Depending on the steam pressure and temperature balance, it is possible to increase the power generation efficiency of the steam turbine by increasing the heat loss of the turbine by increasing the temperature and pressure. As the high temperature and high pressure increase, the boiler main steam amount is reduced by about 10%, but the increase rate of the heat drop is larger than the decrease rate of the steam flow rate, leading to improvement of power generation efficiency. Utilizing the US Department of Energy Steam Turbine Calculator, we calculated the electricity produced by steam temperature and pressure changes. In this study, the steam temperature was increased from 50℃ to 500℃ at the steam temperature of 20 kg/cm²×300℃, and increased by 10 kg/cm² at the pressure of 20 kg/cm² at the pressure of 60 kg/cm² to investigate the changes in electricity production. Electricity production increased with increasing temperature and pressure. The electricity production was increased by 40.11% at 40 kg/cm²×400℃ and 75.56% at 60 kg/cm²×500℃ compared to the standard condition of 20 kg/cm²×300℃ for comparison.

Energy can be reduced by reducing the exhaust gas temperature at the catalyst inlet and reducing or not using the amount of steam to reheat the exhaust gas. At this time, it is a method to improve the power generation efficiency by using the saved energy for power generation. When the exhaust gas temperature at the inlet of the catalytic reaction tower is operated at about 210℃, it is necessary to increase the temperature of the flue gas downstream of the bag filter at 165℃ to 45℃ to 210℃ required for the catalytic reaction. In the case of low temperature catalyst application, the temperature required for the catalytic reaction tower may be 185℃ and the temperature may be raised only 20℃. Therefore, the amount of steam for heating can be reduced. If the exhaust gas temperature of the bag filter inlet can be increased to 190℃, it can be combined with the low-temperature catalyst to reduce the energy consumed by removing exhaust gas ash. On the other hand, since the high-pressure steam is used as the heat source for reheating the exhaust gas, the reheating temperature is limited. According to such conditions, the exhaust gas temperature at the inlet of the catalytic reaction tower is often designed at about 200 to 220℃.

Even if the amount of exhaust gas is the same, it is possible to reduce the exhaust gas exit heat at the outlet of the boiler facility by lowering the outlet temperature of the economizer, so that it is possible to increase the heat quantity recovered from the boiler facility. There are many cases where the existing facility adopts 220~250℃ as the design value of the exhaust gas temperature at the exit of the economizer. However, in recent years, there has been a case of cooling and recovering heat to 200℃ or less from the viewpoint of active heat recovery. The amount of combustion exhaust gas is reduced by reducing the amount of combustion air supplied to the incinerator, and the amount of heat exhausted from the boiler facility is reduced, thereby improving the boiler efficiency. The holding energy of the combustion exhaust gas is the product of the exhaust gas amount and the specific heat and the temperature. In order to recover more heat from the combustion exhaust gas, not only the heat loss in the boiler facility is reduced, but also the heat radiated from the boiler facility is reduced. It is effective to reduce the exhaust gas temperature at the outlet of the heat recovery equipment and reduce the amount of exhaust gas in order to reduce the amount of exhaust heat of the exhaust gas. Even if the exhaust gas temperature at the outlet of the economizer is the same, the amount of exhaust gas discharged at the boiler facility outlet is reduced by reducing the amount of exhaust gas, and an increase in the recovered heat quantity at the boiler is expected.

