The purpose of this study is to propose revisions to the Jeju 4.3 Special Law for the purpose of further investigation of Jeju 4.3 so that the complete resolution and appropriate legal solutions may come. The President, Moon Jae-In, who visited Jeju on April 3, 2018, promised a complete resolution of the Jeju 4.3 incident, defining the Jeju 4.3 incident as "violence perpetrated by state power." On Jan. 17, 2019, the Jeju District Court ruled in a retrial suit filed against the military tribunal by 18 surviving inmates under the leadership of the Jeju 4.3 Truth Commission and the Citizens' Solidarity for the Restoration of Honor. This is a very important case in which the military tribunal and their rulings were ruled invalid. Jeju 4.3 is still a painful history of Jeju that has not been resolved.

유문 주위의 십이지장 종괴로 내원한 57세 남자 환자가 grade 3의 십이지장 신경내분비암과 다발성 간 전이로 진단되었다. 9주기의 cisplatin, etoposide 병합 항암화학요법으로 치료받은 후 복부 전산화단층촬영에서 원발 십이지장 종괴의 완전 퇴행과 간 전이 병변의 현격한 크기 감소가 관찰되었다. 양전자방출단층촬영에서는 대사성 완전 관해 소견을 보였다. 유문보존 췌십이지장 절제술을 시행하였고, 5 mm 크기의 잔존하는 신경내분비종양이 병리학적으로 확인되었다. 환자는 처음 진단 이후 43개월 이상 재발의 증거 없이 생존 중이다. 본 증례는 grade 3의 신경내분비암의 이질성에 대한 가능성을 제시하고, 일부 환자들은 cisplatin, etoposide 병합 항암화학 요법에 매우 좋은 반응성을 보여 완전 관해를 얻을 수 있음을 시사한다.

A previous studies depicting origin and sequence variability of the species using DNA barcoding region with the samples collected from Korea showed relatively low sequence variability. Thus, additional markers that reveal higher variability were necessitated to scrutinize population structure in connection with dispersal and invasive dynamics among international populations. Therefore, we sequenced two complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of M. pruinosa from the two haplotypes occurring in Korea (H1 and H3). Comparison of the two mitogenomes each with 16,312 and 16,314 bp evidenced that one region located in the A+T-rich region to provide higher number of haplotypes (4 vs. 3), sequence divergence (1.636% vs. 0.636%), and variable sites (7 vs. 3) than those of DNA barcoding region from the screening test using 13 representative individuals. This variable region, in concatenation with the currently available DNA barcoding region might be useful for population genetic analysis of worldwide populations including those of Korea. †These authors contributed equally to this paper.

To verify the progenitor of B. mori, we sequenced 14 B. mori strains preserved in Korea and one B. mandarina collected in Korea and conducted phylogenetic analysis of Bombycidae using maximum-likelihood method and concatenated sequences of 13 PCGs and 2 rRNA genes. All B. mori strains, regardless of their origin, formed a strong monophyletic group, with the highest nodal support. This B. mori group was placed as the sister to the two B. mandarina collected each from Korea and Shandong, China with the highest nodal support. Finally, the remaining two B. mandarina, which were collected in Japan were independently placed as the most basal lineage of B. mori and B. mandarina group. These results appear to indicate that an immediate ancestor for the domestic silkworm strains may have been originated from China and Korea.

We sequenced 15,803 bp of the leaf-rolling-weevil, Apoderus jekelii (Coleoptera: Attelabidae) mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) that lacked ~8,000 bp of the A+T-rich region for the completion of the genomic sequence. The A. jekelii mitogenome, which includes 1,169 bp of A+T-rich region, possesses typical sets of genes [13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNA genes, and 2 rRNA genes]. Phylogenetic analyses using the eight concatenated PCG sequences, which are commonly available for the mitogenome sequences of Curculionoidea, revealed Attelabidae as monophyletic, as well as the sister relationship between current A. jekelii and congeneric species A. coryli in Attelabidae, with the highest nodal supports both in Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods. In order to gain a more comprehensive picture of the phylogenetic relationships among the lineages of Attelabidae, an extended analysis with more taxonomic sampling will be necessary. †These authors contributed equally to this paper.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Ostrinia palustralis memnialis Walker, 1859 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) was determined to be 15,246 bp with a typical set of genes (13 protein-coding genes [PCGs], 2 rRNA genes, and 22 tRNA genes) and one non-coding region, with an arrangement identical to that observed in most lepidopteran genomes. The A+T content of the whole genome, PCGs, srRNA, lrRNA, tRNAs, and the A + T-rich region all are well within the range found in other Pyraloidea. Phylogenetic analyses of the concatenated sequences of the 13 PCGs using Bayesian inference and Maximum-likelihood methods placed O. palustralis as a sister group to O. furnacalis and O. nubilalis, with the highest nodal support. The subfamilies within Crambidae, such as Nymphulinae, Spilomelinae, and Pyraustinae, all formed monophyletic groups with the highest nodal support.

