Under the limited arable land, the enhancement of agricultural productivity is indispensable to provide the food demand which is concomitant with the rapid increase in population. From this viewpoint, the upbringing and dissemination of high-yielding varieties has been promoted continuously and several modifications in cultural practices, including heavy fertilization, dense planting, and early transplanting, also have been gradually developed. However these changes in cultivation have led to the increased outbreak of insect pests and diseases. And this unexpected results have accelerated the number and complexity of pesticides employed as well as their consumption. Even though pesticides are essential materials contributing to the steady production of agricultural crops, large scale consumption of them has given rise to several adverse impacts, such as mammalian hazard and/or environmental contamination. In this respect, recent development of new pesticides has been concentrated on 'safe pesticide', as it were, that has the highly selective properties without unfavorable side influences on other ecosystem. According to literature cited up to now, feasibilities of safe pesticide development would be summarized as two categories. One of them is the development of chemical pesticides, which include the molecular structure modification of established pesticides for increased safety and synthesis of new safe chemicals which can attack the vulnerable point of physio-ecological characteristics in insect pests and diseases. The other is the biological pesticides which comprise natural enemies and microorganisms to act selectively on confined insect pests and diseases, In addition, improvement of physico-chemical properties of available pesticide formulations would be one of the desirable means for safe pesticide development in view of efficacy enhancement and minimization of hazardous properties or safe pesticide development, various approaches are feasible and needed to study, however, long period and much financial outlay are necessary to develop a new item. And under the present situation in Korea, there are many difficulties for performing research on all the possible routes. Therefore, combined pesticides by the reasonable combination of already registered resticides evaluated as the fairly safe pesticides and safe formulation based on their physico-chemical properties would be developed primarily. And many efforts would be given gradually for the development of new chemical and biological pesticides.

The national wide gravity survey to establish gravity values for the base reference stations in Korea was initiated by the U.S. Army. The Division of Geodesy, U.S. Army Map Service Far East (DG, USAMSFE) conducted two base station surveys in 1961 and 1964, and measured gravity values at 15 stations throughout Korea. Professor Woollard also observed 3 gravity base stations in 1964 as a part of the International Gravity Measurements. All of these surveys were tied directly to DG Base of USAMSFE in Tokyo and Tachikawa Air Force Base stations. GMIK (presently Korea Institute of Energy and Resources) also made 10 base station measurements in 1971, which are tied to USAMSFE base stations established in the previous survey. In a broader sense, all of these measurements are related to Potsdam system whose value is now recognized to be too large by about 14 mgals. In accordance with the International Gravity Standardization Net 1971 (IGSN 71), adopted and recommended by the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, GMIK, in cooperation with Institute of Geological Sciences of England, measured gravity values at 15 base reference stations which are tied to IGSN 71 primary base stations in London and Kyoto. The results of this survey are generally lower by about 13.8 mgals than previous values. On the other hand, the National Geography Institute established a fundamental national gravity base reference station in the back yard of the Institute's building and determined the gravity value, which is tied to the IGSN 71 value of the base reference station located in Tokyo. The measurements were made twice in 1975 and 1980 with the cooperation of Japan Geophysical Survey Institute. NGI also established four auxilliary gravity base reference stations in 1980. The author recently measured the gravity difference between two base reference stations located in Korea Institute of Energy and Resources and National Geography Institute and found the measured value is different by more than 1 mgal to that computed from the gravity values adopted by two Institutes. Therefore it is recommended to conduct a more detailed crosscheck to establish consistent base reference values throughout the country.

In this study, we improved the water-based condensation particle counter in Atmospheric Research Aircraft NARA and investigated the condensation particle number concentration over the Korean peninsula. Pump and set point information were changed to improve the instrument used by aircraft for observation. Ground-based observational result showed that the error between two instruments, which are water-based condensation particle counter and butanol-based condensation particle counter, was 4.7%. Aerial observational result revealed that the number concentration before improvement indicate large variation with unstable condition, whereas the number concentration after improvement indicate a reasonable variation. After improvement, the number concentration was 706±499 particle/㎤ in the West Sea and 257±80 particle/㎤ in Gangwon-do, and these are similar to the concentration range reported in previous studies. Notably, this is the first attempt to use aerial observation with water-based condensation particle counter to investigate condensation particle number concentration.