Persistent organic pollutants are highly toxic, stay in the environment for a long time, accumulate in the body according to the food chain, and cause damage not only to the area where they occur but also to other areas beyond the border. Parties to the Convention, as well as Korea, are obliged to carry out various efforts to control, reduce or eliminate sources of POPs in accordance with the national implementation plan. In addition, national efforts to limit the production, distribution and use of persistent organic pollutants and the current state of domestic pollution and emissions should be submitted every five years. A flame retardant is a polymeric material with a property that is easy to burn, and it lowers the ignition point by adding a compound having a large flame retarding effect such as halogen, phosphorus, and a nitrogen metal compound. Among them, chlorine-based flame retardants classified as halogen-based are used for suppressing ignition of combustible organic materials including plastics, furniture, textiles, clothing, and electronic products. It is also used as an alternative to brominated flame retardants, causing mutations in carcinogenic substances, hormone destruction, and nervous system damage. In the case of waste containing chlorine-based flame retardants in Korea, the methods and standards for disposal of waste are not specified. The highest SCCP values were 4,253.09 mg/kg for polyurethane foam, 628.29 mg/kg for mobile phone case and 341.91 mg/kg for flame retardant rubber sheet. In the case of car seats no SCCPs were detected, and TCEP was detected at 512. 66 mg/kg, exceeding the EU limit of 5 mg/kg. However, other chlorinated flame retardants TDCP and TDCPP were not detected in all samples.

Annex A and Annex B of the Stockholm Convention define POPs as unintentional releases to Annex C, as well as organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and hexachlorobenzen which are intentionally produced and used. These pesticides are very stable in the atmosphere due to insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, etc., and are likely to accumulate in living organisms due to residues in crops. There are 15 substances listed in POPs. These materials are widely used due to their high chemical stability, low solubility in water, high volatility, strong insecticidal effect and relatively low production costs. Aldrin-containing pesticides are known to have a combustion method for incineration in a chemical incinerator equipped with a reheat-burner device and a gas scrubber, and a solidification isolation method for solidifying and filling with cement mixed with a combustible material in waste treatment. In the case of solid-phase pesticides, HCB was 421.8 ng/g, Endosolfan-2 73.044 ng/g, PeCB 53.972 ng/g and Endosolfan-1 43.649 ng/g. In the case of liquid pesticides, HCB concentration was the highest at 167.489 ng/g similar to that of the solid phase, followed by PeCB at 23.462 ng/g. B-HCH, g-HCH, d-HCH and the like were detected as a small amount of other substances. It is judged that it is not necessary to set separate operating conditions or preventive facility standards since the material is decomposed sufficiently at 850℃ or more. However, considering the possibility of dioxin or unintentional persistent organic pollutants, it is considered appropriate to operate at above 1,100℃.

As of 2013, approximately 253 domestic incineration facilities including incineration facilities for municipal waste and industrial wastes were collected. The distribution of domestic incineration heat through these incineration facilities is estimated to reach about 1,756 thousands toe by 2013. In this study, a high temperature and pressure boiler was applied to evaluate the improvement effect of power generation efficiency of waste incineration facilities. It is possible to increase the power generation efficiency of the steam turbine by increasing the heat loss of the turbine through the high temperature and pressure depending on the steam pressure and the temperature. The boiler main steam amount is reduced by about 10% due to the high temperature and pressure, but the increase rate of the heat fall rate is larger than the decrease rate of the steam flow rate, so that the power generation efficiency is improved. In case of steam temperature, the steam temperature is increased by 50 ℃ at 500 ℃ and 20 kg/㎠ at the pressure of 20 kg/㎠×300 ℃, and it is increased by 10 kg/㎠ to 60 kg/㎠, electricity production changes were investigated. Electricity production increased with increasing temperature and pressure. The electricity production increased by 51.03 % at 40 kg/㎠×400 ℃ and by 89.07 % at 60 kg/㎠×500 ℃, compared to the standard condition of 20 kg/㎠×300 ℃ for comparison. The boiler main steam amount is reduced by about 10 % due to the high temperature and pressure, but the increase rate of the heat fall rate is larger than the decrease rate of the steam flow rate, so that the power generation efficiency is improved. In case of steam temperature, the steam temperature is increased by 50 ℃ at 500 ℃ and 20 kg/㎠ at the pressure of 20 kg/㎠×300 ℃, and it is increased by 10 kg/㎠ to 60 kg/㎠. Electricity production changes were investigated. Electricity production increased with increasing temperature and pressure. The electricity production increased by 51.03 % at 40 kg/㎠×400 ℃ and by 89.07 % at 60 kg/㎠×500 ℃, compared to the standard condition of 20 kg/㎠×300 ℃ for comparison.

