We have investigated the long term variability of the intensities of the broad-line region emission lines in the UV spectra of Seyfert I galaxy NGC 5548 from 1973-1996. We have obtained the following results: 1) a high level correlation between the intensities of emission lines as well as between intensities of emission lines and continuum uxes was discovered. With increasing wavelength the correlation in both cases becomes weaker, 2) the relationship between the intensity of emission lines and the ux radiation in the continuum can be expressed by a power law function with coefficients of α ≈ 0:8 - 1:1 for different lines. When the difference between the wavelengths of spectral lines and the continuum is increased, the value of the power function decreases, and 3) it was found that the magnitude of the variability of the line intensities are weaker than the range of variability of the continuum uxes. The magnitude of the variability of the line intensities and the continuum uxes increase at longer wavelengths.

Hydroxyapatite (HA), which is an important calcium phosphate mineral, has been applied in orthopedics, dentistry, and many other fields depending upon its morphology. HA can be synthesized with different morphologies through controlling the synthesis method and several parameters. Here, we synthesize various morphologies of HA using two simple methods: hydrothermal combustion and solution combustion. The phase purity of the synthesized HA is confirmed using X-ray diffractometry. It demonstrates that pure phased hydroxyapatite can be synthesized using both methods. The morphology of the synthesized powder is examined using scanning electron microscopy. The effects of pH and temperature on the final powder are also investigated. At 140 oC, using the hydrothermal method, nano-micro HA rods with a hexagonal crystal structure can be synthesized, whereas using solution combustion method at 600 oC, a dense cubic morphology can be synthesized, which exhibits monoclinic crystal structures.

We studied a cluster family in the northern part of the Carina Nebula (NGC 3372) a group of clusters near NGC 3324 (Tr 15, NGC 3293, Loden 165, Loden 153 and IC 2581). We used data from UCAC4 to determine the cluster's membership and the near infrared CMDs of each cluster. We analyzed the spatial density and elongation as a function of radius for each cluster and found a possible interaction between NGC 3293 and Loden153. However, the shape distortion of NGC 3324 cannot be evaluated because of the inhomogenity in the coverage of UCAC4 in the east part of NGC 3324.

In the last decade loyalty programs have gained popularity across various industries. They are one of the most popular marketing tools that companies use to increase retention, enhance loyalty and gather ‘big data’. The number of companies adopting loyalty programs is rapidly increasing with fashion department stores grown their loyalty program subscriptions by 70% between 2010 and 2012 (Colloquy, 2013). One of the main reasons for this growth can be attributed to the benefits fashion retailers offer to their customers. A new body of current research had directed its attention to a comprehensive set of benefits offered by loyalty programs as well as their potential to increase customer retention and profitability (Evanschitzky et al., 2012). Until recently, it was debatable if loyalty programs can be effective and appropriate in luxury retailing (Lowenstein, 2009), despite research evidence showing a positive effect of loyalty programs’ benefits on customer retention (e.g. Mimouni-Chaabane & Volle, 2010). Traditionally, luxury companies and retailers build loyalty through top-end and differentiated customer experiences. If loyalty schemes were to succeed in the luxury sector they had to deliver the kind of recognition and rewards that make luxury shoppers feel remarkable. Given the growing interest in loyalty programs and scarcity of research related to their effectiveness in the luxury fashion department stores, this study comes to examine the effectiveness of such programs. In particular, this research examines how the utilitarian, hedonic and symbolic perceived benefits from loyalty programs can influence the satisfaction and trust with the program and consequently store loyalty. These relationships are compared between high- and low-end fashion department stores and the differences in their effectiveness are reported. To test these relationships data were collected form a sample of 984 consumers from an online panel in US, using a structured questionnaire. A range of different department stores that offer loyalty programs were pre-selected through a rater procedure to represent the high- and low- fashion department stores. Using structural equation modelling and multi-group analysis, findings support that the effectiveness of loyalty programs is important to both high-and low-end fashion retailing settings but the strength of this effectiveness varies across the two settings. Specifically, hedonic and symbolic benefits derived from loyalty programs found to be more important in the high-end rather than the low-end fashion retailers. In contrast, utilitarian benefits found to be much more effective in influencing customers’ satisfaction with the program in the low-end fashion retailing. The results of this research address an important research gap and help to better understand customers' perceptions of loyalty program benefits obtained from high- and low-end fashion department stores. Finally, the findings provide clear guidelines for managers in both high- and low-end fashion retailing on how to design effectively their loyalty program rewards, by strategically allocating their resources to the benefits that are more important in their setting.

