Aluminum (Al) is one of the most widely applied metals in various industries. Anthropogenic activities of industrial waste result in increased accumulation of Al in natural water resources and aqueous organisms, leading to increased heavy metal pollution in the environment. This will ultimately associate with health risks to all living beings including humans. The present study addresses the possible toxic effects of Al on the motility and regeneration of planarians, using Dugesia japonica as the experimental animal model. Planarians were exposed to varying concentrations of Al (50–1,200 mg/L) for 1 hr, and subsequently evaluated for their motility, seizure-like behaviors, regeneration and alterations of the cell-organelles in their body. Results of the study exhibit that increasing Al concentrations lead to decreased motility and increased seizure-like behaviors, especially the c-type and head bob behaviors in planarians (p<0.05). The regeneration ability in the tail segments was reduced by increased Al concentrations, and the eyespot and optic nerves were more clearly observed in the control groups than planarians exposed to Al. Organelle analysis revealed morphological abnormalities in the mitochondria, golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, and cilia in the head region of planarians, as compared to the control groups. Taken together, our results indicate that exposure to Al alters the behavior of planarians and delays the regeneration of amputated body parts. Therefore, we suggest that Al exposure adversely can affect the lives of aquatic organisms, and induce toxicity such as cell abnormalities in animals.

Fowl adenovirus serotype-4 (FAdV-4) infection, also known as hydropericardium-hepatitis syndrome (HHS), is one of the most prevalent diseases in the Korean poultry industry. Therefore, an effective vaccination against FAdV-4 should be developed for prevention of HHS infection. However, a standard animal model with significant pathologic characteristics has not been established for evaluation of HHS vaccine efficacy. In this study, we comparatively evaluated FAdV-4 pathogenicity from specific- pathogen-free (SPF) chickens using FAdV-4 strain (ADL091024) isolated in laying chickens in Korea according to chicken age, passage number and virus titers. In brief, FAdV-4 passaged four times in yolk sac of SPF eggs with the highest viral titers could induce the most severe clinical signs in 1-day-old chickens, similar to natural HHS outbreaks. Furthermore, the efficacy of a newly developed attenuated live FAdV-4 vaccine candidate was successfully determined using the established 1-day-old SPF chickens. There was no significant pathogenicity based on the criteria such as mortality, body weight, gross lesions, histological lesions and virus detection rates in the vaccination and non-challenge control groups. However, the challenge group without vaccination showed significant pathogenicity including hepatic necrosis, histological lesion scores in the liver and heart, virus replication and decreased body weight gain. In conclusion, the chicken challenge model established in this report was proposed for consistent and reliable evaluation of FAdV- 4 vaccine efficacy.

The young shoots of Aralia elata, Chaenomeles sinensis fruit and Glycyrrhizae radix are edible and traditionally used as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents. The present study was performed to investigate the protective effect of an ethanol extract mixture of these three medicinal plants (ACG) against amyloid β protein (Aβ) (25– 35)-induced memory impairment in an ICR mouse model. Memory impairment was induced by intracerebroventricular microinjection of 15 nmol Aβ (25–35) and assessed using the passive avoidance test and the Morris water maze test. The step-through latency in the passive avoidance test was decreased and the latency to reach the hidden platform in the Morris water maze test was increased in mice treated with Aβ (25–35), indicating memory impairment. This memory impairment induced by Aβ (25–35) was significantly prevented by chronic treatment with ACG (10, 25, and 50 mg/kg, p.o., 8 days). In memory impaired mice brain, cholinesterase activity and concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, a lipid peroxidation marker, were increased and glutathione level was decreased. These biochemical changes in Aβ (25–35)-treated mice were reversed by chronic administration of ACG. The present results suggest that antioxidant and anti-cholinesterase activities of ACG might be responsible for the inhibition of Aβ (25– 35)-induced memory impairment and that ACG preparation may have a therapeutic role in preventing the progression of Alzheimer’s disease.

