Seventy Pipistrellus abramus samples were caught to analyze their sexual dimorphism and mophological characteristics. The mean HB and FA were 50.86 mm and 34.93 mm, respectively, based on external measurements and skull shape. The length of the TL, Hfcu, and Tra were approximately 70%, 55.6%, and 38% of the HB, Tib, and E, respectively. Both the lambdoid crest and the sagittal crest were well developed and the H.BC was approximately 84% of the W.BC. P2 was inside the toothrow and metacone of canine was clearly visible. According to the analysis of sexual dimorphism, the following characteristics were different in between males and females: WS, C-M3, C-C, M3-M3, LOM, LUC, and i-m3. The WS, C-M3, C-C, M3-M3, LOM, and i-m3 were bigger in females than males, whereas the LUC was bigger in males.

In order to collect base line data for setting up bat boxes, we established a total of 30 bat boxes in 2017. The bat boxes were established on the sidewalls of overpass and on the inside of girder bridges. Since establishing bat boxes, we regularly confirmed whether or not they were used; in June 2018, we confirmed that a total of six bat boxes were being used by Pipistrellus abramus and Myotis aurascens. It was confirmed that P. abramus used one bat box each out of five bat boxes, and that many adult females of M. aurascens used a single bat box as a place for maternity roosts. This result is the first use case for setting up bat boxes across the country, and could be used as baseline data to build roosts for bats by setting up additional bat boxes in the future.

In this study, we analyzed the changes in the echolocation and prey-capture behavior of the horseshoe bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum from search phase to capture time. The experiment was conducted in an indoor free-flight room fitted with an ultra-high-speed camera. We found that the bats searched for food while hanging from a structure, and capturing was carried out using the flight membrane. In addition, it was confirmed that the mouth and uropatagium were continuously used in tandem during the capturing process. Furthermore, using Constant Frequency (CF), we confirmed that the prey catching method reflected the wing morphology and echolocation pattern of R. ferrumequinum. The echolocation analysis revealed that the pulse duration, pulse interval, peak frequency, start-FM-bandwidth, and CF duration decreased as the search phase approached the terminal phase. Detailed analysis of echolocation pulse showed that the end-FM bandwidth, which increases as it gets nearer to the capture time of prey, was closely related to the accurate grasp of the location of an insect. At the final moment of prey capture, the passive listening that stopped the divergence of the echolocation was identified; this was determined to be the process of minimizing the interruption from the echo of the echolocation call emitted from the bat itself and sound waves emitted from the prey.

Sightings of long-tailed bats have only been recorded twice in Korea, and their morphology and ecology are virtually unknown. We captured a female long-tailed bat in May 2016, in Gangwon Province, and to the best of our knowledge, this has been done for the first time in approximately 30 years. The captured bat had a very small craniofacial area and the length of its tibia was > 19 mm. The wing membrane penetrated the distal portion of the metatarsus of its first toe. The fur of the bat had a lusterless yellowish-brown color and its terminal tail vertebra was free beyond the posterior edge of the uropatagium. It had an obvious lambdoid crest on the lateral side. The anterior and central premolars were located inward with respect to the tooth row. In the mandible, the central premolar was located slightly inward and was nearly 80% of the anterior premolar in height.

In this study, we analyzed two types of echolocation calls used by the parti-coloured bat, Vespertilio sinensis. Bats were captured in the Naejangsan National Park in October 2013. Call sounds of hand-released bats were recorded at the location of capture within the National Park. We analyzed pulse duration (PD), pulse interval (PI), peak frequency (PF), maximum frequency (FMAX), minimum frequency (FMIN), and bandwidth (BW). V. sinensis emitted the different types of the echolocation calls depending on the surrounding environment. Frequency modulated-constant frequency (FM-CF) signal of audible range was emitted when they flew in the uncluttered space over the canopy. However, when flying in the cluttered space below the canopy, they only emitted FM signal. FM-CF signal is in the audible range (e.g., low frequency), and FM signal has a harmonic broadband frequency range of two. There were significant differences in PD, PI, PF, FMAX, FMIN, and BW between the calls emitted over and below the canopy. Considering the functional characteristics of FM and CF signals, we conclude that the foraging activity of V. sinensis was observed below the canopy, and recommend the use of FM signal and broadband as echolocation signals.

