This study examines learner perceptions into the use of Classwide Peer Tutoring (CPT) as an approach to conduct a mechanical exercise (ME). This research analyzed learner preferences between CPT and other methods of conducting MEs (i.e., oral MEs and written MEs), examined learner perceptions of CPT’s learning effectiveness, and also inquired into student perceptions of CPT’s peer corrective feedback (CF) approach. Forty-six Korean university students participated in this study by completing a survey after experiencing CPT, oral MEs, and written MEs over the course of nine lessons. The data were analyzed through chi-squared, goodness-of-fit tests and descriptive statistics. The results indicated the participants preferred CPT and perceived CPT as more interesting and motivating than the other ME methods. The results also indicated the participants perceived CPT to be more effective than alternative ME approaches. Lastly, the participants had positive perceptions of CPT’s peer CF approach and believed CPT’s peer CF approach was more effective than the CF approach in oral MEs.

I show that when the observables (πE, tE, θE, πs, μs) are well measured up to a discrete degeneracy in the microlensing parallax vector πE, the relative likelihood of the di erent solutions can be written in closed form Pi = KHiBi, where Hi is the number of stars (potential lenses) having the mass and kinematics of the inferred parameters of solution i and Bi is an additional factor that is formally derived from the Jacobian of the transformation from Galactic to microlensing parameters. Here tE is the Einstein timescale, θE is the angular Einstein radius, and (πs;μs) are the (parallax, proper motion) of the microlensed source. The Jacobian term Bi constitutes an explicit evaluation of the \Rich Argument", i.e., that there is an extra geometric factor disfavoring large-parallax solutions in addition to the reduced frequency of lenses given by Hi. I also discuss how this analytic expression degrades in the presence of finite errors in the measured observables.

반 공유지 이론은 국제공법의 연구를 위한 새로운 접근법을 제시할 수 있다. 본고는 반 공유지의 구조가 국제공법의 법률 규칙 및 국제법률 기관 그리고 국제 환경법과 같은 다양한 관련 법률 영역에 유효하게 자리 할 수 있음을 알리고자 한다. 또한 기존의 반 공유지 연구를 개관하고 반 공유지 구조에서 오는 문제에 이미 연구된 잠재적 해결책들을 제시한다. 따라서 법률 연구가들이 국제공법의 반 공유지에 관하여 고찰 하는 데 있어 직면 할 수 있는 낯선 간극을 대폭 줄이고자 한다. ‘반 공유지의 비극’이라 알려진 이론은 ‘공유지의 비극’에 대해 대칭적으로 반영된 개념인데 두 모델 모두 공적 자원의 극적 소유, 비 소유 및 협업하여 이룬 결과물에 대한 극단적인 소유와 비 소유라는 배타적인 권리에서 작동하며 서로 작동방식은 다르지만 결과적으로는 둘 다 복리 및 혜택을 축소시킨다. 법적인 반 공유지라는 개념은 공공자원이나 협업의 결과물이 법률 서비스, 법적인 권리 또는 법적 절차에 반영될 때 그 역할을 한다. 또한 보완적이거나 경쟁력 있는 규제 절차가 반영된 반 공유지 개념을 확립할 수 있다. 법적 공유지와 규제된 반 공유지라는 두 개념 모두 국제공법상에 자리하고 있음은 자명하다. 규칙 집합 및 국제공법의 법적 기관에 반 공유지 이론이 존재하므로 정책 결정가들은 그러한 반 공유지를 적용하고 특징지음으로서 어떤 문제점이 생기면 그것을 식별하고 국재공법상에 불필요한 난점들을 피해가며 더 나아가서 개선하는 결과를 가져올 수 있다.

At q = 1.81 ± 0.20 × 10-5, KMT-2018-BLG-0029Lb has the lowest planet-host mass ratio q of any microlensing planet to date by more than a factor of two. Hence, it is the first planet that probes below the apparent "pile-up" at q = 5-10 ×10-5. The event was observed by Spitzer, yielding a microlens-parallax πE measurement. Combined with a measurement of the Einstein radius θE from finite-source effects during the caustic crossings, these measurements imply masses of the host Mhost = 1.14+0.10-0.12 M⊙ and planet Mplanet = 7.59+0.75-0.69 M⊕, system distance DL = 3.38+0.22-0.26 kpc and projected separation a⊥ = 4.27+0.21-0.23 AU. The blended light, which is substantially brighter than the microlensed source, is plausibly due to the lens and could be observed at high resolution immediately.