독일의 보전토지채무는 1900년 독일민법 제정 이래 명문의 규정이 없이 학설과 판례로만 인정이 되어오다가, 2008년 8월 위험제한법(Risiko begrenzungsgesetz)이 제정·시행되면서 이 법에 의하여 이루어진 독일 민법의 개정에 의하여 독일민법 1192조 제1a항으로 도입되었다. 보전토지채무는 피담보채권(Forderung)을 담보권인 토지채무(Grund schuld)로 담보하게 한다는 담보계약(Sicherungsvertrag)에 의해, 본디 독립되어 있던 토지채무와 피담보채권이 연계되는 것이다. 우선 채무자인 부동산 소유권자는 물권인 토지채무를 설정해야 하는데, 이에는 물권적 합의(Einigung)와 등기(Eintragung)가 필요하다. 그리고 채권의 담보를 위하여 토지채무를 활용하기 위해서는 토지채무의 설정 이외에 별도의 채권자와 채무자 사이에 채권계약인 담보계약이 체결되어야 한다. 이 담보계약에는 단지 채권적 성질이 있을 뿐이며 물권적인 성질이 있지 않다. 담보계약에 의하여 피담보채권에 대한 토지채무의 부종성이 법정 되어 있지 않음에도 토지채무가 피담보채권을 담보하게 된다. 독일에서도 저당권은 한국과 마찬가지로 피담보채권과 아울러 양도되어야 한다. 이와 달리 토지채무는 피담보채권에 대한 부종성이 없기 때 문에, 보전토지채무에 있어서 토지채무와 피담보채권은 저당권과 피담보 채권과는 달리 서로 분리되어 양도될 수 있다. 보전토지채무를 설정할 때 담보계약으로 채권자와 채무자 사이에 토지채무와 피담보채권을 분리 할 수 없고 항상 함께 양도하여야 한다고 약정할 수 있으나, 이 두 권리 를 분리해서 각기 양도하였다 하더라도 그 양도는 유효하다. 이렇게 채권자(양도인)는 피담보채권으로부터 토지채무를 분리하여 양도할 수 있 기 때문에, 토지채무의 양수인은 양도인으로부터 토지채무를 선의취득할 수 있다. 개정전 독일민법에 의하면, 채무자(토지소유권자)는 토지채무의 양수 인에 의한 토지채무의 행사에 대하여 항변을 할 수 있으나, 토지채무의 선의취득자인 양수인은 토지채무에 대한 공신력을 근거로 제1157조에 의한 소유자의 항변으로부터 자유로웠다. 따라서 토지채무의 양수인은 채무자에 대하여 토지채무를 제한 없이 실행할 수 있어 토지소유자는 불 측의 피해를 입을 수 있었다. 그런데 2008년 위험제한법 제정에 의한 독일민법의 개정으로, 보전토지채무에서 토지소유자는 보전토지채무로부터 발생하는 항변권을 모든 보전토지채무 취득자에 대하여 주장할 수 있게 되었다. 따라서 양수인이 보전토지채무를 선의취득했다고 하더라도, 그 취득자의 보전토지채무의 행사에 대하여 토지소유자는 항변을 할 수 있게 되었다. 그렇게 보전토 지채무의 선의취득을 부인하여 채무자인 보전토지채무설정자의 이중변제의 위험을 법적으로 제거하였다. 이와 같은 입법으로 채무자는 보호받게 되었지만, 본래 독립성이 인정되던 토지채무가 과거만큼의 독립성을 상실하는 결과가 초래되었다. 개정 전에는 보전토지채무의 피담보채권에 대한 부종성이 채권적인 효력을 가졌을 뿐이었으나 개정 후에는 보전토 지채무의 행사에 관하여는 사실상 물권적인 부종성이 인정되게 되었다. 이러한 제1192조 제1a항의 입법 등 보전토지채무에 관한 법개정에 관하여는 평가가 엇갈린다. 보전토지채무가 독일의 다른 부동산 담보제도를 제치고 가장 많이 이용되는 제도가 된 것은 그 유연성과 유통성 때문인데, 이번 개정으로 인하여 보전토지채무의 유통성이 침해되었다거나, 그간 유통저당권과 유사한 것으로 여겨졌던 보전토지채무에 대하여 그 법적 위치 를 보전저당권에 유사하게 하였다는 점에서 이번 개정이 물권법 체계에 반한다는 비판이 제기되고 있다. 이에 대하여 그간 보전토지채무는 토지채 무의 선의취득자에 의한 실행 가능성으로 인하여 토지소유권자에게 큰 위 험을 줄 수 있어 토지소유권자에 대한 보호가 부족하였다고 여겨졌는데, 이번 개정을 통하여 그런 문제점이 해소되었다고 긍정적으로 평가하는 견 해도 있다. 이러한 독일 부동산 담보제도의 변화는, 우리의 (근)저당권 개정 논의에 있어서도 저당권의 유동화를 추구하는 것 못지않게 그 남용 가능성을 고려하고 채무자와 채권자 사이의 균형을 지향해야 한다는 것을 우리에게 보여준다는 점에서 그 시사하는 바가 적지 않다.

