We investigated the change of growth characters by over-expressing OsPT6 (OsPT6-OX) under phosphorus (Pi) deficient condition in rice. In analyzing the change of growth rate according to Pitreatment for two weeks, shoot growth rate of OsPT6-OX was increased in Pi deficient condition than in Pi sufficient condition. Therefore, the chlorophyll content of leaf in OsPT6-OXs did not increase even decreased in the youngest leaf. However growth rate of wild type plant in Pi deficient condition showed significant reduction with increment of chlorophyll content. In analyzing agronomic characters, the tiller number of OsPT6-OX less decreased than those of wild type plant in Pi deficient condition. Panicle number and ripening rate of wild type plant were changed according to Pi treatment. However those of OsPT6-OX did not change in such conditions. Resulting of changes in agronomic characters, yield of wild type plant decreased about 10 % in Pi deficient condition. That of OsPT6-OX did not show significant difference in Pi deficient condition. The results obtained this study demonstrated that over-expression of OsPT6 could increase phosphorus deficient stress resistance in rice.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of plant number per hill (PNH) on growth and yield of foxtail millet in drained paddy fields. Crop growth, development, and yield in the field were examined for 2 years to assess the efficiency of proposed cropping system. The greatest culm length of 138 and 148 cm in the first and the second year, respectively, at the harvest stage was observed in plots with one plant per hill. The greatest culm diameter of 7.79 and 7.67 mm in the first and second year, respectively, was measured in plots with one plant per hill. The greatest tiller number of foxtail millet in plots with one plant per hill was 2.9 and 2.7 in the first and the second year, respectively. However, there was no significant difference between plots with four and five plant per hill. Among the measured yield components, the spike length and seed number per spike were one plant per hill in both years. The highest grain yield of foxtail millet (324 kg ․ 10a -1 and 333 kg ․ 10a -1 in the first and second year, respectively) was obtained from plots with two plants por hill, followed by plots one, three, four, and five plants per hill.

Rice flour is used in many food products. However, dough made from rice lacks extensibility and elasticity, whereas that of wheat is suitable for many food products including breads. We have produced marker-free transgenic rice plants containing a wheat TaGlu-Ax1 gene encoding the HMG-GS from the Korean wheat cultivar ‘Jokyeong’ using the Agrobacteriummediated co-transformation method. The TaGlu-Bx7-own promoter was inserted into a binary vector for seed-specific expression of the TaGlu-Ax1 gene. Two expression cassettes comprised of separate DNA fragments containing only TaGlu-Ax1 and hygromycin phosphotransferase II (HPTII) resistance genes were introduced separately to the Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA105 strain for co-infection. Each EHA105 strain harboring TaGlu-Ax1 or HPTII was infected to rice calli at a 3:1 ratio of TaGlu-Ax1 and HPTII, respectively. Then, among 210 hygromycin-resistant T0 plants, we obtained 20 transgenic lines with both TaGlu-Ax1 and HPTII genes inserted into the rice genome. We reconfirmed integration of the TaGlu-Ax1 gene into the rice genome by Southern blot analysis. Transcripts and proteins of the wheat TaGlu-Ax1 were stably expressed in the rice T1 seeds. Finally, the marker-free plants harboring only the TaGlu-Ax1 gene were successfully screened at the T1 generation.

눈큰흑찰은 최근 국민의 건강에 대한 관심에 대한 요구에 부응하기 위해 2012년 국립식량과학원 기능성작물부에서 육 성한 품종이다. 눈큰흑찰은 씨눈에 함유된 기능성 물질 함량 이 높은 벼 개발을 목적으로 get를 모본으로 하고 흑찰벼인 조생흑찰 부본으로 교배하여 계통육종법으로 육성되었다. 선 발된 YR25277-B-B-314-2 계통을 밀양263호로 계통명을 부 여하고 2010～2012년 3년간 지역적응시험 실시하여 2012년 12월 농촌진흥청 농작물 직무육성 신품종선정위원회에서 품 종으로 선정되었으며 눈큰흑찰로 명명하였다. 눈큰흑찰의 출 수기는 전국 평균 7월 30일로 조생흑찰과 비슷한 조생종이다. 벼 키는 65 cm로 조생흑찰과 비슷하며 포기당 이삭수와 이삭 당 벼알수도 각각 13개와 73개로 조생흑찰과 비슷하다. 천랍 중이 17.8 g으로 조생흑찰보다 1.7 g 정도 가벼운 편이다. 도 복 및 도열병에는 강하나 흰잎마름병, 바이러스병 및 해충에 약한 편이다. 쌀수량은 3.54 Mt/ha로 조생흑찰의 4.12 MT/ha 보다 낮은 편이다. 현미모양은 장폭비 1.93으로 조생흑찰과 비슷한 중장립형이며 종피에 안토시아닌이 함유된 흑색찰벼 이다. 눈큰흑찰은 거대배 품종으로 씨눈무게가 1.46 mg으로 조생흑찰 보다 3배 정도 무거우며, 이에 따라 씨눈에 많이 포 함된 GABA 함량이 높다. 눈큰흑찰의 적응지역은 중부 및 남 부 평야지이다.