I investigate the origin of arc degeneracies in satellite microlens parallax π E measurements with only late time data, e.g., t > t 0 + t E as seen from the satellite. I show that these are due to partial overlap of a series of osculating, exactly circular, degeneracies in the π E plane, each from a single measurement. In events with somewhat earlier data, these long arcs break up into two arclets, or (with even earlier data) two points, because these earlier measurements give rise to intersecting rather than osculating circles. The two arclets (or points) then constitute one pair of degeneracies in the well-known four-fold degeneracy of space-based microlens parallax. Using this framework of intersecting circles, I show that next-generation microlens satellite experiments could yield good π E determinations with only about five measurements per event, i.e., about 30 observations per day to monitor 1500 events per year. This could plausibly be done with a small (hence cheap, in the spirit of Gould & Yee 2012) satellite telescope, e.g., 20 cm.

This study examined how key factors of FFI (degree of explicitness, L1 similarity, proficiency level, and grammar type) influence the accuracy of production. A total of 22 experimental studies, all of which had Korean participants and productive assessments of speech or writing, were selected for analysis. Results revealed that explicit grammar emphasis was more effective for morphology that had a small, binary scope (present or absent). Results further revealed that explicit emphasis of grammatical features dissimilar from the L1 significantly increased accuracy of learner speech and writing. In contrast, implicit emphasis was effective with grammatical features that had a larger scope (e.g., many lexical forms or syntactic arrangements), as well as with grammatical features that were similar to the L1. Findings suggest that explicit emphasis of a smaller scope and implicit emphasis of a larger scope are both useful, since they do not cognitively overload the learner during communication.

To identify and compare the venom components and expression patterns of some bees/wasps, venom gland-specific transcriptome analyses were conducted for 14 Aculeate bees/wasps. Most of the allergens and pain-producing factors showed extremely high expression levels in social wasps, implying that social wasps have evolved to use venom to defend the colony against intruders. Acid phosphatase and tachykinin, which are known as allergens and neurotoxic peptides, were found with high frequencies in the venom glands of solitary wasps. This suggests that solitary wasps might use their venom for catching and preserving prey. In the venom glands of bumblebees, little or no transcripts of major allergens or pain producing factors were identified, implying that bumblebees venoms are relatively less toxic than those of social or solitary wasps. Taken together, the differential expression patterns of venom genes in some Aculeate bees/wasps implies that bees/wasps have unique groups of highly expressed venom components, which appear to have evolved in response to both ecological and behavioral influences.

소나무재선충(Pine wood nematode, PWN)은 아시아와 유럽의 소나무류들에 침입하여 고사시키는 심각해 병원성 선충이다. 가장 완벽한 방제 방법은 감염목을 소각/분쇄의 방법으로 PWN 감염목을 제거하는 것이다. 현재 PWN의 다른 종과 차이를 가지는 유전자서열을 이용한 진단 방법이 다양하게 개발되어져서 실험실에서의 종 판명은 가능한 실정이다. 하지만, 대부분의 분자진단방법은 소나무 목편에서부터의 시료 추출, 그리고 분자진단 시약과 혼합하고, PCR을 이용하여 증폭을 진행 한 후, 결과를 확인하는 과정이 필요하다. 그러므로, 분자진단법을 현장에 적용하기 위해서는 향 후 많은 노력이 필요하다. 이에 반하여 항원/항체 반응을 이용한 진단 방법의 경우는 항원 추출 후, 일정량을 신속진단키트에 떨어 뜨려서 반응을 확인하는 과정을 거치므로, 전문적인 지식이나 기술이 필요하지 않다. 하지만, PWN과 PWN 감염목에 특이적인 항원이 밝혀지지 않은 상황이다. 최근에 우리는 PWN단백질 중에서 분비되는 Aspartic peptidase 1 (ASP1)을 항원으로 선정을 하고, 전장단백질을 Baculovirus Expression System으로 발현을 하였다. PWN-ASP1을 항원으로 단클론항체를 분비하는 세포 주를 확립하였다. 이러한 단클론항체는 향후, PWN의 소나무 침입에 관한 연구와 신속진단키트의 개발에 활용될 수 있을 것이다. (본 연구는 국립산림과학원의 연구비 지원으로 진행되었음)