Lead (Pb) is a major heavy metal that augments environmental pollution and is a health risk to living organisms. This study was performed to investigate the effect of lead on characteristics of planarian, Dugesia japonica. Briefly, planarians were cultivated in water containing different concentrations (0–400 mg/L) of Pb, and incubated for varying durations (1, 3, and 5 hr). After termination of the incubation time, motility and seizure-like behaviors (c-like, head-bop, snake-like, and screw-like) of the planarians were counted in fresh water. Results showed that increasing Pb concentration and time resulted in decreased motility of the planarians (p<0.05). Increasing concentrations of Pb also resulted in significant increase in the seizure-like behavioral patterns, in particular the c-like and head-bop behaviors. In order to examine eye regeneration, the head region was cut, and rest of the body was incubated in water in the absence or presence of Pb, until emergence of the eye extrusion. Formation of eye spots was initiated in amputated fragments of the control group (without Pb) on day 4 after incubation, whereas appearance of the eye spots was delayed in planarian exposed to 200 mg/L Pb. Moreover, immunohistochemistry revealed that formation of the optic nerve was delayed in planarians exposed to Pb. Thus, our studies determined that planarians exposed to high concentrations of Pb resulted in decreasing motility and induction of seizure-like behaviors, as well as delayed eye regeneration. Results of the current study therefore validate that exposure to lead has a negative effect on the lifespan of aquatic organisms and can cause disturbance of the nervous system in animals, thereby implying the possibility of threatening health.

자동차 음주운전의 경우에는 그 위험성에 대한 사회일반의 경각심이 고조되고 있으며, 이에 따라 점차 감소하는 추세를 보이고 있다. 이에 반하여 선박의 음주운항은 선상의 음주에 관대한 오랜 관습, 음주여부 확인의 현실적인 어려움 등에 따라 줄어들지 않고 있는 상황이다. 2019년 러시아 선적 화물선 시그랜드호가 음주운항 중 광안대교와 충돌하는 사건을 비롯하여 국내에서 선박 등의 음주운항을 한 사실의 적발 및 음주 운항으로 인한 해상사고가 지속적으로 발생하고 있다. 위 사건 등의 영향으로 ｢해사안전법｣이 개정되기도 하였으나, 동법 외에도 다수의 법령에 단속 근거, 음주운항 판단기준 및 처벌기준이 분산 되어 있다는 문제점을 지적할 만하다. 나아가 단속절차에 관해서도 ｢해사안전법｣, ｢경찰관직무집행법｣ 외에도 ｢해양경비법｣ 등이 적용된다 하 겠으나 제정목적 상의 일부 차이가 있으며, 단속절차에 관하여 규율이 미진한 부분이 존재하는 등의 한계가 있다. 이에 관해서는 단속 상대방의 권익보호를 위해서 절차보장이 필요하다고 본다. 나아가 철도･항공과 같은 출발 전 사전음주여부 등에 관한 측정하도록 하는 제도의 도입될 필요성이 있고, 음주사실 확인시 선박의 예인 또는 긴급시 해양경찰청 경찰공무원에 의한 대리운항 등을 허용하여야 할 것으로 생각된다. 이와 같은 사후조치 과정에서의 사고 등으로 인하여 해양경찰공무원 등이 개인적인 손해배상 책임을 면할 수 있는 특례규정을 두는 방안 등도 검토하여야 할 것으로 생각한다.

