A species of Beauveria bassiana is widely used for biological pest management in many countries. Many efforts have been given to figure out the clear fungal mode of action to enhance the insecticidal activity. Homologous recombination (knock-out) or hairpin RNA (knock-down) is popularly used in fungal gene function study, but gene cloning and generation of knock-out or -down mutants takes long time or temporarily knock-downed. Here in this work, we used previously generated egfp-expressing B. bassiana strain (Bb-egfp #3) and integrated dsegfp to the Bb-egfp #3 using a protoplast integration method. This work suggests that protoplast integration with dsRNA possibly generate significantly reduced gene expression in B. bassiana and the reduction is quite stable over generations which provide easy of functional study for fungal mode of action.

Beauveria bassiana is widely studied for its potential as biopesticide. However, little is known about the factors to influence genetic diversity among isolates. In this work, we aimed to study the gene diversity of 42 isolates to figure out the impact of sequences variability on various biological features. The accumulated data showed no correlation between sequence variability and the fungal geographic localization. Meanwhile, weak to strong correlations have been obtained between the sequence diversity of various genes and the studied biological features. Interestingly, Biotrophy-associated gene 2 gene variability was correlated with all the studied biological features, being an important marker to determine isolates of interest for biological control. Therefore, the obtained data would serve as a database to focus on interesting genes related to improving or screening highly virulent isolates as biological control agents.

The serious emergence of chemical-mediated residual toxicity and insect resistance have been enforced the regulation of synthetic pesticides. Future decisions to select more realistic control options probably depend on the speed of technological development in chemical and biological pesticides. Now, a strategic collaboration between synthetic pesticides and biopesticides has been progressed, such as distribution and R&D in collaboration and M&A for obtaining microbial resources. Recently registered microbial pesticides are entomopathogenic fungi in pest management. A concept of e-biopesticide could be properly combined with digital agriculture and accelerate the use of biological control agents in the future farming.

The longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis, is one of the vectors of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) in human. The use of pyrethroid insecticides induced pest resistance and environmental residual toxicity. Here in this work, our interest was given to the selection of highly virulent fungi against longhorned tick. A total of 101 fungal pathogens were assayed by dipping the nymph stage of ticks into a conidial suspension. Interestingly of the several species, one species showed high virulence and mycosis were observed in 7-15 days. Highly virulent strains were selected, and semi-field experiments were conducted. As a result, the control efficacy of the isolate was over 80% at 30 days of treatment. This work suggests that entomopathogenic fungi could be used to effectively control longhorend ticks.

Silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia tabaci is a worldwide agricultural pest that cause serious damage to crops. However, since this insect developed resistance to variety of chemicals, alternative control strategy needs to be studied. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the potential of entomopathogenic fungi as biological control tools against this pest. We developed a dipping method in laboratory conditions to screen insecticidal activity of different fungal species and isolates against the nymphal stage of whitefly. The highly virulent isolates were characterized and 2 isolates were further selected based on their high conidial productivity and thermotolerance. Finally, several grain substrates were used to confirm the conidial productivity and thermotolerance of the selected isolates, revealing optimum conidial production when the fungi were cultured on millet grains. Both isolates could be used in further millet grain-based formulations to control the whitefly in fields.

Red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae is one of the serious pests, damaging to the egg production in chickens. Moreover, the overuse of chemical insecticides caused pest resistance and environmental residual toxicity. Therefore, this work provides a screening method to select entomopathogenic fungi as a candidate of environmentally safe control agent, having high miticidal activity against D. Gallinae. The virulence test was conducted using a spraying method. Of the several species, Beauveria species showed high virulence and mycosis were observed. Some isolates were produced on eight cereal grains in Petri dish conditions. Millet, perilla seed and barley showed the high conidia production. Conidia of the isolates produced on millet and rice showed high thermal stability, when exposed to 45℃. Based on these results, this work suggests that entomopathogenic fungi could be used to control the D. Gallinae.

신종인 울릉이리응애(Euseius ulleungensis) (신칭)를 기재한다. 이 신종은 울릉도 섬쑥부쟁이에서 채집되었다.

