Foreign language education has so far put emphasis on the so-called communicative and cultural objective where learners communicate with native speakers in the foreign languages they have learned and then understand and execute the native speakers’ cultures. However, the modern society, which has rapidly become a global village with the development of the means of communication, expects foreign language education to play a new role. This new role is taking into account not only the practical aspect of the communication, but also the educational goal of cultivating the ability to properly understand others’ culture and hold a critical attitude toward one’s own culture. The intercultural approach is emerging as a new approach that enables foreign language education to achieve this goal. 2007 Amended Curriculum and 2009 Amended Curriculum used the term, “intercultural”, but did not specifically state it, and thus it was little reflected in the textbooks. As a method of practically resolving this problem, we made an intercultural teaching plan by utilizing the cultural contents in the current textbooks.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird versucht, die Anwendungsmöglichkeit der Begriffe ‘emotionale Intelligenz’ von Daniel Goleman im deutschen Kulturunterricht zu erläutern. Der Begriff ‘emotionale Intelligenz’ wird fünf Ebenen untergeordnet: i) die eigenen Emotionen kennen, ii) Emotionen beeinflussen, iii) Empathie, iv) Emotionen in die Tat umsetzen, v) Umgang mit Beziehung. Heutzutage ist die Kultur im Deutsch als Fremdsprache einen wichtigen Lernstoff. Die Kultur kann nicht nur kognitive Ebene sondern auch affektive Ebene beeinflussen. In dieser Arbeit wird aber sie sich auf das affektive Lernen konzentriert. Um die Affektivität der Lernenden im Kulturunterricht zu entwickeln, kann der Begriff ‘emitionale Intelligenz’mit vier Lernverfahren kombiniert werden: die Zusammenarbeit für Wahrnehmung von Emotionen, der Rollspiel für Nutzung von Emotionen, das Lesen für Verstehen von Emotionen und das Sehen für Beeinflussung von Emotionen. Je nach Lernverfahren können die verschiedenen affektiven Ebenen der Lernenden sich darin progressiv entfalten und daher können die Lernenden innerlich stark motivert werden.

Face aux realia coréennes, les traducteurs littéraires recourent à deux grands types de stratégies : celles qui visent à préserver l’identité culturelle du terme d’origine (en en explicitant le sens) et celles qui favorisent le sens : stratégies de substitution. Si la substitution par une périphrase explicative alourdit souvent le texte, le recours à un terme hyperonymique ou à une définition concise se révèle idoine lorsque la realia ne fait office que de toile de fond. La stratégie acclimatisante consistant à suppléer à une realia de la langue-culture source une entité de la langue-culture cible (ou d’une langue-culture tierce plus familière au lectorat francophone, notamment japonaise) de fonction analogue gomme non seulement l’identité culturelle du terme d’origine, mais lui en confère même une autre. Lorsque la realia occupe une place centrale et qu’elle est récurrente sur le plan infratextuel et/ou intertextuel, la stratégie du maintien assorti d’une explicitation du sens se justifie et permet de conserver la couleur locale du texte source et la realia coréenne maintenue pourra ainsi un jour enrichir la langue française.

Foreign language education in Korea commenced from the period of the Three Kingdoms. During this period, which lasted until 7th - 8th century AD, the Kingdom’s close relationship with China prompted Chinese language education. Similarly, interaction with Japan started the education of Japanese language. Education during this period was reserved for the children of the upper class. From the end of the Three Kingdoms era until the early 19th century, education of four languages including Mongolian and Manchurian, as well as Chinese and Japanese took place. A government agency, Sa Yeok Won, trained translators during this time. Education of English, German, French and Russian languages started from the end of the 19th century, because the newly formed diplomatic relationships with these countries required the knowledge of their languages for communication. That was the beginning of the modern-style public education, which the foreign language education in the 20th century was based on. Currently, foreign language education takes place in high schools and universities. In high schools, the first foreign language is English, while the second foreign languages offered are Japanese, Chinese, German, French, Spanish, Russian, Arabic, Vietnamese and Classical Chinese characters. Universities offer both compulsory and elective courses on foreign languages. In addition to the languages taught in high schools, African and Southeast Asian languages are available for students to study in university.