분쟁, 폭력, 개발프로젝트, 재난 및 기후변화 등으로 인해 매년 수백에서 수천만 명의 사람들이 자신의 집이나 거주지를 떠나 해당 국가 내에서 국내실향민으로 생활하고 있다. 국내실향민은 2020년 한 해 분쟁 및 폭력 등으로 아프리카, 중동 등 149개국에서 4,050만 명이 추가로 발생 하였다. 아시아 지역에서도 국내실향민 문제는 계속 확산되고 있다. 아시아 지역 내 국내실향민은 2020년 한 해 1,210만 명의 국내실향민이 추가로 발생하였으며 이는 전 세계 국내실향민 수의 30%를 차지한다. 아시아 지역에서도 국가가 국내실향민을 보호할 수 없거나 또는 보호할 의 지가 없고, 국제사회가 충분히 지원할 수 없거나 또는 지원할 의지가 없 는 상황이 발생할 수 있다. 아프리카연합(AU)의 국내실향민 보호 및 지원 방안은 이와 같은 국내 실향민 문제에 대해 지역기구가 대처할 수 있는 적절한 해결책을 제시한다. AU는 아프리카 지역 내 국내실향민 보호 및 지원을 위한 아프리카 연합 협약(캄팔라 협약)을 체결하여 국내실향민 문제에 대한 AU의 적극적인 참여 및 다양한 지역행위자들의 협력을 규정하면서, 국내실향민에 대한 국가의 독립적인 보호 능력 및 의지가 부족한 경우 회원국, 시민사회단체 및 AU의 참여를 촉구하였다. UN헌장에서는 UN체제와 지역기구 간 협력 관계를 바탕으로 지역기구 및 지역적 합의에 따라 국제평화와 안전의 유지에 관한 사항을 처리하는 것을 인정하고 있으므로 지역기구는 UN기관과의 협력을 통해 지역적 문제해결을 도모해야 하며 그 과정에서 회원국, 지역기구 및 시민사회단체, 법률전문가 등의 의견을 반영해야 한다. 또한 지역기구가 해당 지역에서 발생하는 문제에 대해 지역적 차원에서 접근하는 방식을 취할 경우, 특정 문제에 대한 국가 간 협력을 통해 지역 내 평화와 안보를 도모할 수 있으므로, AU의 캄팔라 협약과 같은 지역적 해결방식으로 아시아 지역 내 국내실향민 문제에 적합한 해결책을 도모할 수 있다.

The conversion of all carbon preforms to dense SiC by liquid infiltration can become a low-cost and reliable method to form SiC-Si composites of complex shape and high density. Reactive sintered silicon carbide (RBSC) is prepared by covering Si powder on top of 0.5-5.0 wt% Y2O3-added carbon preforms at 1,450 and 1,500°C for 2 hours; samples are analyzed to determine densification. Reactive sintering from the Y2O3-free carbon preform causes Si to be pushed to one side and cracking defects occur. However, when prepared from the Y2O3-added carbon preform, an SiC-Si composite in which Si is homogeneously distributed in the SiC matrix without cracking can be produced. Using the Si + C = SiC reaction, 3C and 6H of SiC, crystalline Si, and Y2O3 phases are detected by XRD analysis without the appearance of graphite. As the content of Y2O3 in the carbon preform increases, the prepared RBSC accelerates the SiC conversion reaction, increasing the density and decreasing the pores, resulting in densification. The dense RBSC obtained by reaction sintering at 1,500 oC for 2 hours from a carbon preform with 2.0 wt% Y2O3 added has 0.20% apparent porosity and 96.9% relative density.

Al-Cr-Si ternary quench ribbons are fabricated using a single roll method and investigated for their structural and thermal properties. In particular, the sinterability is examined by pulse current sintering to obtain the following results. The Al74Cr20Si6 composition becomes a quasicrystalline single phase; by reducing the amount of Cr, it becomes a twophase mixed structure of Al phase and quasicrystalline phase. As a result of sintering of Al74Cr20Si6, Al77Cr13Si10 and Al90Cr6Si4 compositions, the sintering density is increased with the large amount of Al phase; the sintering density is the highest in Al90Cr6Si4 composition. In addition, as a result of investigating the effects of sintering temperature and pressurization on the sintered density of Al90Cr6Si4, a sintered compact of 99% or more at 513 K and 500 MPa is produced. In particular, since the Al-Cr-Si ternary crystal is more thermally stable than the Al-Cr binary quaternary crystal, it is possible to increase the sintering temperature by about 100 K. Therefore, using an alloy of Al90Cr6Si4 composition, a sintered compact having a sintered density of 99 % or more at 613 K and 250 MPa can be manufactured. It is possible to increase the sintering temperature by using the alloy system as a ternary system. As a result, it is possible to produce a sintered body with higher density than that possible using the binary system, and at half the pressure compared with the conventional Al-Cr binary system.

This study attempts to find optimal conditions of the friction coefficient using a discrete element method (DEM) simulation with various friction coefficient conditions and three different grinding media with various ball sizes in a traditional ball mill (TBM). Using ball motion of the DEM simulation are obtained using the optimal friction coefficient compared with actual motion; photographs are taken by the digital camera and the snapshot images are analyzed. In the simulation, the rotation speed of the mill, the materials and velocity of the grinding media, and the friction coefficient between the balls and the wall of the pot are fixed as the actual experimental conditions. We observe the velocity according to the friction coefficient from the DEM simulation. The friction coefficient is found to increase with the velocity. Milling experiments using a traditional ball mill with the same experimental conditions as those of the DEM simulation are conducted to verify the simulated results. In addition, particle morphology change of copper powder is investigated and analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for the milling experiment.