본 연구는 절화장미에 대한 ClO2의 꽃잎침지 처리의 잿빛곰팡이병 억제 효과를 알아보고자 수출 절화장미 ‘Beast'’ ‘Brut’, ‘Hera’, ‘Soleo’, ‘Vital’, ‘Dominica’, ‘Mentha’, ‘Miss Holland’, ‘Pitahaya’, ‘Wildlook’를 이용하여 현장평가를 실시하였다. 잿빛곰팡이 접종 후 생산 및 공선단계에서 ClO2 5μL･L-1를 2초 꽃잎침지 처리 후 관행적 수출 유통단계를 거친 결과, ‘Brut’와 ‘Soleo’에서 생산단계에서만 ClO2 꽃잎침지 처리한 처리구보다 생산과 공선단계에서 모두 처리한 처리구에서 잿빛곰팡이병 억제효과가 높았다. ClO2 꽃잎침지 처리에 따른 품질검증을 위하여 화색, 전해질용출률, 방향성을 분석한 결과 10품종 모두 처리간 차이가 없어 화색, 전해질용출률, 방향성에는 영향을 거의 주지 않는 것을 알 수 있었다. 잿빛곰팡이 접종 유무에 따른 ClO2 꽃잎침지 처리 효과를 알아보고자 실험한 결과, 잿빛곰팡이병 처리구에서는 높은 발병률을 보였으며, ‘Dominica’와 ‘Mentha’에서는 ClO2 꽃잎 침지처리가 수치적으로 잿빛곰팡이병 발병률은 낮았으나 통계적 유의차는 없었다. 결론적으로 ClO2 꽃잎침지 처리는 10품종 중 3품종에서만 잿빛곰팡이병을 억제시켜, 처리 농도와 처리 시간 및 건조시간에 대한 추가 연구가 필요할 것이다. 또한 ClO2 꽃잎침지 처리가 절화장미의 화색, 조직손상, 방향성에 영향을 주지 않아 수출유통과정의 적용 가능성을 확인하였으며, 장미 수출 시 ClO2 꽃잎 침지 처리는 생산단계보다는 공선단계에서 적용 가능성이 높다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

수출 시 장미의 절화수명을 효과적으로 연장시켰던 친환경 살균물질인 ClO2의 적용 가능성과 수출 유통 환경분석을 위해 실험을 수행되었다. 일본 수출절화 장미 ‘Wildlook’의 수출유통단계에 따른 온･습도를 측정한 결과, 로즈피아 선별 및 포장 단계에서는 26~27℃/RH 40~43%, 로즈피아 저장고단계에서는 1~6℃/RH 35~64%, 부산 운송단계에서는 17~22℃/RH 48~73%, 일본 배 운송단계에서는 5~11℃/RH 54~70%, 일본경매장 및 소매점단계에서는 13~28℃/RH 46~81%로 총 5단계로 고온과 저온이 반복되었으며, 습도는 35%이상이었다. 각 단계별 평균 온･습도는 26.9℃/RH 41.6%, 2.3℃/RH 56.6%, 20. 3℃/RH 58.2%, 6.9℃/RH 65.6%, 23.9℃/RH 69.45%로, 고온과 저온이 반복되었고 습도는 지속적으로 높아졌다. 관행 수출방식(박스당 30송이, 절화 60cm) 절화에 물과 ClO2 5μL･L-1 약 800mL을 공선장 포장단계에서 보존용액 처리 후 소매점에서 절화수명실험을 한 결과, 절화수명은 물과 ClO2처리구에서 각각 12.6일, 11.6일로 유의차가 없었다. 결론적으로 장미는 수확 후 일본 수출 시 운송 3일 동안 고온과 저온이 반복되는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 습도는 운송시간이 경과 될수록 높아지는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 수출보존용액으로 ClO2를 처리하였지만 대조구와 차이가 없었으므로 수출 절화 장미의 보존용액 처리에 ClO2 적용을 위해서는 적정 농도를 찾는 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

Consumers’ desire for beauty has become a driving force in the beauty service industry which was further developed through specialization and segmentation. Nail-care service, which is one of the beauty services, is showing rapid growth, and intense competition among salons has become apparent. Thus, service management method and marketing strategy are required for customer satisfaction. Therefore, in this study, we tried to classify the nail-care services on the basis of systematization and realization of its characteristics which are fundamental when developing management and marketing strategies. The subjects of this study were women in their 20s and above living in Seoul, Gyeonggi, and Incheon areas. As a result, the nail-care service factors are classified as “external environment” (interior, celebrity, newness), “internal environment” (equipment and products, cleanliness, and environment), “location” (location and transportation convenience), “reputation” (good reputation), “technician skill,” “kindness,” “relationship” (relationship, empathy, and affinity), and “price and discount.” The consumer types of nail-care services were classified into three groups according to the degree of involvement of these concept systems. These results can be used as marketing basics and will be the basis for studying marketing strategies. However, the consideration of setting up a marketing strategy for each consumer type will be presented in a follow-up study.