This study aims to investigate the availability of the head direction parameter to Korean learners of English to find out how learners learn the head direction of English phrases in the EFL classroom. 95 intermediate and beginner students in their first year of middle school in Korea completed production and comprehension tasks. The results showed that the head final strategy is used more often than other interlanguage strategies when the head initial strategy is not available, which tends to show that the head parameter is reset through L1 values. In addition, the production task also proved that the acquisition of the VP head direction is accompanied by the acquisition of the NP, PP and AP head directions. In contrast, the participants showed a strong tendency of applying the head final strategy in translating English sentences in comprehension tasks. One possible explanation for this discrepancy between the production and comprehension tasks is that the interference of the Korean head final structure lets students decide the noun before the head is the compliment of the head. The pedagogical implication drawn from this study is that the head direction should be taught to beginners particularly in communicative classrooms

The goal of this study is to better understand the attitudes of students towards pronunciation in order to better evaluate the current university curriculum, as well as to make recommendations on how to improve the quality of education for students of English in South Korea. A total of fifty-five students were given both a questionnaire and a short interview which were utilized for the present study. The results demonstrate that the students agree pronunciation is important in English, and they wish to sound like a native speaker. It was also found that students are slightly worried about their own English accent, however they have not had much instruction on pronunciation. In addition, the participants of the study appeared to be more concerned with their accents, rather than comprehensibility or intelligibility. The most widely preferred accent by the participants was American accent followed by British accent. Although the participants acknowledged the importance of pronunciation or accent in English, they were reluctant to receive a class focusing on pronunciation. Based on the findings we suggest that there should be more collaboration between native and non-native speakers of English in Korea. Furthermore, we recommend that Korean students be exposed to more varieties of World Englishes through the integration of students from other countries into the classroom as well as conducted a class on World Englishes.

Super alloys, which can be divided into three categories, i.e. Ni-base, Co-base, and Fe-base alloys, are widely used for high temperature applications. Since superalloys contain many alloying elements and precipitates, their chemistry and processing parameters need to be carefully designed. In this study, we designed a new Ni alloy to prevent corrosion due to water vapor and gases at high temperatures. The new alloy was designed using the theoretical value of the resulting energy electronic state calculation(DV-Xα method). The components that were finally used were Cr, Mo, and Ti, with Ni as a base. For these alloys, elements were selected in order to compare their values with that of the average theoretical basis for an Inconel 625 alloy. Finally, two kinds of Ni alloy were designed: Ni-28Cr-4Mo-2Ti and Ni-20Cr-10Mo-1Ti.

Titanium has many special characteristics such as specific high strength, low elastic modulus, excellent corrosion and oxidation resistance, etc. Beta titanium alloys, because of their good formability and strength, are used for jet engines, and as turbine blades in the automobile and aerospace industries. Low cost beta titanium alloys were developed to take economic advantage of the use of low-cost beta stabilizers such as Mo, Fe, and Cr. Generally, adding a trace of boron leads to grain refinement in casted titanium alloys due to the pinning effect of the TiB phases. This study analyzed and evaluated the microstructural and mechanical properties after plastic deformation and heat treatment in boron-modified Ti-2Al-9.2Mo-2Fe alloy. The results indicate that a trace of boron addition made grains finer; this refinement effect was found to be maintained after subsequent processes such as hot forging and solution treatment. This can effectively reduce the number of required manufacturing process steps and lead to savings in the overall cost as well as low-cost beta elements.