This study produces electroconductive polycaprolactone (PCL)-based film with different amounts of graphene (G) through electrospinning, and the characteristics of the produced G/PCL composites are investigated. The G/PCL results are analyzed by comparing them with those obtained using pure PCL electrospun film as a control. The morphology of electrospun material is analyzed through scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Mechanical and electrical properties are also evaluated. Composites containing 1% graphene have the highest elongation rate, and 5% samples have the highest strength and elasticity. Graphene contents > 25% show electro-conductivity, which level improves with increase of graphene content. Biological characteristics of G/PCL composites are assessed through behavioral analysis of neural cell attachment and proliferation. Cell experiments reveal that compositions < 50% show slightly reduced cell viability. Moreover, graphene combinations facilitated cell proliferation compared to pure PCL. These results confirm that a 25 % G/PCL composition is best for application to systems that introduce external stimuli such as electric fields and electrodes to lead to synergistic efficiency of tissue regeneration.

Owing to its low cost, easy fabrication process, and good ionic properties, aqueous supercapacitors are under strong consideration as next-generation energy storage devices. However, the limitation of the current collector is its poor electrochemical stability, leading to low energy storage performance. Therefore, a reasonable design of the current collector and the acidic electrolyte is a necessary, as well as interfacial engineering to enhance the electrochemical performance. In the present study, graphite foil, with excellent electrochemical stability and good electrical properties, is suggested as a current collector of aqueous supercapacitors. This strategy results in excellent electrochemical performance, including a high specific capacitance of 215 F g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A g−1, a superior high-rate performance (104 F g−1 at a current density of 20.0 A g−1), and a remarkable cycling stability of 98 % at a current density of 10.0 A g−1 after 9,000 cycles. The superior energy storage performance is mainly ascribed to the improved ionic diffusion ability during cycling.

Porous carbons have been widely used as electrode material for supercapacitors. However, commercial porous carbons, such as activated carbons, have low electrochemical performance. Nitrogen-doping is one of the most promising strategies to improve electrochemical performance of porous carbons. In this study, nitrogen self-doped porous carbon (NPC) is prepared from melamine foam by carbonization to improve the supercapacitive performance. The prepared NPC is characterized in terms of the chemical structures and elements, morphology, pore structures, and electrochemical performance. The results of the N2 physisorption measurement, X-ray diffraction, and Raman analyses reveal that the prepared NPC has bimodal pore structures and pseudo-graphite structures with nitrogen functionality. The NPC-based electrode exhibits a gravimetric capacitance of 153 F g−1 at 1 A g−1, a rate capability of 73.2 % at 10 A g−1, and an outstanding cycling ability of 97.85% after 10,000 cycles at 10 A g−1. Thus, the NPC prepared in this study can be applied as electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors.

P91 steel has been a highly researched material because of its applicability for high-temperature applications. Considerable efforts have been made to produce experimental creep data and develop models for creep life prediction. As creep tests are expensive and difficult to conduct, it is vital to develop authenticated empirical methods from experimental results that can be utilized for better understanding of creep behavior and can be incorporated into computational models for reliable prediction of creep life. In this research, a series of creep rupture tests are performed on the P91 specimens within a stress range of 155 MPa to 200 MPa and temperature range of 640 oC (913 K) to 675 oC (948 K). The microstructure, hardness, and fracture surfaces of the specimens are investigated. To analyze the results of the creep rupture tests at a macro level, a parameter called creep work density is derived. Then, the relationships between various creep parameters such as strain, strain rate, time to rupture, creep damage tolerance factor, and creep work density are investigated, and various empirical equations are obtained.

Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is being considered as a technology to replace the conventional manufacturing process of titanium alloys. However, coarse β grains, which can extend through several deposited materials, result in strong textures and anisotropy. As a solution, we study the plastic deformation effects of ultrasonic needle peening (UNP) on the microstructure. UNP treated materials deform plastically and the dislocation density increases. Fine α+α' grains with low aspect ratio are observed in the UNP treated specimens. UNP treated WAAM Ti-6Al-4V alloys have higher strength and lower elongation than those characteristics of WAAM Ti-6Al-4V alloys. Due to UNP treatment, the z-axis directional specimens exhibit a greater effect of reducing elongation than do the x-axis directional specimens. The UNP treatment produces fine grains in proportion to the number of times UNP is performed, thereby increasing strength. UNP processes produce a large number of dislocations in the WAAM Ti-6Al-4V alloys, with the most dislocations being formed at the surface.

