This study was conducted to investigate the influence of hydrophilic polymer (HP) mixture ratio (Control, 1.0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, and 10.0%) on growth of eggplant (Solanum melongena) for lower maintenance urban agriculture via green roofs. Although it was not statistically significant (p > 0.05), substrate temperature was decreased as hydrophilic polymer mixture ratio were increased. High substrate water content (95%) was found consistently in growing media under elevated hydrophilic polymer mixture ratio at over 5% during the entire growing period. Substrate electronic conductivity was increased as hydrophilic polymer mixture ratio were increased. Growth index was decreased as hydrophilic polymer mixture ratio was increased. It was reduced about 1/3 and 1/5 compared to that of Control in HP5.0 and HP10.0 treatment plants, respectively. Number of leaves, leaf length, and leaf width were decreased in following order: Control> HP1.0> HP2.5> HP5.0> HP10.0 treatments. There numbers were significantly lower in HP5.0 and HP10.0 treatment plants. Dry weight of shoot and root were decreased as hydrophilic polymer mixture ratio was increased. They were reduced by 1/4 compared to those of Control treatment plants. In addition, visual value was decreased as hydrophilic polymer mixture ratio was increased. Plants grown in HP1.0, HP2.5, and HP5.0 treatments all survived. However, plants grown in the HP10.0 treatment had the lowest survival rate (56%) after 3 months of growing. These results indicate that the advantage of adding hydrophilic polymer to green roof growing media may greater during dry periods. However, the proper mixture proportion of hydrophilic polymer should be determined according to different characteristics of growing media and plant species.

This study was carried out to investigate and assess the cold tolerance of 24 species broad-leaved evergreen trees in southern region, South Korea, and propose the selection for urban greening responsive to the climate change. The cold stressed impact of each species was measured and calculated by the electrolyte leakage (EL) method, and then the lethal temperature was predicted by the non-linear regression analysis. The scattered plots and fitted curves of most species tended to show sigmoidal response curve. On assessing the EL values and sigmoidal response curve pattern with different temperature, the differences were obviously showed among all the species. Also, among the species within the same family, the differences were obviously showed. The maximum temperature difference among the species was over 10℃. Between Ilex rutunda and Ilex integra within the same family, Aquifoliaceae, it was over 10℃. The results indicate that there are significant differences in cold tolerance among different species in the same region, which are not affected by any environmental factors but affected by any genetical factors. Thus it is valuable to assess the cold tolerance on most broad-leaved evergreen trees in southern region, South Korea. As a result, Euonymus japonicus, Trachelospermum asiaticum, Dendropanax morbiferus, Ilex integra, Machilus thunbergii, Ilex x wandoensis, Cinnamomum japonicum, Distylium racemosum, and Castanopsis sieboldii may have better cold tolerance and survive the region closer to middle region, South Korea compared to the others.

In this study, in order to determine whether this flood inundated by any route when the levee was destroyed, which can simulate the path of the flood inundation model was developed for the SIMOD(Simplified Inundation MODel). Multi direction method((MDM) for differential distributing the adjacent cells by using the slope and Flat-water assumption(FWA)-If more than one level higher in the cell adjacent to the cell level is the lowest altitude that increases the water level is equal to the adjacent cells- were applied. SIMOD model can significantly reduce simulation time because they use a simple input data of topography (DEM) and inflow flood. Therefore, predicting results within minutes will be possible, if you can only identify inflow flood through the runoff model or levee collapse model. Therefore, it could be used to establish an evacuation plan due to flooding, such as EAP (Emergency Action Plan).

In this study, changes in daily temperature range were investigated using daily maximum and minimum temperatures of Busan and Daegu for last 81 years (1934-2014), and also characteristics of daily temperature range and seasonal fluctuations by urbanization were examined. First, elapsing changes showed a lower decreasing trend in Busan (0.32℃) than Daegu (1.2 8℃) for last 81 years. Daily temperature range showed the highest rise in winter in both Busan and Daegu. Second, daily temperature range due to urbanization showed that Busan had a pronounced decreasing trend before urbanization meanwhile Daegu showed the same trend after urbanization. On seasonal changes, the results of Busan showed a decreasing trend in summer before urbanization, and in autumn after urbanization. For Daegu, the results showed a decreasing trend in spring before urbanization, and in winter after urbanization. Seasonal fluctuations of Busan showed little difference in the pre and post-urbanization, except in winter and summer. There was large difference in daily temperature range in winter after urbanization, and in summer before the urbanization. The results in Daegu showed that there was decreasing trend of daily temperature range in all seasons after urbanization.

We analyzed diurnal variations in the surface air temperature using the high density urban climate observation network of Daegu in summer, 2013. We compared the time elements, which are characterized by the diurnal variation of surface air temperature. The warming and cooling rates in rural areas are faster than in urban areas. It is mainly due to the difference of surface heat capacity. In addition, local wind circulation also affects the discrepancy of thermal spatiotemporal distribution in Daegu. Namely, the valley and mountain breezes affect diurnal variation of horizontal distribution of air temperature. During daytimes, the air(valley breeze) flows up from urban located at lowlands to higher altitudes of rural areas. The temperature of valley breeze rises gradually as it flows from lowland to upland. Hence the difference of air temperature decreases between urban and rural areas. At nighttime, the mountains cool more rapidly than do low-lying areas, so the air(mountain breeze) becomes denser and sinks toward the valleys(lowlands). As the result, the air temperature becomes lower in rural areas than in urban areas.