Even rice is one of the most important food crops in the world, its micronutrient contents including iron is not enough to solve mineral malnutrition which is a significant public health issue in most developing countries. Iron deficiency is probably the most widespread micronutrient deficiency in humans. Experts estimate that a rice based diet should contain 14.5 ppm iron in endosperm. However, Cesar P et al reported that average iron content in milled rice was 2 ~ 3 ppm, whease it was 10 ~ 11 ppm in brown rice. Fe content of rice is usually measured by inductively plasma spectrometry (ICP). It takes times and could make error while sample processing. To breed high iron contained rice variety, the effective screen method for select high iron contained elite line is essential. To develop more effective method in screening high Fe contained brown rice, we investigate the relation the leaf chlorophyll content with iron content in brown rice. Result of analyzing leaf chlorophyll content of OsNAS3-OX which contain more Fe than wild-type plant after cultivated on Fe limited MS medium, those of OsNAS3-OX was higher than those of wild-type plant in 0 and 20 % Fe contained MS medium. After measured Fe content in twenty kinds of brown rice, we cultivated those in Fe limited MS medium then investigate the relation of leaf chlorophyll content with Fe content of brown rice. In 0 and 5 % Fe contained MS medium, the leaf chlorophyll content was highly related with Fe content of brown rice as 0.66 and 0.79. Though these result, analyze of leaf chlorophyll content cultivated in 5 % Fe content in MS media was effect on screening high Fe contained.

The global rice reduction due to drought averages 18 Mt, especially, 23 Mha of rice fields in Asia are drought-prone. However, rice breeding programs focusing on drought resistance have made little progress to date. Because proper screening approaches with large scale were not developed to evaluate the drought tolerant degree. In here, we have developed of leaf water loss rate with plastic ware in dark conditions for large screening. Through this bioassay system, we examined drought phenotype degrees of 650 rice varieties. To validate whether this optimized bioassay system is corelated with drought phenotype, we chose 14 varieties having the lowest or highest of the water loss rate. We observed the visual drought phenotype and agricultural traits in green house and field conditions. Apo and Samgang having the lowest of leaf water loss rate showed drought tolerance phenotype, whereas Yeolbaeg and Milyang254 having the highest of leaf water loss rate showed drought sensitive phenotype. Apo displayed proper root length trait and Samgang showed good root dry trait in the greenhouse conditions. These results suggest that a simple screening procedure with water lose rate of leaves is effective to perform large scale screening for drought phenotype in rice.

Drought is a one of the most serious abiotic stresses limiting rice production. However, little progress has been made in the genetic analysis of drought tolerance, because it is a complex trait controlled by a number of genes and affected by various environmental factors. The most efficient method for drought tolerance breeding is using drought tolerance genetic resources. We used a doubled-haploid (DH) population consist of 101 lines derived from a cross the drought tolerant cultivar ‘Samgang’ and the drought sensitive cultivar ‘Nagdong’ for QTL analysis. Drought stress was treated by withholding water for 6 weeks, and then rewatered for 7 days. After rewatering visual phenotype was observed according to the standard evaluation system for rice, IRRI. Drought sensitive parent ‘Nagdong’ was almost died, while tolerant parent ‘Samgang’ showed slightly leaf tip dring phenotype. The qdr11 detected on chromosome 11 with flanking markers RM26755-RM287 and accounted for 19% phenotype variation with a LOD score of 3.7.

