This study investigated how Korean EFL learners’ attentional allocation changes during task repetition with or without self-reflection and how this change affects their task performance. A total of 30 Korean high school students were divided into a task repetition only group, a task repetition with self-reflection group, and a comparison group. Each group repeated the same picture-based storytelling task according to its group condition and then performed a new task. Participants’ task performances were analyzed in terms of fluency, complexity, and accuracy and their retrospective interviews were categorized in order to explore their attentional allocation during task planning and performance. The results demonstrated that the learners placed most attention to conveying the message while planning and performing their first task. However, when repeating the same task, the learners paid more attention to structures and forms leading to improvement in complexity and accuracy. These learners were also more likely to employ strategies they had learned previously when doing a new task, which was helpful. Self-reflection raised learners’ awareness on the target form and positively influenced accuracy.

The comstock mealybugs had been occurred at a Muscat of Alexandria’ organic vineyard in Okcheon. They had beenfound in the vines’s trunk since mid-June and moved to cane and leaves since early July, and also had been found ingrape clusters since late-July. The number of comstock mealybug and the grape’s fruit damage in Eco-friendly vineyardswere higher than in conventional culture vineyard. And the marketability of green variety grape was more damaged fromcomstock mealybug than the black variety grape. Toxicities of 8 organic agricultural materials(OAM) were evaluated tocomstock mealybug at the recommended concentration. As a results, Lightyellow sophora and Derris extracts exhibitedstrong insecticidal activity with 100% mortality. When the Lightyellow sophora extract was uniformly distributed on thevine from early-July to mid-July, commercial grapes could be harvested. Therefore, I thought that we can control comstockmealybug by spraying OAM in a timely period.

Oxide layers were formed by an environmentally friendly plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) process on AZ91 Mg alloy. PEO treatment also resulted in strong adhesion between the oxide layer and the substrate. The influence of the KF electrolytic solution and the structure, composition, microstructure, and micro-hardness properties of the oxide layer were investigated. It was found that the addition of KF instead of KOH to the Na2SiO3 electrolytic solution increased the electrical conductivity. The oxide layers were mainly composed of MgO and Mg2SiO4 phases. The oxide layers exhibited solidification particles and pancake-shaped oxide melting. The pore size and surface roughness of the oxide layer decreased considerably with an increase in the concentration of KF, while densification of the oxide layers increased. It is shown that the addition of KF to the basis electrolyte resulted in fabricating of an oxide layer with higher surface hardness and smoother surface roughness on Mg alloys by the PEO process. The uniform thickness of the oxide layer formed on the Mg alloy substrates was largely determined by the electrolytic solution with KF, which suggests that the composition of the electrolytic solution is one of the key factors controlling the uniform thickness of the oxide layer.

Assays for detecting pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) levels in the blood of pregnant cattle have been developed and commercialized to determine pregnancy status. This study was conducted to determine the accuracy of a PAG-based ELISA test for pregnancy detection in Hanwoo. The anticoagulated treated whole blood was sampled from 595 Hanwoo that were 28-71 d (mean 49) and 85-128 d (mean 106) after artificial insemination. At the 2nd blood collection time, a transrectal palpation test was used as the standard for pregnancy diagnosis. For PAGs and the transrectal palpation test (n=595), the sensitivity was 98.4% (pregnancy, 481/489), the specificity was 100% (open, 106/106), and the accuracy was 98.7% (pregnancy+open, 587/595). In conclusion, the rapid PAG-based ELISA pregnancy test was highly sensitive and specific for pregnancy detection in Hanwoo.

Individuals use material possessions such as clothes as a means to express their individual predispositions, values and position in their social environment (Kaiser et al., 2001). Evidence indicates that various individual differences such as hormone levels, body image perception and a cosmopolitan orientation influence clothing choices (Eisenbruch et al., 2015, Frith and Gleeson, 2004, Gonzalez-Jimenez, 2016). Moreover, body satisfaction, body mass index and trait self-objectification determine if individuals choose clothes for specific purposes such as fashion, comfort or camouflage (Tiggemann and Andrew, 2012). However, while these studies have made an important step towards understanding the influence of individual characteristics on clothing choices, there is a lack of studies that investigate the role of individuals’ materialist tendencies and propensity to engage in social comparison. We extend prior research on clothing choices by examining the associations between individuals’ materialist tendencies and social comparison propensity with sought clothing functions (i.e., fashion, comfort, etc.). Findings show that materialist individuals seek clothing for specific functions such as fashion, individuality and assurance, while avoiding clothes designed for comfort. Individuals’ propensity to engage in social comparison is linked with choosing clothes for fashion, individuality and assurance, but not for camouflage and comfort. Our study confirms that materialism and social comparison drive individuals to seek very specific clothing functions. Specifically, findings suggest that individuals use specific clothing types as a medium to establish their position in a social environment and to express their materialistic tendencies. Gender influences the tested relationships.

This study searches the welfare function of social economy and examines whether it can be the alternative of the welfare state or not. To do this, we set up 5 common variables of social economy and the welfare state, and compared them for finding their similarities and differences. Common variables compose of background, domain, pursuing value, welfare realization method, and welfare delivery system. The results show that even though they are different among each other, social economy performs welfare functions like the welfare state, but the role of it should be identified as a complementary one instead of the welfare state.