In this study, we sequenced two complete mitogenomes, belonging to the families Scythrididae (Scythris sinensis Felder & Rogenhofer, 1775) and Coleophoridae (Coleophora therinella Tengström, 1848) firstly in each family. Gelechioidea is one of the controversial lineages of Lepidoptera in its phylogenetic position and number of families. Phylogenetic analyses with concatenated sequences of the 13 PCGs and two RNA genes using the maximum likelihood method, placed Coleophoridae, represented only by C. therinella, as a sister group to the families Depressariidae and Autostichidae, with very low nodal support (7%). Scythrididae represented only by S. sinensis was placed as the sister to the family Stathmopodidae, with relatively high nodal support (86%). As more mitogenome sequences from the extended taxonomic groups are obtained further robust phylogenetic inference will be possible.

Nilaparvata lugens, brown planthoppers, is one of important pests on rice. Korean N. lugens is migrated from China and causing severe damages on rice in early September in Korea. For identifying biotypes of these N. lugens based on complete mitochondrial genomes, we completed mitochondrial genome of N. lugens captured in Hadong-gun, Gyoungsang-nam province in Korea. The circular mitogenome of N. lugens is 17,610 bp including 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNAs, and a single large non-coding region of 2,424 bp. The base composition was AT-biased (89.5%). 112 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 59 insertions and deletions are identified by comparing with Chinese N. lugens. Based on phylogenetic trees together with those of N. lugens captured in China, no clear phylogenetic relationship along with five biotypes, requiring more researches to achieve biotype identification including detailed analysis of sequence variations on mitochondrial genomes and whole genome analysis of N. lugens in near future.

A genus Cryptaulus Ôhira (Coleoptera: Elateridae) includes 15 species in Palearctic region and two of them, C. berus (Candèze) and C. larvatus pini (Lewis), have been recorded from South Korea. Recently, a rare species of genus, C. yamato (Nakane) which is regarded as endemic to Japan, was newly discovered from Gwangneung forest, South Korea with a DNA barcode sequence (In press). As results of the present study, a complete mitochondrial DNA genome of Cryptalaus yamato (Nakane), is reported for the first time. The genome consists of 15,882 base pairs including 13 protein coding genes (PCGs), 20 tRNAs, two rRNAs and a 1,279 bp long AT-rich region. The overall base composition is 69.4% AT and 30.6% GC. The maximum likelihood analysis based on nucleotide sequence data of 13 PCGs supported that C. yamato is involved in monophyletic group of Elateridae.

Mammalian fetal ovaries contains numerous primordial germ cells, however fewer ones can yield mature oocytes due to apoptosis and follicle atresia. Successful in vitro reconstitution of primordial germ cells has recently had a significant effect in the field of assisted reproductive technologies. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying oogenesis remain unknown and recapitulation of oogenesis in vitro remains unachieved. Therefore, development of methods for obtaining mature oocytes by culturing the fetal ovaries in vitro could contribute to clarify these mechanisms. We adapt an in vitro system for culturing mouse fetal ovaries that support successful follicle assembly and improve oocyte growth and maturation. Ovarian tissues from 12.5 days postcoitum (dpc) fetal mice were cultured in vitro and the matured oocytes were differentiated from primordial germ cells after a 31 days culture period. Our results demonstrate that mouse fetal germ cells are able to form primordial follicles with artificial ovarian cells, and that oocytes within the growing follicles are able to mature normally in vitro. Taken together, this in vitro culture system is expected to aid in the development of new strategies to identify the reasons behind failure of follicle assembly and offer a platform for innovative research into preservation of female germ cells and conservation of endangered species.

In the present study, we make a first report on the complete mitochondrial DNA genome of Leptaulax koreanus, a Korean endemic species, in Passalidae. The mitogenome is 18,730 base pairs with 13 protein coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNAs, two rRNAs and a 4240 bp long AT-rich region. The overall base composition is 78.4% AT and 21.6% GC. The maximum likelihood analysis inferred that L. koreanus is a sister to other Scarabaeoidea species. The phylogeny suggested that L. koreanus is the basal group of Scarabaeoidea.

