위협광에 의한 어류의 행동제어개발을 위하여, 스트로보광에 대한 전갱이와 잉어의 명순응과정을 조사하였는데, 스트로브광의 섬광빈도는 전갱이의 경우, 1.7, 5, 10, 25, 430Hz의 5단계, 잉어의 경우는 1.7, 5, 25Hz의 3단계로 하였다. 안구표본의 채취는 조사전과 조사직후부터 1, 5, 10, 30분 경과마다 행하였고, 채취한 각 표본은 종단조직절편을 만들고 현미경 관찰을 행하였다. 망막의 순응율은 원추체지수를 구하여 나타내었다. 조사시간에 따른 평균 순응율은; \circled1 전갱이의 경우, 광조사전의 27%가 1, 5, 10, 30분 경과 시마다 각각 42.6%, 49.8%, 59.8%, 83.1%로 증가하였다. \circled2 잉어의 경우, 광조사전의 28.4%가 1, 5, 30분 경과 시마다 각각 51%, 54.9%, 91.3%로 되었다. 명순응과정은; \circled1 전갱이의 경우 430Hz, 25Hz, 5Hz, 1.7Hz, 10Hz의 순으로, \circled2 잉어의 경우는 25Hz, 5Hz, 1.7Hz의 순으로 대략 빨랐다.

건착망의 침강 운동특성을 구명하기 위한 기초연구로서 그물감의 재료가 다른 세 종류의 건착망을 수중 총중량(60g)이 동일하게 되도록 발돌의 양을 조절하여 제작하고, 침강특성을 해석하였다. 실험에 사용한 건착망은 그물실의 직경 및 발의 길이가 같은 폴리프로피렌계(밀도 0.91g/cm3) 및 폴리에스터계(밀도 1.38g/cm3)의 매듭 없는 그물감을 사용하여, 뜸줄의 길이를 420cm, 그물의 폭을 86cm가 되도록 제작하고, 이 그물들을 각각 PP, PA 및 PES 그물이라고 하였다. 회유수조의 수로상에 투망장치를 설치해서 정지상태의 수중에 투망하고, 측면에 설치한 비디오 카메라를 이용하여 촬영 녹화하였다. 그리고, 그물에 표시한 측정점의 좌표를 화상해석장치로 읽고 실험치를 구하였다. 여기에는, 건착망의 수직방향의 침강운동을 나타내는 미분방정식을 구하고 Runge-Kutta-Gill법에 의한 연립 미분방정식 해법을 이용하여 수치해석을 행하였으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 그물 아랫자락의 침강속도는 PP 그물이 가장 빠르고, PA 및 PES 그물 순으로 늦게 나타났다. 2. 그물감의 저항계수 KD는 계산결과 KD=0.0614의 관계식으로 나타낼 수 있었다. 3. 그물다발의 저항계수 CR은 계산결과 CR=0.91의 관계식으로 나타낼 수 있었다. 4. 건착망 투망후 경과시간에 따른 그물 아랫자락의 도달수심에 대한 실험치와 계산치는 매우 잘 일치하여 meas.=0.99cal.의 관계였다.

건착망의 침강에 관한 동태해석을 위한 기초 연구로서, 그물감의 재료가 다른 세 종류의 건착망을 총중량(수중중량 60g)이 일정하게 되도록 발돌의 양을 조절하고, 이것들의 침강특성을 구명하였다. 실험에 사용한 건착망은 그물실의 직경 및 발의 길이가 같은 폴리프로피렌계, 폴리아미드계 및 폴리 에스터계의 매듭 없는 그물감을 사용하여, 뜸줄의 길이 420cm, 그물의 폭 86cm가 되도록 제작하고, 각각 PP, PA 및 PES 그물이라고 하였다. 회유수조의 수로상에 투망장치를 설치해서 정지상태의 수중에 투망하고 측면에 설치한 비디오 카메라를 이용하여 촬영 녹화하였다. 그리고, 그물에 표시한 측정점의 좌표를 화상해석 장치로 읽고 실험의 측정치을 구하였으며, 이를 해석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. PP 그물의 그물다발은 항시 수면 부근에 있고, 발돌에 작용하는 침강력에 의해 그물감이 전개해 간다. 2. PES 그물의 그물다발은 뜸줄과 발줄 사이의 부분, 즉 그물 폭의 거의 중간에 있다. 3. 그물 아랫자락의 평균 침강속도는 PP 그물이 10.7cm/s로 가장 빠르고, PA그물이 9.7cm/s, PES 그물이 9.2cm/s의 순으로 늦게 나타났다. 4. 투망할 때 작용하는 수평방향의 운동력은 무시 가능한 범위의 값이었다.

