Technology is unevenly distributed across countries, thus constituting an entry barrier. Under several simplifying assumptions, technology licensing strategies among incumbent and entrant firms in the intermational context are analyzed. First, in a model with two monopolistic firms, the conditions for licensing to occur are elaborated as a function of the costs of the two firms. Licensing is likely to occur only when the entrant has a more competitive cost position than the incumbent to compensate for the royalty payment. However, if the incumbent has much lower marginal cost than the entrant, the incumbent has an incentive not to license the technology. Second, a new set of issues arises when multiple potential licensors are considered. The maximum and minimum values of the royalty payment decrease as the number of incumbents with the technology increases. Moreover, each incumbent has an incentive to sell the technology before other incumbents do, which leads to a Prisoner`s Dilemma situation. Third, in the case of multiple licensees, a potential entrant`s willingness to pay for a license depends upon the strategies of other firms. The optimal pricing strategy of the licensor is identified.

Joint ventures are frequently used for entering foreign markets by firms from developing countries. Yet, compared with much research on joint ventures from developed countries, few research has been reported on the joint ventures from developing countries despite of the growing importance of LDC joint ventures in the field. Thus, the paper reports the findings on the characteristics and determinants of performances of joint ventures are found to be different from those found on joint ventures from developed countries. It is also found that performances of the Korean joint ventures are determined by commitment and control.

There has been established bilateral and multilateral agreements of fisheries in the North Pacific, such as, the Agreements of International North Pacific Fisheries Commission, of Japan-Soviet Fisheries Commission for the Northwest Pacific and of the Furseal and King Crab. The auther reviewed these agreements and discussed about the growth of the International Fisheries Agreements in the future. This paper concerns with the present status of demersal resources which are important in commercial fisheries and caught in the North Pacific.

Cross-cultural adaptation is a social behavior that occurs when individuals enter a foreign cultural environment. Cross-cultural adapters learn the moral norms, language customs, and other aspects of the host culture, gradually adapting to and accepting it. They integrate their inherent beliefs, thoughts, emotions, and behavioral patterns with the host culture, forming a diverse multicultural background. Since humans have engaged in cross-geographical interactions, cross-cultural adaptation has existed worldwide. With the development of science and technology and the advent of global economic integration, the world has become a global village. Nowadays, more and more people travel far from their hometowns to study, work, and engage in activities in foreign countries. Cross-cultural encounters bring novelty, mystery, and a sense of pressure, as living in a different culture means making specific changes in lifestyle and thought patterns. This change can be stressful, and not everyone can overcome it to adapt to life in a foreign country successfully. Therefore, cross-cultural adaptation is one of the most essential areas in today’s cross-cultural education. This study explores the internal and external factors that affect the cross-cultural adaptation of international students in South Korea and proposes relevant strategies to improve their cross-cultural adaptation.

The Colloid Formation and Migration (CFM) international joint research initiative continues as a part of the GTS’s Radionuclide Retardation Programme, which has been in progress since 1984. This project focuses on examining the formation of colloids from a bentonite-engineered barrier system and exploring how these colloids impact the migration of radionuclides in fractured host rock when subjected to advective flow. Phase 1 of the project was launched in 2004 and concluded in early 2008, focusing on preliminary studies related to in-situ boundary conditions, predicting models, and supplementary lab works. Following that, Phase 2 spanned from 2008 to 2013 and aimed at fortifying the field setup by adding three new monitoring boreholes and suitable instrumentation in both the boreholes and tunnel. This phase also tested the system’s resilience while mapping the flow domain. Phase 3 kicked off in January 2014 and extended until December 2018. During this period, the Long-term In-situ Test (LIT) was introduced in May 2014, featuring a set of compacted bentonite rings laced with radionuclide tracers. These were placed in a borehole to serve as a colloid and radionuclide source. CFM Phase 4 initiative commenced in January 2019, marking the successful deployment of the i-BET (In-situ Bentonite Erosion Test). This project component involves placing approximately 50 kg of compacted bentonite in a natural water-conducting shear zone. Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) joined CFM in 2008 to examine the behavior of colloid generation and migration with radionuclides in the Underground Research Laboratory. The fourth phase of the CFM project was also scheduled to include a post-mortem evaluation of the LIT and additional tracer experiments in the well-mapped MI shear zone. This study aims to provide an interim update on the ongoing i-BET, a key component of Phase 4 of the CFM project. We will also discuss the current status of the post-mortem analysis for the LIT experiment. In addition, we will outline plans for the forthcoming Phase VI of the project. These plans will continue to advance our understanding of radionuclide migration and the influence of bentonite-based disposal systems.

Strategic item export control aims to maintain international peace and safety and serves as a significant nuclear non-proliferation regime that directly impacts a nation’s security. Therefore, establishing an autonomous export control system at the state level is crucial, and one of the most efficient methods to achieve this is by enhancing an export company’s management system. Accordingly, many advanced countries, such as the United States, Europe, and Japan, have operated their own internal compliance programs (CP or ICP) to manage and screen the export of strategic items as a corporate social responsibility and risk mitigation measure. In Korea, which has a high dependence on trade, the need for CP was continuously confirmed, but the system was introduced in 2004, relatively late compared to other advanced countries. So far, the Korean government has made steady efforts to develop and establish the system and is actively encouraging businesses to obtain Compliance Program certification to autonomously manage strategic items. Major technologically advanced countries utilize technology transfer as a tool for economic sanctions, trade security, and strategic technology management, and they continue to strengthen their control regimes. In these countries, CP certification is considered a standard practice for export control among mid-sized and large enterprises. It serves as a vital risk management system that protects companies from unforeseen incidents. However, in Korea, the application of CP under the Foreign Trade Act is limited to dual-use items and does not extend to the nuclear export control system. Therefore, this paper analyzes international cases and CP requirements in countries like the United States, Japan, Europe, and Singapore. As a result of the review, the application of CP into Korea’s nuclear export control could be a coexistence means that can strengthen supply chain control as well as provide benefits not to impede technical research, international trade, and exchanges.

In recent times, drone technology has been rapidly advancing and becoming increasingly popular. Furthermore, there has been an increase in the number of crimes and terrorism cases targeting national facilities using drones. This study aims to categorize the types of drone threats that could pose future risks to nuclear power plants. For this study, we are investigating domestic and foreign drone terrorism cases and identifying the specifications of drones used. It has been confirmed that products from Chinese DJI companies have frequently appeared as commercial drones used in terrorism. This suggests that conversion of general commercial drones into weapons can be effectively utilized for terrorist activities. There is an elevated risk of terrorism involving multiple small drones. Nuclear power plants must also devise protective measures against a large influx of drones. Additionally, it is predicted that North Korea is developing drones equipped with return technology through GPS-based autonomous mission flights. North Korea’s drones are presumed to have been converted from Chinese drones (SKY-09P, UV10CAM, etc.). According to the analysis based on the weight and size of the drone, drones weighting less than 150 kg and wingspan of less than 3 m are used for terrorism. To effectively detect drones, it is necessary to implement measures such as integrating and deploying various equipment to compensate for equipment limitations (radio waves, radar, video, sound, etc.). In the case of long-distance flight, a number of fixed-wing drones capable of autonomous mission flight and long-distance flight were used. North Korea’s drones use GPS-based autonomous mission flights, so it is necessary to prepare drones that do not transmit RF signals to detect them. Both RF signal detection and GPS jamming should be carried out, with GPS jamming taking precedence, even in the case of fixedwing drones. The results of this study could contribute to enhancing the level of physical protection of nuclear power plants.