Elemental analysis, calorific value, etc. were measured to obtain basic information such as decomposition temperature and required oxygen amount for thermal treatment of waste containing chlorine-based flame retardant. Moisture, flammability and ash content of polyurethane foam were high in water, flammable rubber sheet in case of ash and flame retardant rubber sheet in case of ash. As a result of thermogravimetric analysis, the weight change in the range of 300 ~ 600 ℃ was large. The content of chlorinated flame retardant agent was analyzed to be higher than that of polyurethane foam (4,253.09 mg/kg), cell phone case (cloth, leather) 628.29 mg/kg and flame retardant rubber sheet 341.91 mg/kg. Chlorinated flame retardant materials, TDCP and TDCPP, were not detected in all samples. As a result of the decomposition tests for chlorine-based flame retardants at 850 ℃ and 1,100 ℃, chlorine-based flame retardant components were not detected in exhaust gas at all at 1,100 ℃ as well as at 850 ℃ in all samples including mobile phone cases, flame retardant rubber sheets and car seats. As a result of calculating the conversion rate for total chlorine value, it showed more than 99% even at 850 ℃ as well as at 1,100 ℃. Considering the decomposition rate in laboratory experiments of chlorine-based flame retardant-containing wastes, it is considered possible to incinerate at a scale of 2 ton/hour or more, which is the existing incineration facility. It is judged that it is not necessary to set separate operating conditions or preventive facility standards since the material is decomposed sufficiently at 850 ℃ or more. However, considering the possibility of dioxin or unintentional persistent organic pollutants, it is considered appropriate to operate at above 1,100 ℃.

As a result of analyzing the contents of organic chlorine pesticide-containing wastes, HCB 421.8 ng/g, Endosolfan- 2 73.044 ng/g, PeCB 53.972 ng/g, Endosolphan-1 43.649 ng/g respectively. In the case of liquid pesticides, the HCB concentration was the highest at 167.489 ng/g, similar to that of the solid phase, followed by PeCB at 23.462 ng/g. As a result of decomposition experiments on total OCPs among the pesticide liquid and solid phase components, initial concentrations were 597.384 ng/L for liquid pesticides and 198.176 ng/L for solid pesticides. However, the final effluent gas after decomposition showed a decomposition rate of more than 99.99% at a minimum of 0.005 ng/L and a maximum of 0.055 ng/L. Degradation test results for 25 species of OCPs such as PeCB, HCB, and Endosolfan for pesticide solid phase and liquid phase at reaction temperatures of 850℃ and 1,100℃. Of the 25 OCPs in the exhaust gas, trace amounts of PeCB and HCB were detected in the range of 0.006 to 1.025 ng/L at 1,100 ℃ and 850 ℃, and 23 OCPs were not detected. In the case of pesticides, the method of high temperature incineration and high temperature melting is proposed as the designated waste, but detailed methods of treatment conditions such as incineration conditions are not presented. Organochlorine pesticides were decomposed smoothly at 850 ℃ as well as incineration temperature of 1,100 ℃. However, since the dioxin concentration in exhaust gas exceeds 850 ℃, it is safe to operate at more than 1,100 ℃ in order to prevent the possibility of dioxin in advance.

WtE of MSW plays a crucial role in renewable energy production in Korea. Municipal solid waste (MSW) is an important energy resource for combined heat and power (CHP) production. This study investigated an increasing method to the power generation efficiency by MSW to energy (WtE) plants in South Korea and discussed the issues related to energy efficiency improvement. To achieve energy efficiency improvement is used to lower temperature for emission gas at catalyst inlet, or to reduce/stop using steam to reheat emission gas. Saved energy from this process can be used as power source in order to increase generation efficiency. It is possible to increase denitrification efficiency by maintaining the temperature of emission gas for catalyst denitrification. The temperature of emission gas of which moisture is increased to saturation point (relative humidity of 100%) at the exit of wet scrubber is between 50 and 60℃. This means there should be reheating of emission gas with the approximate temperature of 150℃. Dry emission gas treatment, on the other hand, is the technology to increase generation efficiency by using highly efficient desalination materials including highly-responsive slaked lime and sodium type chemicals in order to comply with air pollution standards and reduce used steam volume for reheating emission gas. If dry emission gas is available, reheating is possible only with the temperature of 45℃ in order to expect generation efficiency by reducing steam volume for reheating.