We have analyzed the external morphology and the environment of the foraging site of Vespertilio sinensis. The external morphology was analyzed by twelve parameters and the environment characteristics of the foraging site was analyzed using GIS 10.1 program. The wing membrane was inserted into the ankle of the hind foot and the wing ratio was 1.42, the middle type between broad-short wing type and long-narrow wing type. The fur color was blackish brown but the guard hair color was whitish. The shape of the ear was a rounded triangle and tragus was a fan shape. This study showed that V. sinensis preferred the deciduous forest of the upper forest zone, where human interference was less. We believed that abundance of insects, depending on water system, was closely related to the use of the foraging site. This result showed that the environment characteristics was very similar to the nature preservation zone including Baekyang valley and Keumsun valley in Naejangsan National Park.

Between May and September 2014, a total of 226 serotine bats (Eptesicus serotinus) were captured and subsequently released at a site 50 km distant from the site of capture, in order to determine the homing ability of the bats and changes in the homing rate according to the season. The bats were captured from a nursery colony at a bridge in An-dong (Gyeongbuk, Korea), and then released at a similar site in Yeong-Ju (Gyeongbuk, Korea). We found that 115 of the 226 bats released (51%) returned to the capture site. However, there was a difference in the homing ability of the serotine bats depending on the season and reproductive status. We found that the homing rate was the highest in June during late pregnancy and the lowest in August after the lactation period.

동굴 속에서 박쥐 배설물에 의하여 형성된 구아노에는 쇄설성 광물과 더불어 배설물 내의 성분과 주변 암석과의 반응 등을 통하여 생성된 다양한 황산염 및 인산염 광물들이 존재한다. 따라서 이러한 광물들의 연구는 광물형성에 영향을 미치는 동굴 내 지구화학적 환경에 대한 기본적인 정보를 제공한다. 본 연구는 국내의 대표적인 세 석회동굴에서 구아노의 시료를 채취하여 이들에 대한 광물학적 특성과 화학 성분 비교를 통하여 동굴 내 구아노를 구성하는 기본적인 광물 성분을 밝히고 이들의 특성에 영향을 미치는 인자를 도출하고자 실시되었다. 연구 결과 고씨동굴의 경우 채취된 시료에서 운모, 석영, 장석과 같은 쇄설성 광물과 더불어 많은 양의 석고가 함께 산출되었다. 석고의 양은 하부로 갈수록 증가하며 이것은 백룡동굴과 석류동굴과는 다른 특징이다. 백룡동굴의 시료는 쇄설성 광물로 카올리나이트를 추가적으로 포함하며 상대적으로 매우 적은 양의 석고를 포함한다. 성류동굴 시료의 경우 쇄설성 광물의 성분은 고씨동굴과 같으나 석고 대신 바사나이트가 미량으로 관찰된다. 이러한 광물의 분포는 구아노 시료의 화학분석 결과와 일치한다. 이러한 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 고씨동굴에서는 많은 양의 박쥐 배설물로부터 상대적으로 습도가 높거나 홍수가 자주 일어나는 환경에서 이차광물이 형성되었음을 의미한다. 또한 성류동굴의 경우는 비교적 건조한 환경에서 생성되는 바사나이트의 존재로 미루어 볼 때 다른 동굴에 비하여 상대적으로 건조한 환경에서 생성되었음을 지시한다.

고씨동굴 내에 퇴적되어 있는 박쥐배설물을 대상으로 박쥐배설물 퇴적층에 생성된 인산염 및 황산염광물상들의 동정과 광물학적 특성연구를 통해 이들 광물상들의 지화학적 생성환경을 규명하고자 하였다. 박쥐배설물 내 및 하부에 침전된 물질들은 대부분 인산염 및 황산염광물로 확인되었다. 인산염광물로는 francoanellite, taranakite, ardealite, brushite, monetite가 관찰되었으며, 황산염광물로는 석고와 중정석이 관찰되었다. 인산염 광물은 하부로 갈수록 상대적으로 taranakite → francoanellite → ardealite → brushite → monetite의 변화양상을 보이는 반면 황산염광물 석고는 단면 전반에 걸쳐 확인되며, 특히 침전물 층 상부에 농집되어 나타난다. 중정석은 박쥐배설물 내에 소량 산재되어 나타난다. 인산염광물들의 침전과 이들의 수직적 광물상 변화양상은 박쥐배설물로부터 이들이 생성된 지화학적 조건이 산성환경이며, 하부로 갈수록 수분함량이 낮아지는 상대적인 건조한 환경이었음을 지시한다.