The Sphingidae are a family of moths (Lepidoptera, Bombycoidae), commonly known as hawk moths. The hawk moths form a family of over 1500 species of small to very large moths (40-150mm) occurring on all continents except Antarctica. The most conspicuous aspect of sphingid biology is the capacity of the moths for fast, long distance, and often migratory flight. Sphingidae adult are appropriately shaped with narrow wings and a fusiform abdomen. Sphingidae is very popular group with both amateur and professional naturalists, but the taxonomic study of the Sphingidae in Cambodia has been done by a few foreign entomologists. In the present study, we were collected 12 times from Cambodia in 10 area for 6 province. As the results of this study, about 455 species of 289 genera of 18 families belong to Lepidoptera (NIBR, 2009-2014). Of which, about 60 species of 30 genera of family Sphingidae were identified from Cambodia. Most of them are recorded for the first time in Cambodia.

Regional education experts from various developing countries (Bangladesh, Nepal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, The Gambia) of west Africa and Asia-Pacific regions and experts in ICT in education from Korea cooperated to analyze the current situation of ICT utilization for schools in developing countries. From their research and reflections of participants' countries situation following things are recommended to be considered with priorities. Firstly, the expected problems and difficulties of introducing ICT in developing country schools from six levels including (teachers level, schools level and communities level). Then, solutions thereto are derived for the following six aspects: motivation of teachers, awareness building, Funds, ICT training for teachers, ICT equipment for the teachers, transparency and accountability.

The subfamily of Phycitinae is one of the largest groups in family Pyralidae, as Solis and Mitter (1992) estimated, about 4000 species in the world. The Phycitinae are characterized by the following characteristics: forewings long and narrow, with 11 veins or less, R3 and R4 stalked at base or fused completely, both male and female with only one frenulum; gnathos usually rod-shaped or coniform; valva usually hairy, with well-developed costa, sacculus well-sclerotized, shorter than valva, transtilla free or connected at top, juxta and vinculum U-shaped; most of male with culcita; ductus bursae usually from corpus bursae. The larvae of phycitinae are leaf rollers, leaf bores and leaf miners, also they are predators and products pests. Their distribution is throughout the world (Munroe and Solis, 1999). Leech and South (1901) first reported 3 species of Phycitini from the Korean Peninsula; after that, several researchers respectively made contributions to the fauna of Korean Phycitinae. Until 2008, Bae et al. recorded 79 species from South Korea. Currently, Qi and Bae (2014) added two more phycitinae species for Korea. In the present study, we identified two more Phycitinae species which are newly recorded from Korea. The morphology of adults and genitalia are redescribed and illustrated, the specimens examined are deposited in Incheon National University, Korea.

The genus Ypsolopha Latreille is the largest taxa in Ypsolophidae, comprising over 140 species worldwide. More than 100 species have been described from the Palaearctic and Oriental Regions. In Korea, 10 species have been listed by Byun et al. (2009), and recently 3 new recorded species were reported by Sohn (2010). Ypsolopha species have been known feeding on conifers and dicotyledonous plants. But studying of host plants is still not discovered thoroughly. In the present study, I carried out to breed larvae ofYpsolophid moth based on Japanese study in a laboratory. And reported one newly recorded species from Korea. Also, we provide description of adult, pictures of adults genitalia and a checklist of host plants is also provided.

Taxonomic history of Korean Arctiidae was recently revised by Park (2000), comprising a total of 59 species, 31 genera from South Korea. Subsequently, Choi (2004, 2010) added two more arctiine species, and Bae et al. (2013) enumerated 63 species, 31 genera including one unrecorded species, and Lee et al. (2014) reported one more lithosiine species from South Korea. In the present study, we report and confirmone rare species, Spilarctia robusta (Leech, 1899), which has been reported by Nam (1985) from Jeju Is., but it has been omitted from the Check List of Insects from Korea (1994), due to that no specieman has been collected after Nam (1985). We found this species from the collection of the Korea National Arboretum (2012), and redescribed with illustrations of genitalic structure. Therefore 65 species of Arctiinae are known to the fauna of Arctiinae from South Korea.

