 유동 모형을 보정하였다. 양수 시험 전과 후를 순차적으로 보정해가며 모의한 결과, 보정된 지하수 유동 모형으로 계산한 지하수위는 관측 자료와 비교적 일치하지만, 관측공에서의 지하수 유입, 유출량은 상당한 차이를 보이는 구간도 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 이런 불일치는 지하수 유동로가 될 수 있는 구조가 지하수 유동 모의를 위한 개념모형에 충분히 반영되지 않아 생기는 것으로 생각되며, 이에 배경단열과 같은 국지적인 유동로 구조가 개념모형에 반영되어야 할 것으로 판단되었다.

Chronic inflammatory diseases such as Crohn′s disease and ulcerative colitis are associated with increased risk of colon adenocarcinoma. Apoptic induction of colon cancer cells by cytokines and death receptors is an important anti-cancer therapy. We observed that co-administration of TNFα and IFNγ in human colon cancer cell line, HCT116, resulted in cell death and expression of IL-32. Cleavage forms of caspase-3, caspase-9, and PARP were increased in TNFα / IFNγ-treated HCT116. mRNA expression of death receptors, including TNFR1 and Fas were not changed and NO generation was not induced by combination of TNFα and IFNγ. However, mRNA expression of IL-32α, β, and γ was increased in TNFα / IFNγ-treated HCT116. To determine the effect of IL-32 in HCT116 cell apoptosis by TNFα / IFNγ stimulation, IL-32 siRNA-transfected HCT116 cells were cultured with TNFα / IFNγ and cell proliferation was measured. IL-32 siRNA induced slight recovery of cell viability of TNFα / IFNγ-stimulated HCT116. These results suggest that IL-32 is not directly related to apoptosis of HCT116 by TNFα / IFNγ stimulation. However, IL-32 expression by TNFα or TNFα / IFNγ in a colon cancer cell line is very interesting because of the unknown effect of IL-32 in colon cancer. Our study will contribute to development of studies for IL-32 function in human colon cancer and anti-cancer therapies using cytokines.

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is one of the artificial fertilization methods when only a few sperm are available for insemination, and an important tool for the preservation of genetic materials of endangered animal species, especially the male is infertile. Different from other species such as mice and pigs, the conventional ICSI method which uses spiked pipette for injection (Spike-ICSI) is exhibited low success rates in cattle because the bovinesperm head membrane is hard to break during injection procedure. We chose piezo-assisted ICSI (Piezo-ICSI) for the improvement of the injection procedure including sperm head membrane rupture and efficient puncture of the plasma membrane of the oocytes. In this experiment, we compared the efficacy of the bovine ICSI embryo production between the Piezo-ICSI and Spike-ICSI. The second polar body extrusion, pronuclear formation, cleavage and blastocyst formation were evaluated after implementation of two different ICSI techniques. The Piezo-ICSI tended to show comparably higher rates of the second polar body extrusion (41.7%), the pronuclei formation (42.9%) and the two-cell cleavage (41.4%) than Spike-ICSI does (33.3%, 28.6% and 23.5%, respectively) although there is no statistic significance between two groups. In addition, the blastocysts were only obtained from the Piezo-ICSI group (10.3%). Our finding shows that the Piezo-ICSI may be used as an artificial fertilization method in cattle when in vitro fertilization is not applicable.