When adopting drain close system, the temperature of emission gas at the boiler exit is set high by spraying and evaporating drained water on quencher tower. According to applying drain close system boiler and power generation efficiency were decreased. In case of the water close system is not applied to treat the wastewater from incineration facility, the economizer outlet temperature can be reduced to 190∼220℃. And this leads to the increased ability of boiler's heat recovery. However, the temperature of emission gas at economizer exit should be set at 250℃ or higher if applying drain close system (minor conditions can affect as well). Boiler efficiency and generation efficiency can be improved by comparing the temperature of emission gas at economizer exit at 190℃ without the introduction of drain close system and 250℃ with drain close system. There are three types of white plume reduction equipment: one is offline type to blow air into chimney through heat source and exchange points after heating the air by using steam from equipment like boiler; another is in-line type to blow air into chimney through heat exchanger of combustion emission gas (mainly boiler exit); and the other is to blow air into chimney through hot wind burner by using fuels including kerosene. At a facility with white plume reduction equipment equipped with 5℃ of outdoor temperature and 60% of humidity, power generation volume and generation efficiency can be improved by using leftover steam for steam turbine from suspension of using white plume reduction equipment.

The Stockholm Convention is an agreement to reduce POPs use, production and emissions. POPs are highly toxic substances and can not be decomposed in their natural state. It has the characteristic of long distance movement. In this study, we calculated the theoretical air volume based on the result of element analysis. Considering that the inside of the reactor is small, more than 10 times of the air ratio was injected. Also, the retention time was set to 4 seconds or longer by giving a margin. The incineration temperature was 850℃ and 1,100℃ degrees. As a result of thermogravimetric method analysis, the weight of chlorine-based flame retardant-containing wastes was 300∼600℃, and that of organic chlorine-based pesticides was 200∼400℃. On the basis of this, it was experimentally investigated whether the environmentally stable incineration is achieved when the sample is thermally treated using lab-scale, 1 kg/hr. As a result of analyzing five kinds of exhaust gas, the concentration of O2 was high, but the amount of CO was decreased. It is considered that complete combustion is difficult because of the small size of the furnace due to the nature of lab-scale. The chlorinated flame retardants had a decomposition rate of 100 % and the average organochlorine pesticides were 99.9935%. Considering the decomposition rates of chlorinated flame retardants and organochlorine containing pesticide derived wastes derived from this study, incineration treatment at over 2 tons/hour, which is a conventional incinerator, is considered to be possible. Considering the occurrence of dioxins and unintentional persistent organic pollutants, it is considered possible to operate at more than 1,100℃.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a serious clinical and an urgent problem worldwide. Few new drugs are available against MRSA, because MRSA has the ability to acquire resistance to most antibiotics, which consequently increases the cost of medication. In the present study, the antibacterial activity of Hydnocarpi Semen was investigated. The most effective method is to develop antibiotics from the natural products without having any toxic or side effects. Therefore, there is a need to develop alternative antibacterial drugs for the treatment of infectious diseases. Five Clinical isolates (MRSA) were obtained from five different patients at Wonkwang University Hospital (Iksan, South Korea). The Other 2 strains were ATCC 33591 (Methicillin-resistant strain) and ATCC 25923 (Methicillin-susceptible strain). Antibacterial activity (Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations, MICs) was determined by broth dilution method, disk diffusion method, MTT test, and checkerboard dilution test. Antibacterial activity of n-hexane fraction was remarkable, and had a MICs ranging from 31.25-125 ㎍/㎖. FICI values for HFH+AM and HFH+OX were 0.13-0.19 and 0.04-0.29, showing the increase of synergistic effect. When combined together, these antibacterial effects were dramatically increased.

