The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) published ISO 9001 Quality Management System (QMS)-Requirements in 1987 and has revised four times since then. ISO 9001:2015 is the latest edition. This latest edition has two most noticeable changes. The first major change of new edition focuses on performance with an emphasis on Risk-Based Thinking (RBT) to enhance the process approach. The new edition consists of ten clauses whose first three clauses are largely same as older edition but risks are clearly stated and stressed in last seven clauses, emphasizing on Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle at all levels in the organization. The second major change is that the new edition has the same overall structure as other ISO management system standards known as High Level Structure (HLS) with Annex SL. The companies obtained the certificate of new ISO 9001:2015 QMS by September 15, 2018 in order to maintain as an ISO QMS registered firm. In this article we collected transition audit data from more than 100 companies that registered ISO 9001:2015 QMS for recent three years. We performed a statistical analysis to disclose the relationships between the characteristics of companies and the minor nonconformities found in ISO 9001:2015 requirements during transition audit processes. We also aim to interpret the findings and deduce the implications of the statistical results.

PURPOSES: Using recyclable materials in asphalt pavement industry is one of the essential tasks not only for saving construction budgets but also for mitigating environmental pollutions. Over the past decades, several efforts have been made by road maintenance agencies to incorporate various recyclable materials into virgin asphalt paving mixtures. As a result, reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), which consists of old pavement material was selected as one of most widely used recyclable materials. In this paper, the effects of using different amounts of single-recycled RAP (SRRAP) and double-recycled RAP (DRRAP) on the low-temperature characteristics of asphalt mixtures were investigated. METHODS: To evaluate the low-temperature characteristics of SRRAP and DRRAP mixtures, two experiments, the bending beam mixture creep test and semicircular bending fracture test were performed. The experimental parameters: creep stiffness, m-value, thermal stress, critical cracking temperature, fracture energy, and fracture toughness were computed then compared. RESULTS : RAP mixtures (SRRAP or DRRAP) showed lower mechanical performance compared with conventional asphalt mixtures. The differences became distinct with increased RAP addition. However, the performance differences between SRRAP and DRRAP mixtures were not significant in all cases, which indicate the possible application of re-recycling technology (DRRAP) in the asphalt pavement industry. CONCLUSIONS : The addition of RAP to virgin asphalt can mitigate low-temperature performance despite the improvement in fracture performance observed in some cases. Therefore, using RAP (SRRAP or DRRAP) mixtures on inter or sublayer construction, but not on the surface layer, is recommended. Moreover, the possibility of applying double-recycling technology in asphalt pavement industry can be introduced in this study because not significant performance differences were found between SRRAP and DRRAP mixtures especially at low temperature.

본 연구는 2012년 6월 출시된 게임 다큐멘터리 “인디 게임: 더 무비”를 다각적으로 분석한다. 게임 산업이 발달함에 따라, 게임 관련 영상들도 제작되고 있다. 기존의 게임 다큐멘터리는 일반적으로 유명 게임 또는 게임 유저의 성공에 중심을 맞추었고 그 이유에 대해 다루었다. 그러나 “인디 게임: 더 무비”는 유명하거나 거대한 기업 출신이 아닌 인디 게임 개발자에 중점을 두었다. 게임 엔진의 발전으로 인해, 오늘 날 인디 게임은 인디 게임 개발자가 자유롭게 자신만의 게임을 개발 할 수 있는 새로운 트렌드가 되었다. 본 연구의 목적은 인디 게임 개발자의 삶을 연구하고 어떻게 그리고 왜 그들이 자신만의 게임을 개발하는지에 대한 탐구이다. 구체적으로, 본 연구는 “인디 게임: 더 무 비”를 1) 스토리 2) 갈등과 해결 3) 형식적 구성요소 4) 시퀀스 구성요소로 분석한다. 그 결과, “인디 게임: 더 무비”는 인터뷰가 주를 이루고 있는 점과 인디 게임 개발자들이 자신들의 자존심과 자아정체성 때문에 자신만의 게임을 개발하는 것을 보여준다. 다시 말해, 본 다큐멘터리 분석을 통하여, 인디 게임 개발자들이 겪는 현실과 게임 산업에서의 인디 게임의 다양한 모습들을 탐구한다.