In this study, we analyzed the pulse-duration, pulse-interval and peak-frequency of echolocation call in three species as Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Pipistrellus abramus, and Myotis macrodactylus. The peak frequency and pulse duration for above mentioned species were 69 kHz, 47 kHz and 49 kHz and 69.39±8.76 ms, 4.95±0.77 ms and 3.09±0.48 ms for R. ferrumequinum, P. abramus and M. macrodactylus, respectively. The pulse intervals for R. ferrumequinum, P. abramus and M. macrodactylus were 103.61±9.05 ms, 67.59±3.47 ms and 66.35±4.96 ms, respectively. The pulse pattern of R. ferrumequinum was setting into a short FM call and linked to long CF call and went through the short FM call again. The pulse pattern of M. macrodactylus was comprised with serial short FM call and the CF call was not checked up in accordance with the spectrogram analysis. The long FM call and short CF call got join together for the P. abramus and the peak frequency was checked up at the pulse ending as CF call.

한국산 박쥐나물속(Parasenecio)의 외부형태학적 형질 및 체세포 염색재수의 분류학적 가치를 평가하기 위하여 본 연구를 수행하였다. 외부형태학적 형질인 초장, 경생엽수, 잎의 모양, 엽병 형태, 총포편수, 소화 수, 암술대의 털 존재 유무, 소화의 가는 통부와 법은 통부의 비, 열매의 크기 등이 종을 식별하는 형질로 가치를 지니고 있었으며, 이러한 형질을 기초로 할 때, 귀박쥐나물(Parasenecio. auriculata var. auriculata), 나래 박쥐나물(P. auriculata var. kamtschatica), 민박쥐나물(P. hastata subsp. orientalis), 참나래박쥐(P. koraiensis), 병풍쌈(P. firmus), 어리병풍(P. pseudotaimingasa)의 6분류 군에 대한 국내의 분포를 확인할 수 있었으나, 게박쥐나물(P. adenastylodes)과 박쥐나물(P. auriculata var. matsumurana)의 분류학적 위치 및 국내 분포 여부에 대하여 추후 연구되어야 할 것으로 생각되었다. 게박쥐나물과 귀박쥐나물, 나래박쥐나물, 민박쥐나물, 병풍함과 어리평풍의 체세포 염색제수는 모두 2n=60이었으며, 이중 게박쥐나물과 귀박쥐나물, 나래박쥐나물, 민박쥐나물은 일본산과 중국산의 염색계수와 일치하였으며, 병풍쌈과 어리병풍의 체세포 염색체수는 본 연구에서 처음으로 밝혀졌다.

To study the function and structure of Golgi apparatus in the spermiogenesis of long-fingered bat (Miniopterus schreibersi fuliginosus), the testis obtained from adult bat was treated with the prolonged osmification or fixed with ferrocyanide reduced osmium. golgi apparatus was oval shape in early Golgi phase, and was composed of cortex and medullar enclosing acrosome in mid Golgi phase. The vesicles of crescent shape Golgi apparatus were closed or fused with small or large vesicles at the periphery of acrosome. Golgi apparatus moved behing the acrosome face in cap phase, but the Golgi apparatus was still active. According to this, Golgi apparatus appears to be involved in the formation of acrosome and sperm tail. Transfer of materials from Golgi to acrosme seems to be carried out not only by fusion of large vesicles with acrosomal vesicles but also by detachment of coated vesicle from various cisternae of Golgi fusing with acrosomal vesicle.

To investigate the process of spermiogenesis of the Korean eastern Daubenton's bat, Myotis daubentonii ussuriensis, the testis obtained from mature male bats was studied by transmission electron microscope and were based on the variety and diagnostic characters of cell organells. The results obtained from the present study are as follows. According to the differentiation of the cell organells, the spermiogenesis of the Korean eastern Daubenton's bat, M. d. ussuriensis, was divided into Golg, cap, acrosome, maturation and spermiation phases. Besides, these Golgi, cap, acrosome, and maturation phase were subdivided into the steps of early and late phases repectively and matruation phase was subdivided into step of early, mid and late phases. Therfore, the spermiogenesisof M. d. ussuriensis has been divided into a total of 11 phases. The chromatin granules began to condense at the early cap phase, regularized at the acrosome phase, and a perfect nucleus of sperm was formed at the maturation phase. The chromatoid body was occurred in the upper cytoplasm of nucleus at the early Golgi phase, and it was accurred the posterior cytoplasm of the nucleus at the early maturatio phase. The formation of sperm tail began to be develop in the early golgi phase, and completed at the spermiation phase. The fiber structure of middle piece was consisted of nine outer doublets and two central singlet microtubules and Nos. 1, 5, 6 and 9 in the outer dense were larger than the others(2, 3, 4, 7, 8).