Green rice leafhopper(GRH), Nephotettix cincticeps Uhier, is one of the major insect pests of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the temperate growing region of East Asia. GRH sucks sap from both xylem and phoem of susceptible rice varieties, and increased GRH populations cause sooty mold disease on the ears of rice after heading stage. In addition to direct plant destruction, GRH also causes damage to rice plants by transmitting rice dwarf viruses causing rice dwarf viruses disease which could decrease the yield of rice. Development of GRH resistant rice varieties for reducing yield loss is an important objective in current breeding programs. In this study, we developed three SSR markers(RM18166, RM516, RM18171) and one Indel marker(Indel15040) which could select Grh1-resistant varieties using population derived from cross lines between Grh1-resistant variety ‘Singwang’ which contains Grh1 gene and susceptible variety ‘Ilpum’. PCR products of RM18166 which was one of the developed markers were easily detected in agarose gel. These markers will be useful for development of the Grh1-resistant varieties through marker-assisted selection(MAS) without bio-examination in rice breeding

Bakanae disease is one of the most serious and oldest problems of rice production, which was first described in 1828 in Japan (Ito and Kimura 1931). This disease may infect rice plants from the pre-emergence stage to the mature stage, with severe infection of rice seeds resulting poor germination or withering (Iqbal et al. 2011). Under favorable environmental conditions, infected plants have the capacity to produce numerous conidia that subsequently infect proximate healthy plants, resulting in major yield loss (Ou 1985). One hundred sixty nine NILs, YR28297 (BC6F4) generated by five backcrosses of Shingwang with the genetic background of susceptible japonica variety, Ilpum were used for QTL analysis. Rice bakanae disease pathogen, CF283, was mainly used in this study and inoculation and evaluation of bakanae disease was performed with the method of the large-scale screening method developed by Kim et al. (2014). A major QTL for resistance against bakanae disease on chromosome 1 was identified using SSR marker, RM9, which explaining 65 % of the total phenotype variation. The major QTL designated as qBK1 and mapped to a 4.4 Mbp region between RM24 (19.30 Mb) and RM11295 (23.72 Mb). The results of this study are expected to provide useful information toward developing resistant rice lines to this detrimental fungal disease.

Bakanae disease incidence threat is an increasing trend in the top rice growing countries. Despite it is essential to identify the resistant genes and underlying mechanisms of bakanae disease to develop resistant varieties, there are very limited genetic studies on bakanae disease in rice. The indica rice variety Shingwang was selected as resistant donor to bakanae disease. One hundred sixty nine NILs, YR28297 (BC6F4) generated by five backcrosses of Shingwang with the genetic background of susceptible japonica variety, Ilpum were used for QTL analysis. Rice bakanae disease pathogen, CF283, was mainly used in this study and inoculation and evaluation of bakanae disease was performed with the method of the large-scale screening method developed by Kim et al. (2014). The proportion of healthy plants of Shingwang and Ilpum after inoculation was confirmed using bakanae disease pathogen, CF283. While inoculated Ilpum showed thin and yellowish-green phenotype which is typical symptom of Bakanae disease, Shingwang showed similar healthy phenotype with control plants. A major QTL for resistance against bakanae disease on chromosome 1 was identified using SSR marker, RM9, which explaining 65 % of the total phenotype variation. The major QTL designated as qBK1 and mapped to a 4.4 Mbp region between RM24 (19.30 Mb) and RM11295 (23.72 Mb). The information of qBK1 could be useful for improving rice bakanae disease resistance in marker-assisted breeding.

Understanding salt tolerance mechanisms is important for the increase of crop yields, and so, several screening approaches were developed to identify plant genes which are involved in salt tolerance of plants. Here, we transformed the Arabidopsis cDNA library into a salt-sensitive calcineurin (CaN)-deficient (cnbD) yeast mutant and isolated the colonies which can suppress salt-sensitive phenotype of cnbD mutant. Through this functional complementation screen, a total of 34 colonies functionally suppressed the salt-sensitive phenotype of cnbD yeast cells, and sequencing analysis revealed that these are 9 genes, including CaS, AtSUMO1 and AtHB-12. Among these genes, the ectopic expression of CaS gene increased salt tolerance in yeast, and CaS transcript was up-regulated under high salinity conditions. CaS-antisense transgenic plants showed reduced root elongation under 100 mM NaCl treatment compared to the wild type plant, which survived under 150 mM NaCl treatment, whereas CaS-antisense transgenic plant leaves turned yellow under 150 mM NaCl treatment. These results indicate that the expression of CaS gene is important for stress tolerance in yeast and plants.