The fatigue strength of a nickel-base superalloy was studied. Stress-controlled fatigue tests were carried out at 700 oC and 5 Hz using triangular wave forms. In this study, two kinds of testing procedures were adopted. One is the conventional tension-zero fatigue test(R = 0). The other was a procedure in which the maximum stress was held at 1000 MPa and the minimum stress was diverse from zero to 1000 MPa at 24 and 700 oC. The results of the fatigue tests at 700 oC indicate that the fracture mechanism changed according to both the mean stress and the stress range. At a higher stress range, γ ' precipitates are sheared by a/2<110> dislocation pairs coupled by APB. Therefore, in a large stress range, the deformation occurred by shearing of γ ' by a/2<110> dislocations, which brought about crystallographic shear fracture. As the stress range was decreased, the fracture mode gradually changed from crystallographic shear fracture to gradual growth of fatigue cracks. At an intermediate stress range, as it became more difficult for a/2<110> dislocation pairs to shear γ ' particles, cracks started to propagate in the matrix, avoiding the harder γ ' particles. High mean stress induced creep deformation, that is, γ ' particles were sheared by {111}<112> slip systems, which led to the formation of stacking faults in the precipitates. Thus, the change in fracture mechanism brought about the inversion of the S-N curves.

Cu circuits were successfully fabricated on flexible PET(polyethylene terephthalate) substrates using wettability difference and electroless plating without an etching process. The wettability of Cu plating solution on PET was controlled by oxygen plasma treatment and SiOx-DLC(silicon oxide containing diamond like carbon) coating by HMDSO(hexamethyldisiloxane) plasma. With an increase of the height of the nanostructures on the PET surface with the oxygen plasma treatment time, the wettability difference between the hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity increased, which allowed the etchless formation of a Cu pattern with high peel strength by selective Cu plating. When the height of the nanostructure was more than 1400 nm (60 min oxygen plasma treatment), the reduction of the critical impalement pressure with the decreasing density of the nanostructure caused the precipitation of copper in the hydrophobic region.

Atmospheric pressure plasma is used in the biological and medical fields. Miniaturization and safety are important in the application of apply atmospheric plasma to bio devices. In this study, we made a small, pocket-sized inverter for the discharge of atmospheric plasma. We used pulse power to control the neutral gas temperature at which the, when plasma was discharged. We used direct current of 5 V of bias(voltage). The output voltage is about 1 to 2 kilo volts the frequency is about 80 kilo hertz. We analyzsed the characteristics of the atmospheric plasma using OES(Optical emission spectroscopy) and the Current-Voltage characteristic of pulse power. By calculating of the current voltage characteristics, we were able to determine that, when the duty ratio increased, the power that actually effects the plasma discharge also increased. To apply atmospheric plasma to human organisms, the temperature is the most important factor, we were able to control the temperature by modulating the pulse power duty ratio. This means we can use atmospheric plasma on the human body or in other areas of the medical field.

In this work, on-site corrosion behavior of heat resistant tubes of T91, used as components of a superheater in a power plant for up to 25,762 h, has been investigated using scanning electron microscopy(SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD), with the objectives of studying the composition, phase distribution, and evolution during service. A multi-layer structure of oxide scale was found on both the steamside and the fireside of the tube surface; the phase distribution was in the order of hematite/magnetite/spinel from the outer to the inner matrix on the steamside, and in the order of slag/magnetite/spinel from the outer to the inner matrix on the fireside. The magnetite layer was found to be rich in pores and cracks. The absence of a hematite layer on the fireside was considered to be due to the low oxygen partial pressure in the corrosion environment. The thicknesses of the hematite and of the slag-deposit layer were found to exhibit no significant change with the increase of the service time.

The microstructural evolution of Grade 91 tempered martensite ferritic steels heat treated at 760~1000 oC for two hours was investigated using scanning electron microscopy(SEM), energy disperse spectroscopy(EDS), electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscopy(TEM); a microhardness tester was also employed, with a focus on the grain and precipitate evolution process as well as on the main hardening element. It was found that an evolution of tempered martensite to ferrite(760~850 oC), and to fresh martensite(900~1000 oC), occurred with the increase of temperature. Simultaneously, the parabolic evolution characteristics of the low angle grain boundary(LAGB) increased with the increase of the heating temperature(highest fraction of LAGB at 925 oC), indicating grain recovery upon intercritical heating. The main precipitate, M23C6, was found to be coarsened slightly at 760~850 oC; it then dissolved at 850~1000 oC. Besides this, M3C cementite was formed at 900~1000 oC. Finally, the experimental results show that the hardness of the steel depended largely on the matrix structure, rather than on the precipitates, with the fresh martensite showing the highest hardness value.