Regional air quality regulation is a system that allows the Minister of Environment to designate the local area as air quality control region where the concentrations of air pollutants are exceeding the environmental standards, and the local governments that administrate the regulated area have to develop and practise a plan for reducing the air pollutants. From the data observed yearly by the monitoring stations in 8 provincial cities with more than 0.5 million people was judged the compliance with air quality standards in each municipality for the period of 2003 to 2013. As the result of investigation on air pollutants concentrations of each city, it was found that there was no station that exceeds the ambient air quality standards of CO, SO2 and 24-hour NO2. But all municipalities exceeded the standards of 8-hour O3, annual and 24-hour PM10, and therefore 8 municipalities can be designated to be under the local air regulation. For the annual NO2 were the monitoring sites necessary requirements for designation of the air quality regulation region in Cheongju, Cheonan, Daejeon and Gwangju area. Incase of 1-hour O3, some of stations in Pohang, Cheongju, Cheonan and Changwon area were over the designation standards for the air quality control region.

The purpose of this study was to analyse the runoff characteristics of non-point pollution sources in an urban watershed and determine the effectiveness of newly installed riverwater treatment system to reduce water pollution caused by storm runoff in the urban watershed. The results of this study showed that the levels of BOD5 and suspended solid were highly influenced by first-flush effect and the pollutant load of those two parameters were also very high in the urban watershed. Meanwhile, the effectiveness of riverwater treatment system to reduce the levels of BOD5 and suspended solid was relatively high, but those to reduce the levels of T-N and T-P was low, which needs some additional unit treatment process such as filtration and coagulation. Nonetheless, the riverwater treatment system tested was relatively simple in installation and operation, effective in removing many water pollutants and, most importantly, does not require much space as other treatment systems, so it could be an attractive alternative option to reduce riverwater pollution caused by storm runoff in urban watersheds.

The goal of this study was to examine the effects of urban forest program on environmental sensitivity, academic stress and academic achievement in high school students. Thirty high school students were assigned to an experimental group, which participated in weekly urban forest program, and thirty students to a control group. As a result, the experimental group showed the significant improvement in environmental sensitivity and academic achievement, and higher environmental sensitivity along with lower academic stress. The results suggest that, as urban forest program enhances environmental sensitivity of students, their academic stress was reduced, and the program may influence academic achievement positively.

This research was tried to determine the effects of the family unity and intimacy, the recognition about urban agriculture, and the preference of urban agricultural program on the member of urban agriculture experience program. The family cohesion was shown the increasing average significantly in participated group, but there were no difference in control group. It’s means that agricultural experiences affected on the family cohesion. The determination of recognition about urban agriculture, participated group had been appeared the significantly increasing value between before and after applied experience program. This result had shown the effect to recognition of urban agriculture program in joining group. The preference of urban garden program after program participated, building the kitchen garden program was chosen the best program and fellowed seeding, sowing of potato, herbal lecture with making herbal vinegar, harvesting of lotus leaf with cooking lotus leaf rice. Investigation of the urban agriculture program satisfaction after participated, participant were reported the effect of decreasing stress and increasing family unity, intimacy, and dialog. Also, participant were highly satisfied the garden soil condition and program.

In order to clarify the characteristics of PM10 in coastal and inland cities and their variation statistical analysis were carried out using environmental and meteorological data observed at Busan and Daegu metropolitans during 4 year from 2010. Averaged PM10 concentration was higher in industrial area than any other land-use sites, and its maximum value reach on over 50 ㎍/㎥ at Jangrim site in Busan. Temporal and spatial variations of PM10 concentration in Busan were more sharply, since topograph and mesoscale wind pattern in Busan is more complicated than those in Daegu. Correlation of PM10 concentrations between sites within Daegu appeared strongly and maximum values R2 is about 0.8. This indicate that because wind pattern induced by mesoscale forcing in Daegu are well unified, the variation of PM10 concentration tends to be similar in all sites within Daegu. However, due to complicate wind pattern induced by topography and coastal line, PM10 correlation of sites within Busan was weaker in comparison with in Daegu. And correlation of PM10 at same lane-use in Busan and Daegu tend to be related to the intensity of meteorological forcing, which can decide the intensity of wind pattern.