In general, research in isokinetic exercise has focussed on studies of peak torque. However, peak torque is not always sufficient to assess the real amount of motion or to determine endurance. In this study, the subjects were 54 healthy students who performed continuous maximal isokinetic knee flexion and extension until their total work per time reached 50% of their maximal total work. Isokinetic curves were then plotted. Total work sums, exercise durations in seconds, and the numbers of repetitions were compared with reference to subject gender, angular velocity and muscle group. The relationship between total work sum, duration and number of repetition and thigh circumference plus leg length was computed. In addition, the characteristics of total work per second and total work per time were calculated. Results showed the total work sums differed greatly from muscle group to muscle group and with different angular velocities. The duration in seconds and the numbers of repetition differed only at higher angular velocity. Males achieved higher levels in every category except for some duration in seconds and some numbers of repetitions. Thigh circumference and leg length were deciding fators in every case, but duration in seconds and number of repetitions were not. These results suggest that measures of endurance should be included along with measures of total work when isokinetic studies are done. Measures of endurance in seconds are more accurate when isokinetic exercise is performed at lower angular velocities and numbers of repetitions at higher angular velocities.

The purpose of this study was to investigate which of 4 positions produced the highest action potential in the rectus femoris muscle of normal adult subjects. Testing was performed in supine with the right leg performing a simple straight leg raise with the knee fully extended. The left leg, however, was placed in 4 different positions: 1. Full support with flexion. 2. Flexed on the plinth with knee flexion and foot flat. 3. Same as N0.2 but with knee flexion. 4. Left leg hanging over the end of the plinth with knee flexion, hip flexion and no foot support. This study was designed to compare the level of electromyographic activity of the rectus femoris under 4 positions. Fourty-three healthy young adults performed three trials of each exercise condition in random order in the supine position. Electromyographic activity was recorded from surface electrodes. Rectus femoris action potentials in all 4 positions were significantly different. The highest action potential at the end of movement of the right leg occurred with the left leg hanging over the end of the plinth with knee flexion. It is therefore recommended the straight leg raising be performed with the contralateral leg flexed at over the end of the supporting surface to obtain a maximum rectus femoris isometric contraction.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the vastus medialis oblique muscle(VMO) had greater electrical activity than the vastus lateralis muscle(VL) when hip adduction and knee extension exercise were performed. Electrical activity of the VMO and VL was measured on 42 healthy subjects (28 men, 14 women) during maximal voluntary isometric contractions of hip adduction and knee extension by an EMG-BIOFEEDBACK. The results showed that the electromyographic activity of the VMO was significantly greater than that of the VL during the hip adduction exercise. Differences noted with knee extension by performing hip adduction exercises. Isometric hip adduction exercises, therefore, may be advisable in the treatment of patients with patellofemoral pain.

This study was done to determine a new qualitative base for educating and evaluating patients by comparing a 60 or over age group with a 20-30 age group when rising from supine to erect stance. Sixty normal adults were devided into 60 or over and 20-30 aged groups. Each persons was asked to standing from the supine position. This process was recorded by two video cameras. The results was classified into the three existing movement categories. And then they were analyzed by percent rate. The results showed that each group had its own different and special characteristics. This means that physical therapists need to select the best motor patterns according to age in teaching functional tasks such as rising from supine to erect stance.