In order to identify the specific antigens for pine wood nematode (PWN), we confirmed that one of the genes commonly found in the transcriptome, proteome and secretory proteins of PWN belonged to the Aldose Reductase (AR) family protein. 36.5 kDa PWN-AR1 was expressed and purified using Baculovirus Expression System. Total 1,546 hybridoma fusion library was generated and screened for specificity to PWN-AR1 by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Nine clones showed strong immunoreactivity to PWN-AR1 were limited-diluted. Total 864 limited-diluted clones were further screened using PWN-AR1 by ELISA and 34 monoclonal antibody (Mab) clones were selected. 34 Mab clones were further screened using PWN extracts and a standard PWN-infected pine tree extract by ELISA. Finally nine clones were selected and their immunoreactivities to 4 different nematodes were examined by ELISA. Seven clones pecifically recognized PWN while two clones recognized 4 nematodes. Our data suggested that PWN-AR1 is a PWN secretory enzyme while PWN is invading pine trees, Thus, PWN-AR1-Mabs could be used to develop diagnosis tools for PWN and its infected pine trees. (This work was supported by National Institute of Forest Science)

To identify the venom components and their expression patterns of some Aculeata bees/wasps, venom gland-specific transcriptome analysis was conducted. FPKM values were normalized with the average of the transcription level of reference gene (a-tubulin). Common components in both solitary and social wasp venoms include hyaluronidase, phospholipase A2, metalloendopeptidase, etc. Although it has been expected that more diverse bioactive components with the functions of prey inactivation and physiology manipulation are present in solitary wasps, the information on venom compositions of solitary wasps obtained in this study was not sufficient to generalizae this notion. Nevertheless, some neurotoxic peptides (e.g., pompilidotoxin and dendrotoxin-like peptide) and proteins (e.g., insuline-like peptide binding protein) appear to be specific to solitary wasp venom. In contrast, several proteins, such as venom allergen 5 protein, venom acid phosphatase, and various phospholipases, appear to be relatively more abundant in social wasp venom. In the venom gland trancsriptome of bumblebees, major allergens or pain producing factors were barely identified, implying that bumblebee venoms are relatively less toxic than those of social or solitary wasps.

This study examines student opinions into teacher use of English as a lingua franca as a second language to teach a third language. This research focuses on student recognition of the benefits of specific teacher uses of English as a lingua franca, student preferences of specific teacher uses of English as a lingua franca, and potential attitudinal effects of teacher use of English as a lingua franca. Thirty eight Korean university students participated in this study by completing a questionnaire. The data were analyzed through Mann Whitney U tests, a Borda count, chi-squared goodness of fit tests, and descriptive statistics. The results revealed students held the different uses in a similar and positive light but did not prefer uses that perform a social function. The results also showed students did not perceive of much positive attitudinal benefit (anxiety, connection to the teacher, and motivation). Nor did the students indicate teacher use of English as a lingua franca causes the students to lose face or feel that their mother tongue is disrespected. Classroom implications and limitations are discussed.

The common bed bug, Cimex lectularius, possesses a cholinesterase expressed exclusively in the salivary gland (ClSChE). In this paper, we investigated the molecular structure, tissue distribution patterns, and biochemical properties of ClSChE and showed that ClSChE exists as a soluble monomeric form or a soluble dimeric form connected by a disulfide bridge. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that ClSChE was expressed in the epithelial cells of both the salivary gland and the duct. In addition, the secretion of monomeric ClSChE through the proboscis during feeding was detected by western blotting using a ClSChE-specific antibody. To predict the role of ClSChE injected into the tissue of an animal host, we analyzed the extent of sequestration and hydrolysis of acetylcholine (ACh)/choline (Ch) by ClSChE by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Kinetic analysis revealed that ClSChE possesses extremely low Km (high affinity to ACh) and Vmax values. These findings suggest that ClSChE functions as a sequestering enzyme specific to ACh (not to Ch) by having a very strong affinity to ACh but an extremely long turnover time.