본 연구에서는 포아송 클러스터 강우생성모형의 일종인 Modified Bartlett-Lewis Rectangular Pulse (MBLRP) 강우생성 모형의 도시홍수 모의에 있어 적용성을 살펴보았다. 이를 위하여 서울 홍제천 유역의 남가좌 배수분구에 대하여 2차원 관망-지표면 홍수 모의 프로그램인 XP-SWMM 모형을 구축하고, MBLRP 모형을 사용하여 생성된 200년 길이의 가상강우 시계열을 입력 강우자료로 하여 홍수량, 침수면적을 산정하고 이를 설계강우에 근거하여 산출된 값들과 비교하였다. 비교 결과, MBLRP 모형을 사용하여 산출된 홍수량 및 침수면적은 설계강우에 근거한 값들과 비교하였을 때 다소 작은 값을 가졌고, 과소산정의 정도는 8%(5년 빈도)에서 34% (200년 빈도)의 값을 가졌으며, 설계강우의 재현기간에 따라 과소산정의 정도는 증가하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 도시유역에서의 홍수 모의에 있어 몬테카를로 분석을 통한 침수관련 변수들의 불확실성을 정량적으로 표현할 수 있는 방법론을 제시하고 그 적용성 및 한계점을 제시했다는 점에서 그 의미를 찾을 수 있을 것이다.

본 연구의 목적은 고해상도 정량적강수추정치(QPE)를 이용하여 도시유출해석을 수행하고 소배수분구별 강우와 유출량의 공간 변동성을 분석하여 적용성을 평가하는 것이다. 대상유역은 강남역을 중심으로 하는 5개 배수분구(서초3, 4, 5, 역삼, 논현)을 선정하였으며, 유역면적은 7.4 km2이다. QPE 생산을 위해 KMA AWS (34소), SKP AWS (156소), 광덕산 레이더 자료를 통해 서울지역의 강우자료를 구축하였으며 크리깅 기법과 조건부합성 방법을 적용하여 4가지 QPE (QPE1: KMA AWS, QPE2: KMA+SKP AWS, QPE3: 광덕산 레이더, QPE4: QPE2+QPE3)를 생산하였다. 시공간 해상도는 10분, 250 m이며, 2013년 7월에 발생한 6개 호우를 대상으로 하였다. 복잡한 실제 관망을 도시유출해석모형에 입력하기 위해 773개 맨홀과 772개 소배수분구, 1,059개 하수관거로 재구성하여 분석을 수행하였다. QPE2와 QPE4는 QPE1에 비해 소배수구역별 면적강우량의 변동폭이 최대 1.9배까지 차이가 나타나 작은 유역에서도 강우공간변동성이 있음을 확인하였다. 또한 소배수구역별 첨두유량 분석결과에서도 강남과 서초 AWS에 비해 QPE2와 QPE4의 변동폭이 최대 6배 큰 것으로 분석되었다. 따라서 본 연구의 대상지역과 같이 수km2 이하의 도시유역에서도 강우와 첨두유량의 공간변동성이 발생함을 알 수 있었으며, 정확한 도시유출해석을 위해서는 고해상도 강우자료를 활용하는 것이 바람직한 것으로 판단된다.

Urbanization can be significantly affected the hydrologic cycle by increasing flood discharge and heat flux. In order to mitigate these modifications in urban areas, Low Impact Development (LID) technique has been designed and applied in Korea. In order to estimate runoff reduction rate using SWMM LID model, the characteristics of five LID techniques was firstly analyzed for water balance. Vegetated swale and green roof were not reduce flood discharge nor infiltration amount. On the other hand, porous pavement and infiltration trench were captured by infiltration function. The flood reduction rate with LID is substantially affected by their structures and properties, e.g., the percentage of the area installed with LID components and the percentage of the drainage area of the LID components.

A historic urban landscape has to be preserved wholly, not only as a cultural heritage site, but also as an environment and a neighborhood. However, cultural heritage sites have their own unique social-commercial environments, and these are not easy to integrate during the preservation process even though they are located in the same area. To examine ways of overcoming the difficulty in integrating the preservation of heritages, this study analyzes the historic urban landscape preservation of St. Augustine, Florida in the United States. The preservation of St. Augustine's historic urban landscape can be identified by its unique system of government-academy cooperation. For integrated preservation of the historic landscape of St. Augustine, Florida's state government owns the properties, which are not designated but have a heritage value, and are located next to the nationally designated heritage sites. The properties receive trust administration by the University of Florida. This cooperation between the government and the university can benefit both stakeholders. To the government, the relationship gives the benefit for professional, long-term management for the properties and their environments. To the university, the cooperation provides a place for practical education, funding, and opportunities for research and management. The government-academy cooperation model argued for this study can be applied to many Korean historic cities' urban landscape preservation planning.

In this study the urban atmospheric environment map in Busan was made and it consist of the atmospheric environment element map and the atmospheric environment analysis map. The atmospheric environment element map covered the topography, the urban climate, the air pollutant emission, ozone and PM10 concentrations in Busan and the atmospheric environment analysis map included the thermal environment and the wind flow by using WRF meteorological numerical simulation. The meteorological elements from 2007 to 2011 in Busan were used in this study. As a result, in the center of Busan and Buk-gu along to the Nakdong river was the temperature high. To analyze the air flow of Busan 3 clusters depending on the wind direction were extracted with the cluster analysis. The results of the analysis on the detailed wind field of each cluster showed that the weak ventilation could be happened locally at the specific meteorological condition.