Purpose: This study was aimed to examine the background of the emergence of qualitative research and the purpose pursued by qualitative research. Based on this, it was to derive ethical principles and considerations that the researcher should reflect and practice in the process of conducting qualitative research. Methods: A review article was constructed by collecting and analyzing extensive literature related to the research ethics topics. Results: In a human subject research, both positivistic and qualitative researchers should most sensitively consider the protection of the research subjects, especially those in vulnerable situations. Ethical principles for human subject research can be suggested as follows. The first is to respect and protect the subject's autonomy, which is linked to the principle of informed consent and subject protection. Second, the researcher should conduct research according to the best interests of the study participants. This is linked to the selection of research topics and the reciprocity of the research results. Third, it is necessary to maintain an open attitude to the study participants. To this end, it is also linked to the researcher's open and sympathetic attitude to respect the emotions and experiences of the study participants, and to treat them truthfully without hiding or deceived during the data collection process. Conclusion: The core purpose of qualitative research is to restore humanity. Qualitative research needs to go deeper into the lives of others. Researchers who are conducting qualitative research must reflect on ethics and consider ethical guidelines.

Purpose: This study was aimed to analyze the research trends by investigating the nursing theories used in research articles in Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing for the last 10 years. Methods: Among the research articles published in the Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing for the past 10 years from 2010 to 2019, the research trends was analyzed by investigating the nursing theories used in the studies. Results: As the results of a survey of 847 papers published in the Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing from 2010 to 2019, 139 studies applied to the theory were extracted. As for the theory, one Grand Theory, Roy’s adaptation model, and 6 Middle Range Theories including Kolcaba’s comfort theory, Pender's health promotion model, King's goal attainment theory, Watson's human caring theory, Reed's self-transcendence theory, Mishel's uncertainty in illness theory. Conclusion: In nursing, more use of nursing theories in research is necessary in the future, not only in quantitative research methods but also in qualitative research.

Purpose: This study was to identify the perception of death in nursing students. Methods: This study adopted the triangulation method. The participants was third grade nursing students. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Qualitative data was analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Among the participants' perception of death, the highest score was the respect for life, and the lowest was anxiety about death. The participants believed that there was a relatively happy and unfortunate death, and that well-dying was achieved through acceptance, reflection, and rigorous preparation in life. Well-dying was possible only when well-being was proceeded. Nursing students perceived death as the end stage of life that needed preparation. Conclusion: It is necessary for nursing students to have opportunities to reflect on death when they observe a patient’s death in clinical practice. Also, they need to have death-related education for them to grow as competent nurses to deal with life and death journey of their patients in future.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to understand in-depth experiences of role conflict among infection control nurses’ (ICNs) in terms of the gaps between the role expectations and actual roles. Methods: This study was a qualitative study to explore and describe the implications of role conflict experiences of ICNs through a phenomenological approach. One-on-one in-depth interviews were conducted with ICNs who worked as full-time for more than three years in the infection control department, and the results were analyzed using Colaizzi’s (1978) phenomenological method. Results: Topics brought up by the participants were categorized into five themes. The themes included "lack of awareness of infection control", "psychological burden of professional competence", "infectious control not being accepted due to different management and operational goals", "unrelentingly overworked", "shadow labor without adequate compensation", and "The process of earning mutual trust". Conclusion: In order to resolve the role conflict of ICNs, it is necessary to establish a career management system for ICNs and to have an appropriate compensation system.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to understand the meaning and nature of the experiences of adult patients infected with HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) when they were teens. Methods: To this end, we analyzed how the experience was interpreted in their daily lives and what its meaning was through the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), a new method of extensive qualitative research in the UK. Among the confirmed HIV infections in teenagers, three people who agreed to participate in the study were men in their 20s and 30s. Participants were interviewed in-depth to collect data and the data was analyzed and interpreted using IPA. Results: As the results, eight themes and 18 sub-themes were derived from meaningful statements through in-depth analysis, and these were categorized into 4 categories. The four categories included ‘shock and despair’, ‘realistic difficulties’, ‘barriers in relationships’, and ‘life transitions’. Conclusion: Adolescent infected persons had support from their families or surroundings, and this positively influenced on the recovery of infected persons. We discussed the implications of the understanding of HIV infection, changes in social perception, the need for correct sex education, and the experiences of teenagers infected with HIV, and suggested follow-up studies.