The genus Camponotus Mayr, 1861 distributes all over the world, even ranging from the African desserts to the Antarctic islands. Number of species in this genus is the largest: 1,488 taxa (species and subspecies) accounting for 10% ant species. Despite of it, number of available complete mitochondrial genomes was only one, Camponotus atrox (subgenus Camponotus). To decipher characteristics of mitochondrial genome of this genus, we completed mitochondrial genomes of Camponotus nipponensis Santschi, 1937, belonging to subgenera Myrmentoma using Illumina HiSeqX. The total length of mitochondrial genome of C. nipponensis is 15,532bp with 79.8% A + T content. It consists of 13 PCGs, 22 tRNA, and 2 rRNA genes and an A+T–rich control region. This mitochondrial genome will be a useful resource to understand features of Camponotus genus with adding more mitochondrial genomes of other subgenera, such as Paramyrmamblys.

오이총채벌레(Thrips palmi Karny)는 동남아시아지역이 원산으로 국내 침입 외래해충이다. 주로 노지와 하우스에서 재배되는 박과(Cucurbitaceae)와 가지과(Solanaceae) 작물에 직접 섭식과 바이러스 매개에 의한 피해가 크다. 본 연구에서는 차세대염기서열분석기술(NGS)을 통해 오이총채벌레의 미토콘드리아 전장 게놈을 해독하였으며 염기서열 신규 조립(de novo assembly) 결과 전체 길이가 16,414bp인 원형의 유전체로 추정되었다. 미토콘드리아 게놈 전체에서 뉴클레오티드는 A와 T가 78.5%를 차지는 특징을 보였다. 동물의 미토콘드리아 게놈에서 일반적으로 발견되는 37개 유전자 영역에 대해 BLAST 검색을 한 결과 trnV는 탐색되지 않았다. 본 발표에서는 신규 조립된 오이총채벌레 미토콘드리아 게놈 유전체에 포함된 유전자의 종류와 배열 등에 대한 기초 통계자료를 정리하였다.

Bombyx mandarina (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) is generally regarded as the ancestor of the domesticated B. mori. Recently, over 40 mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) mainly from B. mori strains preserved in China and wild individuals of B. mandarina were sequenced to verify the progenitor of B. mori. At this point, we also were curious about the origin and the relationships of Korean silkworms to foreign B. mandarina and B. mori. As a first step, we sequenced the complete mitogenome of the B. mandarina collected in Korea and compared it to pre-exsiting data (37 strains of B. mori and 14 individuals of B. mandarina). The complete mitogenome of B. mandarina was 15,694-bp long, consisted of 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and one non-coding region. The 494-bp long A+T-rich region possessed the highest A/T content (95.3%) than any other region of the genome. Overall, the general mitogenome characteristics of the genus Bombyx species have an identical gene arrangement, similar A/ T content (average 82.3%) and so on. Phylogenetic analysis, however, showed that B. mori and B. mandarina formed a distant group each with the highest nodal support. For more findings of mitogenome characteristics of Bombyx including the Korean B. mandarina and those preserved in Korea more mitogenomes, particularly from Korea, might be needed.

The dung beetle, Copris tripartitus, has been listed as an endangered insect in Korea. In contrast to typical genomic characteristics, the 15,457-bp long, the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of C. tripartitus has a few unusual characteristics. The genome has the trnP-trnT arrangement at the ND4L-ND6 junction, which is found only in two species of Scarabaeoidea, including C. tripartitus, in 53 available species. Twelve protein coding genes (PCGs) have typical ATT and ATG start codons, whereas COII had the start codon GTA, which is unprecedented in Scarabaeidae. The 297-bp A + T-rich region, which is the shortest available in Scarabaeidae, harbors three repeat units (26, 29, and 21 bp), each consisting of duplicated identical sequences interspersed in the A + T-rich region. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using the concatenated sequences of the 13 PCGs and two rRNA genes using both the Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods for the families Scarabaeidae and Lucanidae that are available for their mitogenomes in Scarabaeoidea. Our consensus phylogeny yielded monophylies of each family and the subfamily Scarabaeinae in Scarabaeidae with the high nodal supports (0.99-1 by BI and 79-100 by ML). Among the three tribes, represented by multiple genera in Scarabaeinae each Oniticellini and Onitini was supported as monophyletic groups with the highest nodal supports (1 by BI and 100 by ML), whereas Onthophagini was non-monophyletic group, presenting the tribe relationships: ((((Oniticellini + Onthophagini [Caccobius, Milichus, Onthophagus]) + Onthophagini [Digitonthophagus, Phalops]) + Onitini) + (Phanaeini + Eurysternini) + Coprini).