Red onion cultivar ‘Eumjinara’ with mild taste and early maturation was developed in 2013 by the Allium vegetable crop research team, National Institute Crop Science, Rural development Administration (RDA). ‘Eumjinara’ was originally selected from red onion breeding line, ‘IS1115’, It was preliminarily selected and designated ‘Mon21-31-3’ and advanced yield trial was performed from 2008 to 2009. Regional yield trial test was conducted in six regions from 2010 to 2012. Foliage morphology and leaf color were similar to those of a check cultivar, ‘Cheonjujeok’, but its shape was comparatively broad ovate. Foliage of ‘Eumjinara’ lodged seven days earlier than check cultivar on May 31 and the average bulb weight (234±49.1 g/bulb) was also higher than that of check cultivar. The new cultivar was relatively resistant to clod hardness and downy mildew infection in the field condition. Average yield of ‘Eumjinara’ in three–year the regional yield trials was 6,999 kg/10a. The total soluble solid contents and quercetin concentrations were 41.43 μg/g FW and 556.11 μg/g FW, respectively.

1710년 청나라에서 해적이 출현하자 황제는 해적을 소탕하고 餘賊이 있을 까 걱정하여 조선에 알린다. 조선에서는 이에 대한 화답으로 謝恩使를 준비하여 謝恩兼三節年貢使로 정사 鄭載崙과 부사 朴權, 서장관 洪禹寧을 북경에 보낸다. 이들보다 앞서 10월 5일, 당시 39세 였던 한범석을 都摠府都事의 자격으로 북경에 보낸다. 한범석을 포함하여 1710년에 북경을 다녀온 조선 사람들이 개인적으로 남긴 기록은 현재 발견할 수 없다. 다만 한범석이 조정에 狀啓로 올린 ｢單使赴燕時｣와 ｢到義州報狀｣이 남아 있는데, 이 때문에 한범석이 북경을 다녀온 전후의 과정과 목적은 이들 장계와 ｢赴燕詩｣,『조선왕조실록』같은 자료를 함께 살펴보아야 한다.당시 청나라는 강희가 황제로 있었을 때였다. 즉위 초부터 왕실의 반대파인 鰲拜를 제거하고 三藩의 난을 평정하였지만 중국 전역에는 여전히 작은 소란이 일어나고 있었다. 浙江, 湖光 등에서는 苗賊이 해변에 출몰하였고, 陝西와 階州 지방에서는 라마교의 난리가 일어났으며, 甘肅省 서쪽에서는 喝爾靼이 반란을 기도하고 있었다. 조선에 영향을 끼쳤던 해적은 金州에서 소탕되었다. 원래 이들은 남방에서 일어나 북상하면서 登州와 萊州 지역에 출몰하였고 이어 북쪽 요동반도의 旅順 부근에 있는 金州까지 세력을 뻐친다. 한범석은 이 전후의 과정을 자세히 조사하여 보고하고 있다. 특히 해적의 규모라든가 전술방법 같은 것도 소상하게 보고하고 있다. 이들 기록들은 주로 북경으로 가는 동안 鳳凰城에서 얻은 정보와 심양에서 들은 것, 해적의 피해를 입은 李重德에게 들은 이야기들을 정리하여 보고한 것도 있다. 북경에서는 정보입수가 어렵게 되자 청나라 하급관리에게 뇌물을 주고 자료를 얻기도 한다.그런데 한범석과 일행들이 북경에 도착했지만 오히려 청나라 예부는 한범석과 일행을 의심했다. 선발대가 이렇게 사은사보다 먼저 온 것이 당황스럽다는 것이다. 이 때문에 한범석 일행은 예부관원들과 한 차례 갈등을 겪게 된다. 당시 황제는 도성에 있지 않고 薊州와 永平 등지에서 사냥을 하며 지역을 시찰하고 있었다. 한범석이 얻은 정보는 당시 조선과 청나라의 상황을 알 수 있다는 점에서 의의가 크다. 특히 三藩의 난 이후에도 청나라에 크고 작은 규모의 전란이 있었다는 것은 시사하는 점이 크다. 한범석의 선발대는 다른 목적을 가지지 않고 당시 정세 파악에 주력하였으므로 그의 장계는 정치와 종교의 변화에 자세하다. 朱氏 후손을 세워 멸망한 명나라 왕조를 재건하려는 세력이 있다는 것도 알 수 있다. 조선 후기 최고 산문 중의 하나인 열하일기의 ｢허생전｣을 보면 북벌에 대한 삼대책을 허생이 이완장군에게 언급하는 내용이 있다. 朱氏왕손을 세운다거나 자제들을 빈공과에 보내고 강남에 상인을 보내어 북벌을 도모한다는 내용이다. ｢허생전｣은 허구적 요소가 가미되어 있지만 소재가 역사적 사실에 근거를 두고 있다는 것을 한범석의 장계를 통하여 거듭 확인 할 수 있다.