Development of transgenic plant increasing crop yield or disease resistance is good way to solve the world food shortage. However, the persistence of marker genes in crops leads to serious public concerns about the safety of transgenic crops. In the present study, we developed marker-free transgenic rice inserted high molecular-weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) gene (Dx5) from the Korean wheat cultivar ‘Jokyeong’ using Agrobacterium-mediated co-transformation method. The Dx5’s own promoter was used for protein expression. Two expression cassettes comprised of separate DNA fragments containing only the Dx5 and hygromycin resistance (HPTII) genes were introduced separately into Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA105 strain for co-infection. Each EHA105 strain harboring Dx5 or HPTII was infected into rice calli at a 3: 1 ratio of EHA105 with Dx5 gene and EHA105 with HPTII gene expressing cassette. Then, among 270 hygromycin-resistant transformants, we obtained 27 transgenic lines inserted with both the Dx5 and HPTII genes into the rice genome. We reconfirmed integration of the Dx5 gene into the rice genome by Southern blot analysis. Wheat Dx5 transcripts in T1 rice seeds were examined with semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Protein expression of the Dx5 was analyzed with Western blot using polyclonal antibody recognising x-type of glutenin subunits in T1 seeds. It was suggested that the protein-processing system was conserved between rice and wheat. Finally, the marker-free plants containing only the Dx5 gene were successfully screened at the T1 generation.

Bakanae disease of rice, caused by Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon, the imperfect stage of Gibberella fujikuroi, is one of the most important rice diseases worldwide, but no rice variety has been found to be completely resistant to this fungus. Cultivation of resistant cultivars is the most beneficial way of reducing quantitative or qualitative losses to for bakanae disease in rice. To facilitate the study of this disease, accurate and large scale screening methods were developed for the inoculation and evaluation of Bakanae disease. Even and large scale infection was achieved by using F. moniliforme spore in tissue embedding cassette and seedling tray. The efficiency of F. moniliforme infection with the concentration of 1×106 spore/ml caused better distribution (F-value=33.96) than 1×102 (F-value=10.69), and 1×104 spore/ml (F-value=2.63). We established new criteria of healthy and non-healthy plant, and introduced calculation of proportion of healthy plants to meet fast evaluation of resistance level of each variety. The effect of F. moniliforme strains containing different genetic background was also evaluated with rice varieties to figure out the stability of resistance level. GA3 response of rice variety was significantly correlated with bakanae disease, but it did not adequate for direct indicator of bakanae disease resistance. These results indicated that a large scale infection method developed in this study is fast and reproducible, as well as a disease evaluation system provides an accurate measurement of bakanae disease resistance of rice.

Farmers have use phosphate fertilizer to provide sufficient yields. However, overuse of phosphorus accumulate in soil and causes soil and water pollution. We evaluated the phosphate acquisition and growth characteristics of OsPT1 transgenic rice (OsPT1-OX, over-expressing the high affinity phosphate transporter 1) in high phosphate soils with different level of nitrogen fertilizer treatment to investigate removing ability of excessive phosphate from soil. OsPT1-OX had shorter culm length but more tillers than those of wild-type plants in each soil conditions. Phosphate content per dry weight of OsPT1-OX was 1.8 times higher than that of wild-type under control fertilizer treated conditions. Although the dry weight of OsPT1-OX was not different from that of wild-type plants, whole plant phosphate content was 1.7 times higher than that of wild-type plants under control fertilizer conditions. Tiller number and phosphate content per dry weight of wild-type plants increased following high levels of phosphate application but did not change by following additional nitrogen application. Tiller number and phosphate content per dry weight of OsPT1-OX did not change under the high phosphate condition, but increased following nitrogen application under similar conditions. Whole plant phosphate content was highest under high nitrogen and high phosphate application conditions. These results suggest that OsPT1-OX may reduce phosphate content in soils containing excess phosphate and may be further effective under high nitrogen condition.