One of the main priorities for many service companies is the development and maintenance of long term relationship with valuable customers. A common research route is the hourglass approach where general hypotheses are developed, then they are tested on a single type of service and finally the findings are taken as generalised across the whole spectrum of services. It is well recognised that customer relationships are multi-sided and contingent to the nature of the services, but still the empirical research on the moderating role of service types is limited. Additionally, the actual bonds that tie the service provider to the customer, have received limited attention by the scholars. Thus, this paper attempts to address the issue of relevance and relative importance of the different types of relational bonds between hedonic and utilitarian services. The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) together with longitudinal qualitative research was used to develop a set of hypotheses that was empirically tested in a large sample of consumers. The basic premise of TPB is that attitudes together with subjective norms and perceived control can predict intentions, and actual behaviours. However, TPB has been criticised that it does not incorporate a full set of attitudinal drivers towards intentions. Responding to this criticism, this study developed (through qualitative research and literature review) an extensive set of relational bonds found to be important in different service contexts. These bonds are: switching costs, economic, social, confidence, convenience, emotional and habit bonds. Together with subjective norms and perceived difficulty, relational bonds were examined in relation to repurchase intentions across hedonic and utilitarian services, based on a survey (sample size: 548), through multi-group analysis and structural equation modelling. Based on the results, the drivers of repurchase intentions can be classified into three categories: 1) universal drivers of repurchase intentions that transcend service categories (emotional, subjective norms and perceived difficulty) 2) service specific bonds (confidence, convenience, and habitual bonds) and 3) inconsequential relational bonds (switching cost, economic bonds and social bonds). Explanations of these differences lie in the nature and the value customers derive for the two different types of services. Initial findings suggest that many of the generally accepted theoretical relations in this field are service context specific. This is the first attempt to get a relational bonding footprint of different types of services in an effort to develop granular theories that take into account the nature and context of service typologies. From a managerial perspective findings qualify general theories of customer relationship management and make them more usable for the specific contexts of services.

The family Erebidae (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea) is one of four quadrifid noctuoid families recently redefined by Zahiri et al. (2011) and Zaspel et al. (2012). Fibiger and Lafontaine (2005) verified the monophyly of Erebidae in terms of morphology but retained Arctiidae and Lymantriidae as separate families. These two groups were readjusted as erebid subfamilies in the latest phylogeny of Noctuoidea (Zahiri et al., 2011), and by van Nieukerken et al. (2011). Erebidae, as currently defined comprises 1760 genera and 24.569 species (van Nieukerken et al., 2011), representing the largest family of the Lepidoptera. The quadrifid Noctuoidea describes taxa in which forewing vein M2 arises closer to the origin of M3 than M1, in the lower part of the discal cell, so that the cubital vein appears to be four-branched; M2 in the hindwing is present giving vein Cu a four-branched appearance. Taxonomic study of the Arctiidae in Cambodia has been done by a few foreign entomologists. As the results of this study, about 98 species of 45 genera belonging to Arctiidae were recorded from Cambodia, most of them are recorded for the first time in Cambodia.

Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are family of innate immune molecules that recognize bacterial peptidoglycan. PGRP-LE, a member of the PGRP family, selectively binds to diaminopimelic acid (DAP)-type peptidoglycan to activate both the immune deficiency (IMD) and proPhenoloxidase (proPO) pathways in insects. A PGRP-LE-dependent induction of autophagy to control Listeria monocytogenes has also been reported. We identified and partially characterized a novel PGRP-LE homologue, from Tenebrio molitor and analyzed its functional role in the survival of the insect against infection by a DAP-type PGN containing intracellular pathogen, L. monocytogenes. The cDNA is comprised of an open reading frame (ORF) of 990 bp and encodes a polypeptide of 329 residues. TmPGRP-LE contains one PGRP domain, but lacks critical residues for amidase activity. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed a broad constitutive expression of the transcript at various stages of development spanning from larva to adult. RNAi mediated knockdown of the transcripts followed by a challenge with L. monocytogenes showed a significant reduction in survival rate of the larvae, suggesting a putative role of TmPGRP-LE in sensing and control of L. monocytogenes infections in T. molitor. These results implicate PGRP-LE as a defense protein necessary for survival of T. molitor against infection by L. monocytogenes.

In this study, silk sericin solutions and films were prepared with different solvents: formic acid and water. Also, silk sericin film from aqueous solution was prepared at different casting temperature. Regardless of solvent type, silk sericin solutions showed a shear thinning implying highly molecular entangled state of silk sericin. Silk sericin aqueous solution showed a higher turbidity than that of formic acid solution. Silk sericin aqueous solution showed shorter gelation time than formic acid. FTIR results showed β-sheet crystallization of silk sericin was affected by casting solvent and temperature. Silk sericin film from aqueous solution showed more β-sheet conformation as the casting temperature was decreased. Silk sericin film from formic acid showed higher crystallinity index than silk sericin films cast from aqueous solution. XRD diffraction measurement showed similar results to those of FTIR. In case of mechanical properties, tensile strength of sericin film from formic acid was higher than sericin films from aqueous solution.