자기공명영상 장치의 정도관리를 위한 ACR 팬텀은 팬텀내의 여러 구조물을 통하여 자기공명영상 화질을 평가할 수 있다. 본 연구는 3.0T 장비에서 Head coil에서 ACR 팬텀을 이용하여 임플란트와 치아 교정용 철사를 부착하여 영상의 고스트 신호 백분율과 절편 두께 정확도를 분석할 수 있었다. T1강조영상 첫 번째 절편과 열한 번째 절편의 임플란트 보철에서 절편위치 정확도는 수신대역폭이 230에서 좋게 나타났으며, 교정용 철사가 부착했을 때는 수신대역폭이 130일 때가 좋았다. 고스트 신호 백분율은 SE T1강조영상 일곱번째 절편에서 임플란트 보철에 추가된 교정용 철사의 경우에는 수신대역폭 230이 좋게 나타났다. 자기공명영상 검사에서 임플란트 보철 환자의 경우에 적절한 수신대역폭을 선택하여 영상의 왜곡과 신소 소실이 감소된 영상을 획득할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

Persimmon has long been established as one of the major fruits in Korea. The southern parts of Korea were traditionally the pocket areas for good persimmon production; however, rising temperatures have gradually rendered the southern regions unsuitable for successful harvest. Ecology of fruit growing areas affects the productivity of various types of crops, including fruit trees such as persimmon. The quality characteristics of the fruit of persimmon cv. Dongchul grown in Gangwondo, which lies in the northern part of South Korea, were investigated. Different physicochemical, nutritional, and antioxidant properties of fruit were evaluated to assess the locational effect on the quality of persimmon fruits grown in Gangwondo. The results of this study showed that persimmon cv. Dongchul grown in Gangwondo maintains many of the physicochemical (4.33% crude protein and 4.32% crude fiber), nutritional (total mineral content: 461.51 and vitamin C content: 15.28 ㎎/100 g), and antioxidant properties (polyphenol content: 633.1 ㎎ gallic acid equivalent/100 g) those are found in other three commercial cultivars ‘Daebong’, ‘Kyengsan Bansi’, and ‘Sangju Doongsi’ grown in Korea. Overall results of this study imply that ‘Dongchul’ cultivar of persimmon could commercially be grown in Kangwondo, Korea.

Construction projects of SOC(Social Overhead Capital) have been rapidly increased since 1970s in Korea. So, it is expected that the infrastructures which have been used for more than 30 years will be increased in a few years. The maintenance of infrastructures is essential because the deterioration of infrastructures can greatly influence the national economy and people by its failure. The existing evaluation method of tunnels in Korea is mainly focused on the structural safety such as appearance defects or safety factors. So it has many limitaions which do not consider the tunnels’ various performances, e.g. durability, serviceability and so on. Thus, the new concept of evaluation method is needed to deal with the structure aging issues and to keep the tunnels performances continuously. In this study, the new concept of evaluation method for existing tunnels will be presented. The performance requirements are derived from Delphi-survey which is a structured communication technique. And the weight factors of evaluation indices are derived from AHP(Anlaysis Hierarchy Process) analysis. Finally the total performance evaluation was conduted by field application of target tunnels in Korea to verify the proposed method.

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) involving two simultaneous vascular territories of acute transmural ischemia is known as a double or combined myocardial infarction. This well described but extremely rare phenomenon may be related to the fact that AMI with multiple vessel obstruction often causes extensive myocardial injury and death before hospitalization. We reported the first case of 45-year-old man with AMI occluded left anterior descending artery and right coronary artery simultaneously in Korea.

