We separately cultured follicular oocytes collected from individual ovaries of slaughtered Korean native cows and examined both the embryonic development rate and pregnancy rate after embryo transplantation according to the meat yield and quality grades of the source beef carcass. Oocytes from meat yield grade B cows exhibited a higher fertilization rate and embryonic developmental rate to the eight-cell stage than oocytes from grade A or C animals (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference in rate of development to the blastocyst stage among meat yield grades A, Band C. The oocyte cleavage rate and development rate to the eight-cell stage from meat quality grade 3 cattle was higher than grades 1++, 1+, 1 and 2 (p<0.05). Embryos derived from grade animals displayed a development rate to the blastocyst stage of 19.4%, which was also higher than all other meat quality grades (p<0.05). Transplantation of in vitro-cultured oocytes from meat yield grade A ovaries led to a higher pregnancy rate (64.2%) than in vitro-cultured oocytes from meat yield grade B ovaries (56.5%), but there was no significant difference between the two groups in pregnancy or abortion rates. In conclusion, embryonic development rate and pregnancy rate has a close relation to meat quality grades of the source beef carcass, this results is to give information for the Korean native cows improvement of breed.

Naphtha Cracking Bottom (NCB) oil was heat reformed at various reforming temperature and time, and the volatile extracts were characterized including yields, molecular weight distributions, and representative compounds. The yield of extract increased as the increase of reforming temperature (360~420℃) and time (1~4 hr). Molecular weight of the as-received NCB oil was under 200, and those of extracts were distributed in the range of 100-250, and far smaller than those of precursor pitches of 380-550. Naphtalene-based compounds were more than 70% in the as-received NCB oil, and most of them were isomers of compounds bonding functional groups, such as methyl (CH3-) and ethyl (C2H5-). When the as-received NCB oil was reformed at 360℃ for 1 hr, the most prominent compound was 1,2-Butadien, 3-phenyl- (24.57%), while naphthalene became main component again as increasing the reforming temperature.

This study was conducted to compare the expression pattern of the specific factors associated with pregnancy and angiogenesis during early pregnancy in Hanwoo. Synchronized female Hanwoo (4～6 year‐old) were inseminated artificially. After 10 weeks after artificial insemination (AI), the pregnancy was tested by rectal palpation method. Three pregnant and non‐pregnant Hanwoo were used in this experiment, respectively. The plasma progesterone level was measured by ELISA. Western blot analysis was performed to detect the expression of pregnancy associated glycoprotein (PAG) or angiogenic factors (VEGF, B‐FGF, ANP‐1, and TIE‐2). The plasma P4 level was increase gradually in pregnant group and maintained high level. The concentration of PAG was significantly higher from 5th weeks in pregnant group compared to that of non‐pregnant group (p<0.05). The concentrations of the VEGF (p<0.05), B‐FGF (p<0.05), and ANP‐1 (p<0.05) were significantly increased from 6th or 7th week after AI in pregnant group, respectively. And the intensity of TIE‐2, ANP‐1 receptor, was well matched with ANP‐1 (p<0.05). Taken together, it can be postulated that the blood vessels connected with fetus and dam were formed dramatically around 40 days after AI, because the expression levels of the angiogenic factors were increased significantly from this time in pregnant Hanwoo.

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) 주사슬과 poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate) (PHEA) 곁사슬로 구성된 가지형 공중합체를 원자전달라디칼 중합을 통해 합성하였다. PVC의 2차 염소원자의 직접적인 개시반응에 의해 친수성인 PHEA 단량체를 그래프팅시켰다. 이렇게 합성된 PVC-g-PHEA을 술포석시닉산(SA)를 사용하여 가교시켰으며, 이는 가지형 공중합체의 -OH 그룹과 SA의 -COOH와의 에스테르 반응임을 FT-IR 분광법을 이용하여 분석하였다. 이온교환능(IEC)은 SA 함량이 증가함에 따라 계속하여 증가하여 0.87 meq/g까지 도달하였고, 이는 전해질막에 이온 그룹수가 증가하기 때문이다. 하지만, 함수 율은 SA 함량이 20 wt%까지는 증가하다 그 이상에서는 감소하였다. 또한 수소 이온 전도도도 SA 함량에 따라 증가하여 20 wt% SA 농도에서 0.025 S/cm의 최대값을 나타내었고, 이는 SA 함량이 증가함에 따라 이온 그룹의 수가 증가하는 효과와 가교가 증가하는 효과가 서로 경쟁적으로 일어나기 때문으로 사료된다.