Biological activities of bombolitins from Bombus ardens, B. consobrinus, B. terrestris and B. ussurensis (bombolitinsA, C, T and U, respectively) were examined using hemolytic, anti-microbial, anti-fungal and anti-tumor activity assays.Among the four bombolitins tested, bombolitin T showed the highest hemolytic and anti-tumor activities. All bombolitinsexhibited strong anti-microbial and anti-fungal activities, and bombolitin A specifically possessed the highest anti-microbialactivity against the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli. Circular dichroism spectrometry analysis revealed that allfour bombolitins had over 61.7% and 45.5% of α-helicity in 30 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate and 50% trifluoroethanolbuffers, respectively, which form lipid-membrane-mimicking environments. Bombolitin T showed the lowest IC50 valuesof 8.5 μM and 8.8 μM against SK-OV-3 and NIH-OVCAR-3 cell lines, respectively, after 72 h of treatment, but itsrelative hemolytic activity at a concentration of 200 μM was 2.3-fold higher than that of 0.1% Triton X-100. Thisstudy provides new information on the biological and molecular properties of venom peptides of bumblebees. However,further studies on reducing cytotoxicity of bombolitins are needed for designing selective anti-tumor peptides.

This note assesses the implications of the D.C. Circuit Court case of Han Kim v. Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, in which the court found the North Korean state responsible for the torture and unlawful killing of Kim Dong Shik, a South Korean missionary who was abducted by the North Korean government while in China. In particular, this note shows how the judgment breaks new ground by holding a state responsible for torture and unlawful killing based solely on general evidence of that country’s human rights practices, without additional information about the fate of the victim himself. This note also discusses this case’s implications for the plaintiffs themselves, and for other victims of North Korean human rights abuses.

Abaecin is a proline-rich anti-bacterial peptide which is known to have high activity against Gram-negative bacteria and it is originally isolated from honeybee Apis mellifera. Since the anti-bacterial peptides including abaecin were identified in the hemolymph of A. mellifera infected with Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, this result implies that honeybees express abaecin for defense against natural infection. Anti-microbial peptides including abaecin were also identified in the adult hemolymph of bumblebees. To investigate pharmacological and toxicological properties of abaecin from Bombus ussurensis, biological activities were evaluated by conducting anti-tumor, anti-microbial and cytotoxic activity assays. Abaecin exhibited significantly high anti-tumor activity against ovarian tumor cells SK-OV-3 and NIH; OVCAR-3 at 100 μM after 72 h treatment. Interestingly, abaecin showed none of anti-microbial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Since abaecin exhibited extremely low level of hemolytic activity against human erythrocytes, it may serve as a good model peptide for studying its potential as a selective anti-tumor drug.

Like Hipparcos, Gaia is designed to give absolute parallaxes, independent of any astrophysical reference system. And indeed, Gaia’s internal zero-point error for parallaxes is likely to be smaller than any individual parallax error. Nevertheless, due in part to mechanical issues of unknown origin, there are many astrophysical questions for which the parallax zero-point error σ(π0) will be the fundamentally limiting constraint. These include the distance to the Large Magellanic Cloud and the Galactic Center. We show that by using the photometric parallax estimates for RR Lyrae stars (RRL) within 8kpc, via the ultra-precise infrared period-luminosity relation, one can independently determine a hyper-precise value for π0. Despite their paucity relative to bright quasars, we show that RRL are competitive due to their order-of-magnitude improved parallax precision for each individual object relative to bright quasars. We show that this method is mathematically robust and well-approximated by analytic formulae over a wide range of relevant distances.

Bombolitin is a venom peptide originally isolated from bumblebees and possesses various biological activities, including hemolytic activity. Bombolitins exhibit amphipathic α-helical structure in lipid-membrane-mimicking environments. To investigate their pharmacological and toxicological properties, anti-tumor, anti-microbial and cytotoxic activities of bombolitins from Bombus ardens and Bombus ussurensis were evaluated. Bombolitins of the two species exhibited extremely high anti-tumor activity against ovarian tumor cells SK-OV-3 and NIH; OVCAR-3 at 25-50 μM, which is 2-fold more potent than other wasp venom peptides studied to date (Yoon et al., 2015; Yoon et al., 2016). The two bombolitins showed significantly high antimicrobial activity. However, bombolotin of B. ussurensis showed no antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli. In addition to their high levels of anti-tumor activity, bombolitins showed considerable levels of hemolytic activity. Thus, to utilize bombolitins as a potential candidate for anti-tumor peptide drugs, further studies for reducing cytotoxic properties of bombolitns is essential.