This paper studied balanced regional development focused on employment in Korea, by analyzing regional disparity between regional and industrial employment. A Gini-coefficient decomposition method and Panel Granger causality test were conducted, using raw data of the Census on Establishments reported by the Statistics Korea. The regional and industrial disparity of employment, based on the Gini-coefficient decomposition method, have increased by year. However, the growth rates of disparity are on the decrease. Most of employment disparity occurred from regional disparity between SMA (Seoul Metropolitan Area) and Non-SMA. Industrial disparity are occurred mainly by the service industry. The amount of contribution to the whole disparity of inter/intra regional employment was differed by each industrial sector. Also the causal relationship between employment growth of manufacture and that of service industry was analyzed by Panel Granger causality test. In national level, the employment growth in manufacture industry has conduced that in service industry. On the other hand, in the Non-SMA, only the employment growth in manufacture industry has augmented that in service industry. In conclusion, to reduce employment disparity, the strategy for balanced regional development should be emphasized. Different strategies are needed across regions and industries. Basically creating new job in the Non-SMA is inevitable. In view of stable employment, manufacture industry is more desirable rather than service industry.

시대적 흐름에 따라, 미래지향적인 통일관, 안보관 및 올바른 북한관의 정립을 위해 통일교육에 대한 관심이 점차 높아지고 있다. 통일에 대한 교육을 전적으로 담당하고 있는 통일교육원의 e-러닝 통일교육은 다양한 수요에도 불구하고 공무원, 교원 등 교육 대상자가 한정적인 문제가 있다. 또한 4차 산업 혁명과 정보화 시대에 발맞춰 통일교육은 시대의 흐름에 맞게 변화해야 한다. 본 연구에서는 통일교육 원의 e-러닝 콘텐츠 품질분석을 통하여 문제점을 진단하고 결과에 따른 개선방안을 제시하고자 한다. 이러한 목적을 가지고 실시한 e-러닝 콘텐츠 품질분석의 결과는 첫째, 학습내용은 최신성, 난이도 및 분량이 적절한 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 학습지원 측면에서는 학습과 관련된 추가 보충자료를 제공하지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 교수설계 부분은 학습목표 제시가 명확하지 못하고 학습활동이 제한적인 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 넷째, 사용자 편의성에 있어서는 일정한 UI의 사용으로 학습자들이 적응하기 쉬운 환경을 조성하였다. 다섯째, 학습환경에서는 모바일러닝에 적합한 콘텐츠 제작과 시스템지원이 필요했으며, 여섯째, 학습자의 상호작용성 부분은 부족한 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 평가는 좀 더 다양한 평가 준거가 필요하다는 의견이 있었다. 이에 따른 개선방안으로 e-러닝 환경에서의 콘텐츠뿐 만 아니라 변화하는 교육환경에 따라 모바일러닝에 적합한 콘텐츠를 제작해야하고, 학습자의 교육 효과성과 밀접한 상호작용을 고려한 e-러닝 콘텐츠의 제작이 필요하다.

We investigate the effect of light intensity and wavelength of a solar cell device using photoconductive atomic force microscopy(PC-AFM). A POCl3 diffusion doping process is used to produce a p-n junction solar cell device based on a poly- Si wafer, and the electrical properties of prepared solar cells are measured using a solar cell simulator system. The measured open circuit voltage(Voc) is 0.59 V and the short circuit current(Isc) is 48.5 mA. Moreover, the values of the fill factors and efficiencies of the devices are 0.7 and approximately 13.6%, respectively. In addition, PC-AFM, a recent notable method for nano-scale characterization of photovoltaic elements, is used for direct measurements of photoelectric characteristics in limited areas instead of large areas. The effects of changes in the intensity and wavelength of light shining on the element on the photoelectric characteristics are observed. Results obtained through PC-AFM are compared with the electric/optical characteristics data obtained through a solar simulator. The voltage(VPC-AFM) at which the current is 0 A in the I-V characteristic curves increases sharply up to 18 W/m2, peaking and slowly falling as light intensity increases. Here, VPC-AFM at 18 W/m2 is 0.29 V, which corresponds to 59 % of the average Voc value, as measured with the solar simulator. Furthermore, while the light wavelength increases from 300 nm to 1,100 nm, the external quantum efficiency(EQE) and results from PC-AFM show similar trends at the macro scale but reveal different results in several sections, indicating the need for detailed analysis and improvement in the future.