The aim of the present recent study was to compare the protein patterns in the vaginal mucus of Hanwoo cattles during spontaneous and CIDR induced-estrus. Ten cattles, who had been observed in estrus, received no treatment and served as the group of cattles with normal spontaneous estrus. Thirteen cattles in the CIDR received an CIDR insert on day 14 were removed and cattles were injected GnRH on day 15. Vaginal mucus samples were collected from all cattles at the same time the single AI in cattles with spontaneous estrus and the AI in cattles with induced estrus. Spontaneous and CIDR-induced estrus vaginal mucus samples were analyzed on two different array surfaces: cation-exchange (CM10), anion-exchange (Q10). In addition, using the NaCl solution by which the proteins combined after washing are 0.5, 1 and 2 M, it was fractionated and a protein was collected successively. The results are summarized as follows: 1) Ionic surfaces chemistries (Q10 and CM10) gave the best results in terms of detectable protein peaks, with more than 100 protein peaks in the two fractions and under each condition. 2) Protein mass spectrometer using 11 different proteins in protein identification of 7 were able to determine the protein. List of identified proteins as follows; Ribosome-binding protein 1, GRIP 1-associated protein 1, Katanin p60 ATPase-containing subunit A-like 1, Protein FAM44A, DUF729 domain-containing protein 1, Prolactin precursor, Dihydrofolate erductase. Conclusively, on the basis of this study, protein expression in the vaginal mucus could be used as an indicator for time of estrus manifestation in order to increase conception rates by applying AI at an optional time.

This study was designed to investigate the effect of essential amino acids (EAA) and/or non-essential amino acids (NEAA) on the development of parthenogenetic and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) porcine embryos in vitro. To evaluate the timing of amino acids supplementation, activated oocytes were cultured in NCSU23-PVA with EAA, NEAA or NEAA+EAA (AAs) during specific periods as below: EAA, NEAA or AAs were supplemented during Day 0 to 6 (whole culture period: ALL), Day 2 to Day 6 (post-maternal embryonic transition period: POST-MET), Day 5 to Day 6 (post-compaction period: POST-CMP), Day 0 to Day 2 (pre-maternal embryonic transition period: PRE-MET), or Day 0 to Day 4 (post-compaction period: PRE-CMP). Supplementation of NEAA decreased cleavage rates in PRE-MET and PRE-CMP and also decreased blastocyst rates in POST-CMP. On the other hand, EAA significantly enhanced blastocyst formation rate in POST-MET and no detrimental effect on embryonic development in other groups. Interestingly, NEAA and EAA had synergistic effect when they were supplemented to the medium during whole culture period. Supplementation of AAs also enhanced SCNT porcine embryo development whereas BSA-free medium without AAs could not supported blastocyst formation of SCNT embryos. In conclusion, existence of EAA and NEAA in defined culture medium variously influences the development of parthenogenetic and SCNT porcine embryos, and their positive effect are only occurred when both EAA and NEAA are supplemented to the medium during whole culture period. Additionally, AAs supplementation enhances the blastocyst formation of SCNT porcine embryos when they are cultured in the defined condition.

생물학적인 셀 인젝션 기술은 유전자 주입, 시험관 배양, 인공수정 및 신약개발 분야에서 광범위하게 사용되어오고 있는 기술이다. 생물공학에서 다루는 셀 인젝션 기술은 크게 착생세포 인젝션과 서스펜디드 셀 인젝션으로 구분할 수 있다. 최근 상용화 장비로 출시되고 있는 것들은 착생세포에 대한 자동 인젝션 시스템이 대부분을 차지하고 있다. 반면, 서스펜디드 셀 인젝션 시스템의 경우는 비교적 최근들어 자동화 장비 및 방법론의 개발에 대한 논의가 이루어지고 있는

Recently, increasing interests in local foods have been highlighted along with active efforts and activities from autonomy organizations to develop local cultures and promote local economies by generating value added products and profits through the development of local foods. Subsequently, useful effects might result by making local foods attractive to tourists, such as by using indigenous Gimpo products to makc menu items that incorporate the social, economic, and cultural aspects of the Gimpo area, and contributing to its food culture, the development and use of its indigenous products, and promoting local restaurant businesses, etc. The items of the Survey used to select the local food menu items to be developed were limited to ideas offered by expert groups, and were implemented by a new menu developmεnt process. In order to derive the menu items to develop, the following method was applied: a brainstorming session with experts to generate and draft ideas, a questionnaire to chefs and cooks in special grade hotels is Seoul to select thε menu items to develop from those drafted, and sensory evaluations by experts to evaluate the developed items. Frequency analysis and technical statistical analysis were performed using the SPSS 12.0 program package, where 13 kinds of local foods were ultimately developed using indigenous products of Gimpo. The developed local food menu items werε rice & grape sujaebi, grape sikhae, fried rice embryo bud, grape yanggaeng, rice pancakes, rice spaghetti, grape seed oil dressing, grape sauce， rice pizza, grape pie， rice & grape ice cream, grape chocolate, and rice roll cakes.