Porous W with spherical and directionally aligned pores was fabricated by the combination of sacrificial fugitives and a freeze-drying process. Camphene slurries with powder mixtures of WO3 and spherical PMMA of 20 vol% were frozen at −25 oC and dried for the sublimation of the camphene. The green bodies were heat-treated at 400 oC for 2 h to decompose the PMMA; then, sintering was carried out at 1200 oC in a hydrogen atmosphere for 2 h. TGA and XRD analysis showed that the PMMA decomposed at about 400 oC, and WO3 was reduced to metallic W at 800 oC without any reaction phases. The sintered bodies with WO3-PMMA contents of 15 and 20 vol% showed large pores with aligned direction and small pores in the internal walls of the large pores. The pore formation was discussed in terms of the solidication behavior of liquid camphene with solid particles. Spherical pores, formed by decomposition of PMMA, were observed in the sintered specimens. Also, microstructural observation revealed that struts between the small pores consisted of very fine particles with size of about 300 nm.

Using reverse micelle processing, ZnAl2O4 nanopowders were synthesized from a mixed precursor(consisting of Zn(NO3)2 and Al(NO3)3). The ZnAl2O4 was prepared by mixing the aqueous solution at a molar ratio of Zn : Al = 1 : 2. The average size and distribution of the synthesized powders with heat treatment at 600 oC for 2 h were in the range of 10-20 nm and narrow, respectively. The average size of the synthesized powders increased with increasing water to surfactant molar ratio. The XRD diffraction patterns show that the phase of ZnAl2O4 was spinel(JCPDS No. 05-0669). The synthesized and calcined powders were characterized using a thermogravimetric - differential scanning calorimeter(TG-DSC), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and high resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM). The effects of the synthesis parameter, such as the molar ratio of water to surfactant, are discussed.

In this article, poly methyl triethoxy silane was compounded with an inorganic waterproof admixture at a certain ratio to improve the performance of gypsum products; a new type of high-efficiency compound water-proofing additive was also investigated. Furthermore, the waterproof mechanism and the various properties on the hardened gypsum plaster were investigated in detail by XRD and SEM. The results show that the intenerate coefficient of gypsum plaster increased to more than 0.9; the water absorbing rate decreased to less than 10 %. Both the bending strength and the compressive strength of gypsum plaster increased by various degrees. The intenerate coefficient reached a maximum value of 0.73 and the strength of the samples showed almost no change when 5 % cement alone was added. In this new type of the high-efficiency compound with waterproof additive, the optimal technological parameters for formulas were obtained to be: 5 % cement, 18 % mineral powder, and 0.8 % poly methyl triethoxy silane, to compound gypsum plaster. Meanwhile, the production of high performance gypsum as a building material has become possible.

This paper presents a study on the room- and low-temperature impact toughness of hypoeutectoid steels with ferritepearlite structures. Six kinds of hypoeutectoid steel specimens were fabricated by varying the carbon content and austenitizing temperature to investigate the effect of microstructural factors such as pearlite volume fraction, interlamellar spacing, and cementite thickness on the impact toughness. The pearlite volume fraction usually increased with increasing carbon content and austenitizing temperature, while the pearlite interlamellar spacing and cementite thickness mostly decreased with increasing carbon content and austenitizing temperature. The 30C steel with medium pearlite volume fraction and higher manganese content, on the other hand, even though it had a higher volume fraction of pearlite than did the 20C steel, showed a better low-temperature toughness due to its having the lowest ductile-brittle transition temperature. This is because various microstructural factors in addition to the pearlite volume fraction largely affect the ductile-brittle transition temperature and lowtemperature toughness of hypoeutectoid steels with ferrite-pearlite structure. In order to improve the room- and low-temperature impact toughness of hypoeutectoid steels with different ferrite-pearlite structures, therefore, more systematic studies are required to understand the effects of various microstructural factors on impact toughness, with a viewpoint of ductile-brittle transition temperature.