Finite element analyses are carried out to understand the piezoelectric behaviors of ZnO nanowires. Three different types of ZnO nanowires, with aspect ratios of 1:2. 1:31, and 1:57, are analyzed for uniaxial compression, pure bending, and buckling. Under the uniaxial compression with a strain of 1.0 × 10−4 as the reference state, it is predicted that all three types of nanowires develop the same magnitude of the piezoelectric fields, which suggests that longer nanowires exhibit higher piezoelectric potential. However, this prediction is not in agreement with the experimental results previously reported in the literature. Such discrepancy is understood when the piezoelectric behaviors under bending and buckling are considered. When only the strain field due to bending is present in bending or buckling, the antisymmetric nature of the through-thickness stain distribution indicates that two piezoelectric fields, the same in magnitude and opposite in sign, develop along the thickness direction, which cancels each other out, resulting in a zero net piezoelectric field. Once additional strain contribution due to axial deformation is superposed on the bending, such field cancelling is compensated for due to the axial component of the piezoelectric field. Such numerical predictions seem to explain the reported experimental results while providing a guideline for the design of nanowire-based piezoelectric devices.

In anion exchange membrane fuel cells, Pd nanoparticles are extensively studied as promising non-Pt catalysts due to their electronic structure similar to Pt. In this study, to fabricate Pd nanoparticles well dispersed on carbon support materials, we propose a synthetic strategy using mixed organic ligands with different chemical structures and functions. Simultaneously to control the Pd particle size and dispersion, a ligand mixture composed of oleylamine(OA) and trioctylphosphine(TOP) is utilized during thermal decomposition of Pd precursors. In the ligand mixture, OA serves mainly as a reducing agent rather than a stabilizer since TOP, which has a bulky structure, more strongly interacts with the Pd metal surface as a stabilizer compared to OA. The specific roles of OA and TOP in the Pd nanoparticle synthesis are studied according to the mixture composition, and the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) activity and durability of highly-dispersed Pd nanocatalysts with different particles sizes are investigated. The results of this study confirm that the Pd nanocatalyst with large particles has high durability compared to the nanocatalyst with small Pd nanoparticles during the accelerated degradation tests although they initially indicated similar ORR performance.

Various rheological methods to measure the hardness of instant cooked rice by a texture analyzer were investigated and compared. Specifically, instant white rice samples with a wide range of hardness were subjected to four different rheological tests with disk, cylinder, rod, and cone probe whose results were inter-correlated. All the measurements demonstrated that the hardness of instant rice was reduced with increasing moisture content and showed negatively linear relationships. Out of the four tests applied in this study, the highest coefficient of correlation (R2 = 0.9268) was observed distinctly in the cone probe test, where both compressive and shear forces can be applied to deform individual rice grains. However, the cylinder probe test had the lowest coefficient of correlation (R2 = 0.7247) because it may be ineffective in causing direct deformation of individual rice grains. Furthermore, when the hardness values (N) were converted to stress (Pa), highly linear correlations (R2 ≈ 0.99) were observed between the tests with similar probe geometry and force application.

The main purposes of this study were to identify the factors affecting the supercooling property and to improve the possibility of supercooling storage of fruits and vegetables. Freezing point and nucleation temperature, moisture content, hardness, sugar content, and pH of nineteen fruits and vegetables were measured and Pearson correlation analysis was performed. Freezing point showed a statistically significant correlation with moisture content and sugar content (p<0.01), while ice nucleation temperature showed a correlation (p<0.05) only for sugar content. In particular, the water content and sugar content did not show any correlation with the freezing supercooling difference (FSD). From the correlation analysis between FSD, aerobic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, yeast, and mold, FSD showed a correlation (p<0.01) with aerobic bacteria. The experiments of the saline solutions inoculated with aerobic bacteria at different concentrations showed FSDs of about 2 for saline inoculated with 9.4 log CFU/mL and about 6 for saline inoculated lower than 5 log CFU/mL. Therefore, the aerobic bacteria concentration was determined to be a key factor affecting the supercooling storage of fruits and vegetables.