In this study, two series of CNT/TiO2 electrodes were prepared. The decrease of surface area compared with that of the pristine carbon nanotubes (CNTs) indicated the blocking of micropores on the surface of the CNTs; was further supported by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and field emission SEM (FE-SEM) observations. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that the CNT/TiO2 composites contained a mix of anatase and rutile forms of TiO2 particles when the precursor was TiO2 powder, whereas when the precursor was Ti (OC4H7) (TNB), the composites contained only the typical single and clear anatase TiO2 particles. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) spectra showed the presence of C, O and Ti peaks for all samples. It was found that catalytic decomposition of methylene blue (MB) solution could be attributed to synthetic effects between the TiO2 photocatalysis and electro-assisted CNTs network, and that photoelectrocatalytic oxidation increased with an increase of CNT composition. It was also found that the photoelectrocatalytic oxidation efficiency for MB is higher than that of photocatalytic oxidation. Moreover, the CNT/TiO2 composites catalyst prepared by the impregnation method demonstrates higher photoelectrocatalytic activity than the mechanical mixture with the same CNT content.

The question of conflict of jurisdictions between courts and arbitral tribunals not merely constitutes a purely theoretical issue, but it also has significance in the legal practice. When many countries show allowance to arbitration and support its development to the greatest extent, few courts in China fail to tackle the relationships between arbitration and courts. By means of an analysis of possible conflict of the jur isdictions between courts and arbitral tribunals, this article pleas for a supportive attitude of courts with respect to arbitration, so as to reduce the impact of courts’ judicial supervision on the due arbitration proceeding. In-depth theoretical discussions will develop on the principle of “competence-competence” and its application in China, justifying the conclusion that the essence of this principle is to have disputes between parties in arbitration agreements solved within the arbitration system and thereby to respect the parties’ decision to submit to arbitration.

Cross-legged sitting postures are commonly assumed during computer work. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of leg crossing on trunk muscle activity while typing at a computer. Trunk muscle activity was measured in three 8 different sitting postures, in random order. These posture were: normal sitting with a straight trunk and both feet on the floor (NS), upper leg crossing (ULC), and ankle on knee (AOK). The right leg was crossed onto the left leg in both cross-legged postures. Twenty able-bodied male volunteers participated in this study. Subjects typed on a computer keyboard for one minute. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to record bilateral muscle activity in the external oblique (EO). internal oblique (IO), and rectus abdominis (RA). The EMG activity of each muscle in the NS posture was used as a reference (100% EMG activity) in relation to the two cross-legged postures. Muscle activity in the right EO. right IO, and left IO was significantly lower in the ULC posture than in the NS posture. In contrast, muscle activity in the right RA was significantly higher in the ULC posture than in the NS posture. Muscle activity in the tight RA was significantly higher in the AOK posture, as compared to the NS posture, whereas activity in the left IO was significantly lower in the AOK posture, as compared to the NS posture. The right-left muscle activity ratios in the EO and IO showed significantly different patterns in the cross-legged postures, suggesting that asymmetrical right-left oblique muscle activity had occurred.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of modified vertical roll sling and conventional Bobath roll sling in reducing hemiplegic shoulder subluxation. Radiography of anterior oblique radiographic view' were taken, before and immediately after wearing each sling in 13 hemiplegic patients. The vertical distance. horizontal distance. and joint distance were measured. Analysis of radiographically measured distances showed that both modified vertical roll sling and Bobath roll sling decreased vertical, horizontal. and joint distances. Reduction in vertical and joint distances were significantly greater in modified vertical roll sling compared to Bobath roll sling. while horizontal distance showed no significant difference between the two slings. Therefore it can be concluded that modified vertical roll sling is an effective orthosis in reducing hemiplegic shoulder subluxation.

This study aimed to examine whether McConnell taping for deltoid inhibition affects the Electromyographic (EMG) activity of shoulder girdle muscles during arm elevation. Ten young healthy men were randomly assigned to an experimental and control groups of five men each. For the experimental group, we performed taping for deltoid inhibition on the skin over anterior and posterior deltoids with non-elastic specific tape, and sham-taping with non-elastic under-tape for the control group. Surface EMG measurements were performed three times (before, during and after the tapings) at upper and lower trapezius, mid-deltoid, and serratus anterior muscles while elevating dominant aim with loading and unloading conditions. In deltoid inhibition taping group, there were significant differences in EMG activity of mid-deltoid (p<.05) and serratus anterior (p<.05) muscles during arm elevation with loading. During arm elevation without loading, the EMG activity was significantly decreased for MD in the McConnell taping group (p<.05). The findings indicate that deltoid inhibition taping can modify the activation patterns in shoulder girdle muscles as well as in deltoid muscle. in clinical setting. it may be effectively used for the management of patients with shoulder dysfunction.