The present study is concerned with the influence of niobium(Nb) addition and austenitizing temperature on the hardenability of low-carbon boron steels. The steel specimens were austenitized at different temperatures and cooled with different cooling rates using dilatometry; their microstructures and hardness were analyzed to estimate the hardenability. The addition of Nb hardly affected the transformation start and finish temperatures at lower austenitizing temperatures, whereas it significantly decreased the transformation finish temperature at higher austenitizing temperatures. This could be explained by the non-equilibrium segregation mechanism of boron atoms. When the Nb-added boron steel specimens were austenitized at higher temperatures, it is possible that Nb and carbon atoms present in the austenite phase retarded the diffusion of carbon towards the austenite grain boundaries during cooling due to the formation of NbC precipitate and Nb-C clusters, thus preventing the precipitation of M23(C,B)6 along the austenite grain boundaries and thereby improving the hardenability of the boron steels. As a result, because it considerably decreases the transformation finish temperature and prohibits the nucleation of proeutectoid ferrite even at the slow cooling rate of 3 oC/s, irrespective of the austenitizing temperature, the addition of 0.05 wt.% Nb had nearly the same hardenability-enhancing effect as did the addition of 0.2 wt.% Mo.

This study examined the effects of trunk stabilization exercise on balance and trunk control in children with spastic diplegia. Four children with ambulatory spastic diplegia participated in the trunk stabilization exercise program using a Both Sides Utilized (BOSU) ball, 30 minutes a day, two times a week for eight weeks. Outcome variables included the pediatric balance scale, trunk control movement scale and multifidus thickness using ultrasound image. After trunk stabilization exercise, there was statistically no significant improvement in pediatric balance scale, trunk control movement scale and multifidus thickness. However, individual outcomes were observed with some positive changes. Balance, trunk control movement, and thickness of multifidus were found to be improved. Trunk stabilization exercise using a BOSU ball could improve trunk control and increase the thickness of multifidus in children with spastic diplegia. Further investigation is needed to evaluate subjects according to type of cerebral palsy and to understand the relationship between postural control and gait.

Previous studies have investigated stepping over obstacles in treadmill walking training (TWT-OS) and treadmill walking training (TWT) alone for walking capacity not considering real physical activity. As such, we investigated the effects of TWT-OS on physical activity and changes in different levels of physical activity based on community ambulation in stroke patients. Thirty subjects were randomly assigned to either the experimental group or the control group, with 15 and 15 subjects, respectively. However, one subject from the control group was excluded because of inadequate treatment sessions. All subjects underwent routine physical therapy in the form of treadmill walking. The subjects in the experimental group underwent simultaneous training in obstacle-stepping while walking on the treadmill for 30 min/day, five times/week, for four weeks. Subjects were given a three-axis accelerometer to wear at the hip on a belt for one-week pre- and post-training physical activity. Step counts for seven days, average daily step counts, and the average of minutes spent in sedentary, light, and above moderate activity were chosen as outcome measures of physical activity. No significant differences between the groups were found in terms of step counts for seven days, average daily activity, or daily activity spent at sedentary levels after four-week interventions. However, the average daily activity spent at light levels (-42.60 min vs. -6.71 min) was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the controls. Conversely, average daily activity spent at above moderate levels was higher (19.86 min vs. 11.07 min) (p<.05) after adjusting for each baseline value. Significant pre- and post-training differences were found in all variables of the experimental group (p<.05). Thus, TWT-OS could improve physical levels above moderate activity as a community-oriented task more than simple repetitive waking on a treadmill, and it could provide an opportunity for patients ambulatory after stroke to participate in the community again.