In recent years, interest in halal authentication from the domestic food and cosmetics field has been growing for advances into the overseas halal market. For halal authentication, the product must not contain haram ingredients derived from pig, dog, human, GMO, etc. In this study, the presence of haram ingredients in plant extracts (carrot, oyster mushroom, and pine needle) treated with papain and bromelain and cosmetics (mask pack and cream) containing these extracts were analyzed by PCR to confirm whether these cosmetics were suitable for halal authentication. Detection limits of the PCR method that specifically detected template DNA of human, pig, dog, and GMO were 1.29×103, 1.14×103, 1.24×102 and 2.02×103 copies/tube, respectively. PCR was not inhibited by the plant extracts or cosmetic ingredients. Results of PCR for the plant extracts or cosmetics containing these extracts were all negative. This PCR method could be used to rapidly identify the presence of haram ingredients in raw materials or final products during the manufacturing process of food and cosmetics.

빅데이터 분석을 통한 기업 경영환경에 대한 이해와 통찰을 구하고자 하는 요구가 산업 및 기업 경영 전반에 증가하고 있다. 이러한 사회적 요구에 따라 산업의 이해와 기업 경영의 이해를 위하여 기업의 경영실적 및 향후 계획을 포괄적으로 담고 있는 기업공시정보를 활용한 연구가 주목을 받고 있다. 이러한 기업공시정보는 대표적인 비정형 데이터로써 텍스트마이닝 방법론을 적용하여 그 범위와 수준에 대한 다양한 접근을 통하여 산업 수준 및 기업 수준에서 다양한 활용이 가능하다. 그러나 아직은 이러한 기업공시자료를 활용한 산업 및 기업 레벨에서 적용가능한 수준의 분석모델이 부족한 것으로 파악된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 실제 활용 가능한 공개데이터를 활용한 산업 및 기업 수준의 분석모델을 제안하고자 한다. 미국상장기업의 공시자료인 미국 SEC EDGAR 자료를 기반으로 텍스트마이닝 알고리즘을 적용하여 산업 및 기업 수준의 경영주제(토픽)에 대한 추이분석이 가능한 모델을 제안하고자한다. SEC EDGAR의 10-K 문서를 대상으로 LDA 토픽 모델링을 통하여 산업 수준에서 전체 산업의 주제분야 분류를 파악하였고, 산업간 비교 측면에서 소프트웨어 산업과 하드웨어 산업 분야의 사례를 통해 최근 20년간의 토픽추이를 비교분석 하였다. 또한 최근 20년간의 기업의 경영주제 변화를 소프트웨어 산업에 속한 2개 기업을 중심으로 살펴보았다. 이를 통해 산업 및 기업 수준에서의 경영주제의 추이 변화를 파악하여 쇠퇴 및 성장 추세에 있는 경영주제를 확인 할 수 있었다. 한편 word2vec 워드 임베딩 모델과 주성분분석을 통한 차원 축약을 통해 소프트웨어 산업분야의 기업 및 특정 제품(혹은 서비스)에 대한 매핑을 통해 유사한 경영주제(토픽)를 가지는 기업 및 제품(서비스)을 사례를 통해 파악하였으며, 이를 시간적 흐름에 따른 변화 양상도 관찰할 수 있었다. 본 연구의 목적이 공개데이터를 활용한 산업 및 기업 수준의 분석모델을 개발하기 위한 방법론을 제안한 측면에서, 해외 데이터를 사용하여 산업의 경영주제 변화 추이, 기업의 경영주제 변화 추이를 거시적으로 조망할 수 있는 실무적인 방법론의 제안에서 의의가 있을 수 있다. 한편 기업의 기술경영전략 측면에서 기업의 경영토픽의 잦은 변화, 경영주제의 변화의 속도 등 다양한 변화 양상의 차이에 따른 기업의 매출 등의 경영성과와의 연관성 분석, 실제 기업의 제품포트폴리오의 구성에 따른 기업 간의 경쟁상황 등을 파악하는 미시적 모델 제안을 위한 추가 연구가 요구된다.