The purpose of this study was to measure and compare the skin temperature over the exercised muscle and corresponding non-exercised muscle after unilateral isokinetic exercise using digital thermography. Thirty-two young healthy volunteers with no history of knee injury were tested. After isokinetic exercise at 60 degree per second angular velocity using the right leg in a climatic chamber at ambient temperature of , skin temperature of the anterior thigh was tested. After exercise, the skin temperature of both the right and left leg had fallen significantly. The skin temperature of the exercised leg fell less than that of the non-exercised leg. The fall in skin temperature after work was not due to increased evaporative cooling, but was the result of segmental vasoconstriction probably caused reflexly in the spinal cord by non-thermal afferents from exercising muscle or moving tissues. The effect of thermoregulatory vasodilation was reduced by reflex vasoconstriction caused by non-thermal factors such as catecholamine.

Exercise physiology of fish was studied by means of Electro-cardio-gram(ECG) technique with wired electrode system. Effects of swimming activity on the heart rate change for carp Cyprinus carpio was observed and analysed under swimming speeds among 1~3 Body Length/s and swimming durations of 10 and 60 minutes in the flume tank. The heart rate increase during swimming activity was observed in higher speed and longer duration conditions. The exercise effect on the heart rate continued even after fish stopped swimming. The time for recovery after exercise was tended to be elongated with the higher exercise condition

The purpose of this study is to determine cardiovascular reponses to concentric, eccentric and isometric exercise applied to the knee extensor muscle group. Exercise types studied were concentric, eccentric and isometric. The subjects were sixty healthy male volunteers who had no hypertension or cardiac disease. Heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were recorded prior to starting exercise. The subjects also performed 10RM on right lower extremity. A N-K table was used for three exercises to right knee extensors. Each exercise was selected randomly and applied to each subject 10 times in a 10 second. After each exercise, heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were recorded immediately. Findings were as follows concectric contractions had a greater effect on the increase of systolic blood pressure and heart rate than eccentric or isometric contractions. Diastolic blood pressure is influenced only by isometric contractions. Eccentric contractions have less effect on the increase of systolic blood pressure and heart rate than concentric or isometric contractions. We hope that the results of this experiment can be adapted to exercise programs for patients with cardiac disease.

Our purpose of this study was to determine the most effective cool-down exercise. The recovery times of dynamic strength after isometric and isotonic cool-down exercise were measured immediately post cool-down exercise, 30 seconds later and 60 seconds later in 30 normal, healthy men from 19 to 29 years, using dumbells(Model, Iron). The recovery time of dynamic strength had a significant positive correlation with isotonic and isometric cool-down exercise using the Chi-square method (p<0.01). Sources of significant differences were determined by the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test (p<0.01). The isometric cool-down exercise significantly shortened the recovery time of dynamic strength. We suggest that the isometric cool-down exercise may be more effective than isotonic cool-down exercise in shortening the recovery time of dynamic strength.

This study was designed to develop an objective method of strength measurement of muscles controlling the wrist joint in normal subjects. Forty subjects (20 male, 20 female) with a mean age of 22 years, were tested isokinetically at and . Results were as follows, 1) Peak torque for wrist flexors, extensors were significantly different for both speeds, but wrist ulnar deviator, radial deviator peak torques were not, 2) Mean values for all muscle groups controlling the wrist were not significantly different for both speeds in the female group, 3) All mean values at both and were significantly different between males and females, 4) Means and standard deviations of wrist joint angle of movement at peak torque were determined.

The purpose of this study was to establish a baseline in order that individuals may exercise safely. Sixty healthy students who were divided into two groups participated in the experiment. One group exercised both arms and legs at 60 rpm and the other at 90 rpm. There was a significant difference between arm and leg exercise in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and time to target heart rate (tTHR). DBP decreased more in the upper (U//E) than the lower extremity (L/E), but tTHR increased more in the L/E than the U/E (p < 0.05). Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was similar for both arm and leg exercise (p > 0.05). There was also no significant difference between 60 rpm and 90 rpm in SBP, DBP or tTHR in either arm or leg exercise (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the slope of the linear increase in heart rate was steeper for U/E than L/E work. Therefore L/E exercise is safer than U/E exercise.