본 연구에서는 도시화에 따른 기후변화가 FAO Penman-Monteith 기준증발산량에 미치는 영향을 파악하고자 한다. 또한 도시화에 따른 수문기후학적 변화는 다른 지형 및 지리적 조건과도 밀접한 연관성을 가지고 있다. 따라서 도시화가 수문기후에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위해서는 이들 지형 및 지리적조건도 동시에 고려되어야 한다. 이러한 지형 및 지리적 조건이 도시화과정과 함께 수문기후변화에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위하여 FAO Penman-Montei

도시화에 따른 기후변화가 연 물수지에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위하여 전국 56개 기후관측지점을 중심으로 반경 10 km에 해당하는 의 면적을 연구지역으로 설정하였다. 연구지역 내에서 연 실제증발산량을 산정하였고, 도시화에 따른 연 유출량변화를 모의하기 위하여 연 물수지분석을 실시하였다. 연 실제증발산량 산정을 위하여 수문기후자료와 토지이용자료를 이용하여 추정된 식생지수를 이용하여 연구지역별 연 실제증발산량을 산정하였다. 여기서 연 실제증발산량은 Zhan

본 연구에서는 해안 도시 하천의 범람으로 인한 홍수 재해 발생시 예상될 수 있는 피해에 대해 적절한 홍수예경보 및 피난대책을 수립하고자 대표적인 해안 도시 하천의 특성을 가지는 부산시 온천천 유역을 대상으로 수치지도에서 각종 지형자료를 추출하였고 수문 GIS 자료를 구축하였다. 강우 분석은 강우의 공간적 특성을 대상유역인 온천천에 티센망을 이용하여 고려하였으며 강우의 시간적 분포는 Huff의 2분위, 6차 회귀다항식을 이용하여 분석하였다. 홍수예경보 발

This study aims to show how the urbanization of Korea has progressed for the last three decades, what its characteristics are, and how rural land use has changed by the national and district(cities and counties) level. The land use changes accompanying to the urbanization is analyzed through 3 indicators such as urbanization rate, the rate of cultivated and forest land and the rate of urbanized area. The statistical data are 30 years from 1976 to 2005 for time series analysis by the national level, and are for the two years of 1995 and 2005 by the district level. The relationship between urbanization and land use changes in the national level is analyzed using statistical analysis(Correlation Analysis). In order to analyze the dynamic and spatial urbanization and land use changes effectively in the district level, Z-score, Paired T-test, Correlation Analysis, Analysis of Variance and Chi-squire Test are used. The results show negative correlation between urbanization rate and the rate of cultivated and forest land, and positive correlation between urbanization rate and the rate of urbanized area respectively. In the aspect of the change of urbanization rate, four categories are examined. In addition, four types are characterized on the basis of the rate of cultivated and forest land and the rate of urbanized area between 1995 from 2005.

This study aims to develop rural house maintenance technique by researching and analyzing the demand for rural house by urban retirees or urbanites who are planning to retire. The target for the survey consisted of urban retirees or urbanites who are planning to retire at the ages between 40 and 65, and were divided into group A, the attendants in rural-related education, and group B, the non-attendants in rural-related education. The contents of the survey included the plan and purpose for rural settlement, the utilization form or residential form of rural house and its expected size, necessary in-house facilities, necessary community facilities, improvement and maintenance factors of rural house, political and legal support for the application of rural house maintenance, etc. The results findings of this study are as follows; 1)For both group, the major purpose of rural settlement appeared to be 'for rural life', utilization form of rural house to be 'acquired ownership or use of empty house', residential form to be 'cohabitation', expected size to be 'under 20~30 pung', and expenditure to be 'under 50~100 million'. 2)Most wanted necessary in-house facilities included backyard, multipurpose storage room for group A, and backyard, garden for group B. Necessary community facilities included boardwalk, sewage disposal unit for group A, and boardwalk, shop for group B. 3)Improvement factor for rural house showed 'poor insulation' as first factor for both groups, and for maintenance factor, 'backyard', 'under-floor heating' for group A, and 'environmental-friendly materials', 'backyard' for group B. 4)Most wanted overall political and legal support included 'support on land and real estate supply' for group A, and 'medical and transportation service' for group B. For both group, most wanted support when purchasing a house included 'provision of information on house and realestate purchase', and for legal support, 'legal support for guaranteed house and maintenance' as first factor. The results of this study could be utilized to restructure the rural residence, which would meet the diverse demand of both rural residents and urbanites by providing an opportunity for urbanites to enjoy rural life.