Post-ejaculation of sperms into the female reproductive tract, acquisition of sperm capacitation is an essential step in the fertilization process. Accordingly, during in-vitro fertilization, the successful fertilization requires necessarily induction of capacitation in the retrieved sperms. To date, many candidate substances have been considered as capacitation inducers. However, there were no reports about the comparison of efficiency inducing sperm capacitation among diverse capacitation inducers. Therefore, we tried to determine an inducer showing the best capacitation performance in mouse sperms by comparing the preimplantation development of in-vitro-fertilized embryos using sperms experiencing capacitation by a variety of capacitation inducers. For these, calcium, progesterone, bovine serum albumin (BSA), heparin, lysophosphaticylcholine (Lyso-PC) were used as candidate capacitation inducers. Optimized concentration of each inducer were determined by accessing ratio of sperms experiencing acrosome reaction using coomassie G-250 blue staining. Subsequently, in vitro fertilization was performed using sperms incubated in each optimized concentration inducer. The ratio of fertilized oocytes was observed. As the results, Calcium at 2.7 mM and 0.3% (w/v) BSA showed the highest fertilization rates compared to 15 μM progesterone, 50 mM heparin, and 100 μM Lyso-PC. From these results, we found that 2.7 mM calcium and 0.3% (w/v) BSA were the most effective sperm capacitation inducers of mouse sperm for in vitro fertilization. From these results, we could identify that, among diverse sperm capacitation inducers, 2.7mM calcium and 0.3% (w/v) BSA were the most effective inducers for in vitro fertilization.

에너지 음료는 카페인을 주성분으로 타우린, 비타민 같은 다른 energy-enhancing 성분을 함유하고 있다. 미국과 유럽에서는 글루쿠로노락톤이 에너지 음료에 첨가될수 있으나, 국내에서 의약품으로는 허가되어 있다. 따라서 식품 첨가물로는 그 사용이 금지 되어 있어, 지속적으로 수입 및 유통 음료에서 시험검사를 하여 규제하고 있다. 현재 분석법으로 사용하는 LC-PDA 법은 복잡한 유도체화 과 정을 거치고, 음료 중에 당류들이 위양성 결과를 나타내 기도 한다. 이런 기존 방법의 단점을 개선하기 위해 HILICESI- MS/MS (hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry) 를 이용한 분석법을 개발하고, 선택성, 직선성, 검출한계, 정량한계, 정밀도, 정확성, 재현성에 대하여 분석법 유효성 검증을 수행했고, AOAC, EURACHEM 가이드라인에 부합되는 결과를 얻었다.

Dinickel-silicide (Ni2Si)/glass was employed as a counter electrode for a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) device. Ni2Si was formed by rapid thermal annealing (RTA) at 700 oC for 15 seconds of a 50 nm-Ni/50 nm-Si/glass structure. For comparison, Ni2Si on quartz was also prepared through conventional electric furnace annealing (CEA) at 800 oC for 30 minutes. XRD, XPS, and EDS line scanning of TEM were used to confirm the formation of Ni2Si. TEM and CV were employed to confirm the microstructure and catalytic activity. Photovoltaic properties were examined using a solar simulator and potentiostat. XRD, XPS, and EDS line scanning results showed that both CEA and RTA successfully led to tne formation of nano thick- Ni2Si phase. The catalytic activity of CEA-Ni2Si and RTA-Ni2Si with respect to Pt were 68 % and 56 %. Energy conversion efficiencies (ECEs) of DSSCs with CEA-Ni2Si and RTA-Ni2Si catalysts were 3.66 % and 3.16 %, respectively. Our results imply that nano-thick Ni2Si may be used to replace Pt as a reduction catalytic layer for a DSSCs. Moreover, we show that nanothick Ni2Si can be made available on a low-cost glass substrate via the RTA process.

This study was determined optimal condition as culture medium, pH, carbohydrate source and growth regulators through axillary buds cultures of Salix gracilistyla. S. gracilistyla shoots were obtained from axillary bud on 1/2MS basal medium after 2 weeks of culture. Highest shoot growth was showed in the MS medium(GI= 2.43). Shoot growth was highest in 9% sucrose compared to other concentration. BAP affects axillary shoot multiplication in of S. gracilistyla. Among nutrients, Ca2+ was not affected shoot number of S. gracilistyla. However, NH4+, NO3 -, and K+ is greatly influenced shoot number. However, Ca2+ was affected in shoot length of S. gracilistyla. Feeding of Mg2+ was not affected in shoot length. Root number is greatly influenced by NH4 +, NO3 -, and K+, however NH4 + and K+ was not affected root number of S. gracilistyla. NH4 + was affected root length, however Mg4 + was not affected root length. Treatment of 0.1mg/L IBA promoted in vitro rooting. In vitro rooted plantlets were successfully transferred to pots for 4weeks hardening process. Later, these plants were transferred to soil with above 90% survival rate in BS+SD(2:1). These results could be easily adopted for commercial large scale cultivation.