In order to develop the D. adamsi breeding technique that is highly likely to be used as an emotional pet insect, the results of the D. adamsi was collected in the large exhibition Jang Tae-san in Daejeon to the indoor breeding began to spawn after 10 days after the training, the egg laying period was 33.6 days, the average number of spawn per female was 27.7, and the period was 11.8 days. D. adamsi larvae bred with food of oak-boiled molted two times, the duration of 1st larvae development was 11.8 days, 2nd larvae 14.5 days, and the third larvae was 29.4, and the larvae were used to build houses using Masato(soil) and in the pupae, and then in April of the following year. D. adamsi has a characteristic to build a house with fallen leaves and spawn one or two eggs in the fallen leaves, and the results of the spawn mat test using fallen leaves, leaf mold and a sawdust, etc., and the number of spawn was high in the Masato was spread about 3 ~ 5cm, and a fallen leaves on a 10 cm or so, and the growth and survival rate of the larvae were also high. Larvae breeding density was 2 ~ 3 ℓ in the container size to raise the object was normal growth, the higher the density mortality was high and the growth was sluggish. Larvae feeding conditions were normally developed in dry fallen leaves and fermented fallen leaves, compared to the sterile fallen leaves, oak sawdust, sterile fallen leaves and oak sawdust was abnormal, the mortality rate was higher than 50%.

Insect-killing fungi have high potential in pest management. A deeper insight into the fungal genes at the whole genome level is necessary to understand the inter-species or intra-species genetic diversity of fungal genes, and to select excellent isolates. In this work, we conducted a whole genome sequencing of Beauveria bassiana (Bb) JEF-007 and characterized pathogenesis-related features and compared with other isolates including Bb ARSEF2860. A large number of Bb JEF-007 genes showed high identity with Bb ARSEF2860, but some genes showed moderate or low identity. The two Bb isolates showed a significant difference in vegetative growth, antibiotic-susceptibility, and virulence against Tenebrio molitor larvae. When highly identical genes between the two Bb isolates were subjected to real-time PCR, their transcription levels were different, particularly in heat shock protein 30 (hsp30) gene which is related to conidial thermotolerance. In several B. bassiana isolates, chitinases and trypsin-like protease genes involved in pathogenesis were highly conserved, but other genes showed noticeable sequence variation within the same species. Given the transcriptional and genetic diversity in B. bassiana, a selection of virulent isolates with industrial advantages is a pre-requisite, and this genetic approach could support the development of excellent biopesticides with intellectual property protection.

Longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis (Ixodida: Ixodidae) is one of the vectors of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) in human. The tick occurs in mostly grass fields, and the use of pyrethroid insecticides induced pest resistance and environmental residual toxicity. Particularly the use of chemicals near residential areas where persons live become a big issue, so environmentally safe control agents need to be considered. Here in this work, our interest was given to the selection of highly virulent fungi against H. longicornis. A total of 101 fungal pathogens collected from mountainous areas were assayed by a dipping the nymph stage of ticks into a conidial suspension (1×107conidia/ml). Interestingly among several species, one species showed high virulence and mycosis were observed in 7-15 days. Most of the selected isolates produced a large amount of conidia in Italian millet, rice and millet with thermotolerance at 40-45°C. Based on these results, we selected a couple of isolates with high virulence against H. longicornis and they could be used for the control of the ticks after the set-up of a practical application strategy in fields by optimizing fungal colonization in soil and phyllosphere.

Thrips is one of the serious insect pests in many economic crops, in which general managements rely mainly on chemical insecticides. However, the overuse of chemicals led to the development of insect resistance and environmental residual issues. Therefore, thrips management requires the consideration of alternative strategies which are less harmful to the environment and working on different target points. In this work, we isolated entomopathogenic fungi from soil, and identified them with morphological and molecular biology methods, followed by a preliminary virulence assay against Tenebrio molitor larvae. Selected fungal isolates were adjusted to 1×107 conidia/ml for an indoor virulence assay against thrips adults, and highly virulent isolates were added to a thrip-pathogenic fungal library. Biological characteristics of efficacious isolates were investigated comparing to a previously commercialized fungal isolate. This entomopathogenic fungal library could be used as a valuable resource for developing effective strains to control thrips in agricultural fields.