This study was focused on estimating instream flow, and its optimal alternative for securing the required total amount of instream flow was also researched in order to restore ecosystems and riverine aesthetics of the Mugeo Stream, the first tributary of the Taewha River flowing through the center of Ulsan. In this study the hydraulic and hydrologic conditions and water quality were investigated at specific channel reaches and representative stations of the Mugeo Stream to determine a proper estimate of instream flow. And riverine functions, such as the minimum flow, water quality conservation, fish habitat, and recreation, were considered to restore the environmental functions of the stream. As a result, the total amount of 11,500㎥/day was set as the target instream flow for the Mugeo Stream. It was chosen as the optimal alternative for securing the total external supply of 10,000㎥/day which have to be transfered from the riverbed flow diverted through the Taewha Main river at upstream of Samho bridge. The water quality throughout the Mugeo Stream channels will be improved considerably to 3-4 mg/l of BOD standard if the target instream flow is supplied and sewage is intercepted by the sanitary sewage system.

The purpose of this research was to three-criteria landuse-pattern, developing density, NDVI which were related to the heat island and find the distribution characteristic of urban surface temperature and urban heat island effects. The results of this study were as follows. According to the analysis of surface temperatures, the first grade was the outside-city like a mountain and its temperature was less than 12.18℃. The fifth grade was the downtown industrial area and its temperature was more than 23.54℃. It means Daegu-Metropolitan-City has the serious heat-island effect. the results of landuse pattern analysis, in case of fifth and forth grade, city area was occupied over 90% with residential, commercial and industrial areas, but in case of third grade, openspace was occupied over 70%. The results of developing density analysis, the temperature had high correlation with building ratio, road ratio, vegetation ratio and etc. To plan for the decrease of heat island effect needed the extension of green space, decrease of paving, but there was a limit to get the objective method for grade classification because of lacking in the basic data, the research of criteria will be accomplished continuously.

비정형격자 기반의 수치해석모형을 이용하여 지하공간침수해석모형을 개발하였다. 본 모형은 지하공간의 흐름 특성을 link-node 시스템에 의해 해석하고, 계단 및 벽구조물 등의 지하공간 구조물 배치 영향을 고려한 침수해석을 수행할 수 있다. 흐름은 두가지로 구분하며, 하나는 두 개의 인접한 격자가 지하공간에서의 지하철 노선에 해당되어 수로형 흐름을 나타내는 경우이고, 다른 하나는 지하공간에서의 지하철 노선 이외의 지점 및 지하상가 등으로 물이 확산되는 위

The purpose of this study is to analyze seasonal distribution of insects, birds, fishes, and benthos for Gongji stream in Chuncheon and to explore some strategies towards creating a desirable close-to-nature stream. The number of species occurred in the study stream was 23 for butterflies and 149 for other insects, 23 for birds, 15 for fishes, and 47 for benthos. The study stream was dominated by Artogenia rapae, Polygonia caureum, Cyntia cardui for butterflies, and Passer montanus, Anas crecca, Anas platyrhynchos for birds. The dominant species were Rhynchocypris oxycephalus, Zacco platypus, Carassius auratus for fishes, and Limnodrilus sp. 2, Chironomus sp. 2, Hydropsyche KUb for benthos. Attracting insect species of higher density requires planting of host plant species and stabilization of plant coverage against disturbances. To enhance species diversity and density of birds, it is desirable to provide diverse habitats including preservation of downstream wetland and natural vegetation, creation of sand bars and islands with sand and gravel, and restriction of traffic passing and parking. Restoring fish and benthos habitats needs improvement of water quality, layout of gravels and stones on sand-dominant streambed, and use of close-to-nature revetment techniques.