Rice stripe disease, caused by rice stripe virus (RSV), is one of the major virus diseases in east Asia. The objective of this study was conducted to identify new resistance genetic source to rice stripe virus (RSV) disease. Genetic diversity of 155 rice cultivars was evaluated using 9 co-dominant InDel markers and STS marker ST10. These cultivars were classified into two groups by cluster analysis based on Nei`s genetic distances. The marker showed different band pattern among RSV resistance or susceptible cultivar. In comparison with bioassay for RSV resistance and genotyping using SSR markers showed that Stv-bi and InDel 7 marker observed recombination value within 3.8% and RSV resistance gene was closely related to InDel 7. Also InDel 7 divided as resistance type alleles and susceptible type alleles except for some varieties. Interestingly, 02428, Daw dam, Erguailai, Padi Adongdumarat, PERVOMAJSZKIJ, and Tung Ting Wan Hien 1 showed Japonica type in InDel 7 marker. However, these cultivars revealed resistant to RSV bioassay. These results indicate that those cultivar can be able to get the different gene resistance with Stv-bi gene. Newly identified resistance gene is considered useful for improving RSV resistance in japonica rice. Therefore, we will progress the allelism test and genetic analysis for identification of new gene source.

Glycolysis is responsible for the conversion of glucose into pyruvate and for supplying reducing power and several metabolites. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (AtFBA1), a central enzyme in the glycolysis pathway, was isolated by functional complementation of the salt-sensitive phenotype of a calcineurin (CaN)-deficient yeast mutant. Under high salinity conditions, aldolase activity and the concentration of NADH were compromised. However, expression of AtFBA1 maintained aldolase activity and the NADH level in yeast cells. AtFBA1 shares a high degree of sequence identity with known class I type aldolases, and its expression was negatively regulated by stress conditions including NaCl. The fusion protein GFP-AtFBA1 was localized in the cytosol of Arabidopsis protoplasts. The seed germination and root elongation of AtFBA1 knock-out plants exhibited sensitivity to ABA and salt stress. These results indicate that AtFBA1 expression and aldolase activity is important for stress tolerance in yeast and plants.

In order to improve rice dough functionality, we cloned 4 kinds of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) genes from bread wheat, ‘Jokyeong’. Among them, we first examined Dx5 gene to generate marker-free transgenic rice for advanced quality processing of bread and noodles. The GluB1 promoter was inserted into binary vector for seed specific expression of the Dx5 gene. Two expression cassettes comprised of separate DNA fragments containing only the high-molecular-weight glutein subunit (HMW-GS) protein (Dx5) and hygromycin phosphotransferase II (HPTII) resistance genes were introduced separately to tumefaciens EHA105 strain for co-infection. Each EHA105 strain harboring Dx5 or HPTII was infected to rice calli at 3: 1 ratio of Dx5 and HPTII, respectively. Then among 66 hygromycin-resistant transformants, we obtained two transgenic lines inserted both with Dx5 and HPTII gene to rice genome. We reconfirmed integration of the Dx5 and HPTII genes into the rice genome by Southern blot analysis. Wheat Dx5 transcriptsin rice seeds was examined with semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Finally, the marker-free plants containing only Dx5 gene were successfully screened at T1 generation. This result also provides that co-infection system with two expression cassettes could be efficient strategy to generate marker-free transgenic rice plants.

Rice is a staple food for more than 50% of the world's population. Embryo comprises only 2 to 3% of the weight distribution of the entire pericarp but has higher concentration of vitamins, proteins, and essential fatty acids than the other parts of grains. Moreover, α-tocoperol, γ-oryzanol, phytic acid and γ-aminobutric acid that have nutraceutical value are abundant. Increasing the volume of embryo assures the fortification of nutritional value of rice grain. We developed new black waxy giant embryo rice, Milyang 263 by crossing Josaengheugchal, a black waxy rice variety, and get, a giant embryo mutant generated by tissue culture. The nutrient contents and physical properties of Milyang 263 were compared with several giant embryo mutants and normal embryo rice varieties. Changes in the nutrient properties after germination were also observed. Results indicated that this new black waxy giant embryo rice, Milyang 263, offers a promising source for improving nutritional quality of rice especially anthocyanin, essential minerals, and GABA.