Rice is a staple food crop for more than half of the world population. Severe losses of rice production was caused by various environmental conditions such as cold, heat and flooding annually. Rice is a highly sensitive to low temperature below 15-20 ℃ because of originating from tropical or subtropical climates. Especially, seedling of rice is easily damaged to low temperature and result in seedling yellowing, growth retardation, reduced tillering and yield losses at last. We used a recombinant inbreeding lines (RIL) population of 384 individuals derived from a cross between Hanareum 2, a highly cold sensitive variety and Unkwang, a cold tolerant variety for molecular mapping of QTLs related to cold tolerance. Seedling discoloration of each lines and parents caused by cold response were investigated in field condition after transplanting. And leaf samples of RIL population were collected for evaluation of chlorophyll content using 80% acetone extraction. The seedling of each lines and parents was subjected to low temperate by 5~13 ℃ during 14 days. The cold recovery score (CRS) of RILs was recorded after 4 days recovery period according to standard evaluation system (SES, IRRI). Total of eight QTLs were detected on chromosome 1, 7, 8, 10, 11 and 12 using cold tolerance traits, chlorophyll content, seedling discoloration and cold recovery score in 384 RILs. The qCRS12, which detected on chromosome 12 between two flanking markers id12002113, id12002563 (1.1 Mbp) showed 25 LOD score with 26% of phenotypic variation of cold recovery score in RILs population. The positive allele contributing to cold tolerance came from the cold tolerant parent Unkwang. The result may provide useful information for a marker-assisted breeding program to improve cold tolerant in rice.

Diffuse involvement of the right pulmonary artery (PA) associated with fistula between the PA and coronary artery is report-ed in a woman with Takayasu’s arteritis. Both the subclavian arteries were totally occluded and drained by the meanderinged artery arising from both common carotid arteries. Lung perfusion scan revealed perfusion defect of right lung. Two fistulas were identified. A large fistula was between the right PA and left circumflex artery. A small fistula was between the right PA and left anterior descending artery. This is a rare case of Takayasu’s arteritis presenting with a coronary – pulmonary artery fistula that is secondary to a diffuse unilateral involvement of PA.

Next Generation Small Satellite-1 (NEXTSat-1) is scheduled to launch in 2017 and Instruments for the Study of Space Storm (ISSS) is planned to be onboard the NEXTSat-1. High Energy Particle Detector (HEPD) is one of the equipment comprising ISSS and the main objective of HEPD is to measure the high energy particles streaming into the Earth radiation belt during the event of a space storm, especially, electrons and protons, to obtain the flux information of those particles. For the design of HEPD, the Geometrical Factor was calculated to be 0.05 to be consistent with the targets of measurement and the structure of telescope with field of view of 33.4° was designed using this factor. In order to decide the thickness of the detector sensor and the classification of the detection channels, a simulation was performed using GEANT4. Based on the simulation results, two silicon detectors with 1 mm thickness were selected and the aluminum foil of 0.05 mm is placed right in front of the silicon detectors to shield low energy particles. The detection channels are divided into an electron channel and two proton channels based on the measured LET of the particle. If the measured LET is less than 0.8 MeV, the particle belongs to the electron channel, otherwise it belongs to proton channels. HEPD is installed in the direction of 0°,45°,90° against the along-track of a satellite to enable the efficient measurement of high energy particles. HEPD detects electrons with the energy of 0.1 MeV to several MeV and protons with the energy of more than a few MeV. Thus, the study on the dynamic mechanism of these particles in the Earth radiation belt will be performed.

The global rice reduction due to drought averages 18 Mt, especially, 23 Mha of rice fields in Asia are drought-prone. However, rice breeding programs focusing on drought resistance have made little progress to date. Because proper screening approaches with large scale were not developed to evaluate the drought tolerant degree. In here, we have developed of leaf water loss rate with plastic ware in dark conditions for large screening. Through this bioassay system, we examined drought phenotype degrees of 650 rice varieties. To validate whether this optimized bioassay system is corelated with drought phenotype, we chose 14 varieties having the lowest or highest of the water loss rate. We observed the visual drought phenotype and agricultural traits in green house and field conditions. Apo and Samgang having the lowest of leaf water loss rate showed drought tolerance phenotype, whereas Yeolbaeg and Milyang254 having the highest of leaf water loss rate showed drought sensitive phenotype. Apo displayed proper root length trait and Samgang showed good root dry trait in the greenhouse conditions. These results suggest that a simple screening procedure with water lose rate of leaves is effective to perform large scale screening for drought phenotype in rice.