본 논문은 복잡하고 거대한 도시장면의 빠른 렌더링을 위한 기여도 컬링에 대한 새로운 방법을 제안한다. 시각 절두체 컬링 기술은 복잡한 장면의 빠른 렌더링에 사용된다. LOD를 지원하기 위해 영상 영역을 분할하고 가중치 쿼드트리를 생성한다. 현재 카메라 위치에서 보이는 객체들만 현재 쿼드트리의 요소가 되고 가중치는 쿼드트리의 각 객체에 할당된다. 가중치는 투사된 객체의 영상 영역에 비례하기 때문에 카메라로부터 먼 거리에 있는 큰 구조물들은 가까운 거리에 있는 작은 구조물들보다 컬링될 확률이 적다. 렌더링 시간은 보이는 객체들의 수에 독립적으로 거의 일정하다. 제안된 방법을 현재 개발 중인 새로운 대도시 구역에 적용했다. 제안된 방법은 기존의 방법과 같은 렌더링 질을 보장하며 다각형의 수를 약 9% 감소시킴을 확인하였다. 제안된 렌더링 방법은 복잡하고 거대한 장면의 고품질 실간 렌더링을 위한 응용 시스템에 효과적으로 사용될 수 있음을 확인하였다.

최근에 들어 도시지역에서는 국지성 집중호우에 의한 홍수피해가 증가하고 있다. 심지어 우수설비 시스템이 비교적 잘 갖추어진 개발 지역에서도 기존의 우수설비시스템의 용량이 초과되어 큰 침수피해가 발생하고 있다. 이로 인해 건물， 공공기반시설 등 재산 및 인명 등에 있어 많은 피해를 야기하고 있으며, 도로의 침수는 운송 시스템의 기능에 문제를 일으키게 되어 도시의 산업과 기능을 마비시킨다. 이러한 도시지역 홍수에 대비하여 도시지역의 복잡한 지형 형상과 인위적

The objectives of this study have been carried out to investigate the solubilization of municipal sewage sludge by single and dual frequency ultrasonic pretreatment, and the methane production characteristics of pretreated sewage sludge by specific methanogenic activity test for sewage sludge reduction. The waste activated sludge was collected from thickened tank of Suyoung sewage treatment plant in Busan city, and its concentration was adjusted to 1.0% total solids. Ultrasonic frequency was varied 15, 20, 15+20 kHz, and acoustic density was used a maximum 176W/L. The dual frequency ultrasonic pretreatment was found to be more effective than single frequency ultrasonic in the solubilization rate and methane production. The SCODCr/TCODCr rate were 15.2%, 13.9%, 17.0% with single frequency of 15 kHz, 20 kHz, dual frequency of 15+20 kHz, respectively. The application of dual frequency ultrasound for sewage sludge pretreatment can be interest for sewage treatment plants having problems in sludge treatment and disposal.

It is well known that urban relative humidity has continuous decreasing trend owing to the influence of urbanization. The change of relative humidity is directly influenced by two factors, namely, temperature effect and water vapor effect in various urban effects. In this study, the temperature and the water vapor effects on the relative humidity change were analyzed by using monthly mean relative humidities for a long period(1961～2005) in Daegu and Chupungnung. The major results obtained in this study can be summarized as follows. Firstly, the urban dryness was caused mainly by water vapor effect in summer. But, for the other seasons, the urban dryness is mainly due to the temperature effect. Secondly, the relative humidity in Daegu is on the decrease until now. This phenomenon is similar to another Korean huge cities such as Seoul, Daejeon and Incheon. But, it is different compared with Japanese huge cities such as Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya, indicating a standstill in relative humidity change after 1980s.

The overall purpose of this study was to investigate pedestrians and commercial business men and employers' recognition on management of street trees and green spaces along street sides. The followings were main results of this study. Both pedestrians and commercial business men and employers mostly perceived positive influence of street trees on urban environment and their business. In addition, pedestrians gave higher scores of positive influence of trees function than those of commercial business men and employers. Pedestrians showed strong intention to participate management activities of street trees or green spaces. This study indicated that negative perception on street trees came from improper management rather than existence of street trees. Therefore, more intensive management actions are needed.

교통의 흐름에 있어서의 트럭 및 콘테이너 차량 등 대형차량의 혼입은 차체의 크기에 기인한 넓은 공간의 점유 및 승용차에 비해 상대적으로 떨어지는 차량운행 능력 등의 특성 때문에 도로의 용량을 감소시키는 중요한 요인이 된다. 도로의 교통용량산정 시 이러한 대형차량의 혼입에 의한 용량의 감소를 나타내는 척도로서의 승용차 환산계수의 개념은 1965년 도로용량편람에서 처음으로 도입되었으며, 이후 구미의 많은 학자들에 의해 연구되었다. 본 연구에서는 차량배열 형태에 따른 차두시간의 분석을 통해 환산계수의 도출을 시도하였다. 분석을 위한 교통자료의 수집은 통행차량 차종의 대부분이 승용차와 대형차로 구성되어 있으며 비교적 관측이 용이한 부산시 도시고속도로의 평지구간에서 첨두시간과 비 첨두시간으로 나누어 실시되었다. 본 연구에서의 환산계수 산정방법은 차두시간의 분석을 통한 미시적 접근방법인바, 동방법의 정확성 및 효율적 검증을 위해서는 거시적 접근 방법에 의한 산정방법과의 비교분석이 요구된다.

This study aims to estimate a urban heat island potential distribution based on the land-use types using Landsat TM(1100 LST August 2004) and AWS data in Daegu. The heat island potential is defined as a difference between surface temperature and air-temperature at each place. The study area was selected as about 900㎢ square including Daegu metropolitan area. Land-use data obtained by dividing all of Daegu metropolitan area into 1-km-square three types of maps were prepared in the 1960s, 1970s and 2000s respectively. Land-use types were classified into 5 categories. Forest and farm lands have been reduced at a wide range during 40 years. Most of those changed into urban area. The heat island potential distribution presented a striking contrasts according to land-use types. For example, the heat island potential of urban area was higher than 10℃ in comparison to those of water or paddy rice areas.

본 연구에서는 지표면 유출의 시간적 변화와 공간적 분포를 모의할 수 있는 격자기반의 도시유역 지표면 유출모형을 개발하였다. 개발된 모형에서는 지표면 유출의 메카니즘을 연속방정식과 Manning식을 결합한 비선형저류방정식으로 표현하고 있으며, 대상유역을 일정한 크기의 격자로 구성하고 개개의 격자마다 유출해석을 위한 지형정보와 수문정보를 입력하여 격자별 유출량을 계산 추적하게 된다. 본 모형을 이용하여 가상유역 및 실제 도시유역인 군자 배수구역에 대해서 시

This study aims to examine what factors park users value in urban parks and to find ways to elevate user satisfaction for the creation and usage of an urban park. To achieve this, the study relied on two methods: the descriptive method of researching publications and related scholastic writings, and the empirical study method including a survey of present condition and interviews with users. The result shows that the "sense of nature" is more important than “functional facilities” in urban natural parks and "management part like safety and cleanliness of park" is more important than "utilizing facilities" in urban neighborhood parks. Generally, the importance rating of urban parks visitors felt in them were higher than the satisfaction rating, in terms of living surroundings. Factor analysis resulted in six factors in a natural park and in eight factors in a neighborhood park. Regression analysis in a natural and a neighborhood park showed a positively correlated factor: benefits sought, suggesting that people recognize the importance of urban parks through the benefits they gain in them and the satisfaction they find in urban parks depends on utilizing facilities. Therefore, in urban natural parks, people will find greater satisfaction through pursuit of the benefits they are seeking; improvements to park facilities should address the benefits that park users are seeking.