본 연구는 2015년과 2016년에 ‘상주둥시’ 감의 수확시기 를 달리하여 수확 후 PE필름, 1-MCP 및 AVG를 처리가 저온저장동안 과실의 품질에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 2016년 과실 수확시기는 2015년에 비하여 10일 빠른 조기 수확을 실시하였다. 과실의 에틸렌 발생 정도는 조기수확 한 과실들에서 현저히 낮았고, 과실의 경도는 저온저장동안 1-MCP 처리구들이 다른 처리구의 과실에 비하여 높게 유지되었다. 과실의 감모율은 수확기를 달리한 모든 과실 들에서 PE 필름 처리 과실들에서 현저히 억제되었다. 성숙기에 수확한 과실은 저온저장 중 과실의 꽃받침 부위과 경와부의 과피색(L* 및 b*) 변화를 보면 무처리와 PE필름 처리구에 비하여 1-MCP 처리구들이 그 변화정도가 낮았다. 과실의 부패와 연화정도는 PE필름 처리 과실들에서 높게 나타났지만 AVG 처리구들에서는 부패과 발생이 없었다. 그리고 조기수확한 과일은 성숙기에 수확한 과실에 비하여 경도가 높게 유지되었고, 과피색의 변화가 낮은 경향을 보였고, 성숙기에 수확한 과실들은 당도, 과피의 적색 (Hunter a 값) 발현 및 호흡율이 높게 나타났다. 따라서 감 과실의 저장성 향상을 위해서는 조기수확이 중요한 요인으로 작용하고 또한 수확 후 1-MCP 처리가 과일의 경도를 높게 유지하고 과피색의 변화를 억제하였으며, 과실의 감 모율은 PE 필름 처리에 의해 현저하게 억제됨을 확인하였다.

Present study aimed to determine the effect of ‘bitter melon’, a popularly used fruit in Bangladesh and several other Asian countries, on high-fat-diet-induced type 2 diabetes. To investigate the effect, ethanol extract from bitter melon (BME) as a dietary supplement with mouse chow was used. BME was found to significantly attenuate the high-fat diet (HFD) -induced body weight and total fat mass. BME also effectively reduced the insulin resistance induced by the HFD. Furthermore, dietary supplementation of BME was highly effective in increasing insulin sensitivity and reducing hepatic fat and obesity. These results indicate that BME could be effective in attenuating type 2 diabetes and could therefore be a preventive measure against type 2 diabetes.

Background : Ginseng rain cover farming is expanding around Jinan county and Jangsu country of North Jeolla Province. Some farmers doing ginseng rain cover farming have suffered from difficulties due to hot weather damages. However, it is a situation that the study on mitigation techniques for high temperature damage do not exist with ginseng rain cover farming. Methods and Results : The test covering work was firstly done on April 28th for heat block film+90% black light blocking net, blue double sided film, and PE film+75% black light blocking net and when it comes to second treatment, 30% and 40% shading were implemented for heat block film group and blue double sided film group respectively and 75% black light blocking net was installed on PE film+75% shading group. When it comes to micro-climate measurement in rain cover facility, temperature, humidity and light intensity were measured during the growing period of ginseng. The results are as follows. Regarding the light transmittance (per PAR, 10 am in clear day) in facility with 1st covering, light block film covered group (LBF), blue double sided film group (BDF) and PE film group have 12.9±1.8%, has 11.6±1.0% and 27.1±1.1% respectively and after 2nd covering, in LBF groups, 30% blocking, 40% blcoking and no blocking have 10.6±1.3%, 8.2±0.9% and 12.9±1.8% and in BDF groups, 30% blocking, 40% blcoking and no blocking have 9.4±0.8%, 7.9±0.7% and 11.6±1.0 respectively and PE film group has 10.6±0.7%. Relative humidity also showed the same trend as temperature. The average monthly amount of light and maximum light intensity were lower in 30% and 40% light blocking groups of LBF and BDF and a little higher in no light blocking group compared to PE film group. The degree of high temperature damage was 1 in no LBF of BDF, but no LBF of LBF was so bad like 3. However, there was no high temperature damage in the test groups of blocking films or BDF with 30% and 40% light blocked light screens. Regarding root weight, all secondly treated groups of LBF group and BDF group were lighter compared to 4.36g of PE film group and especially, prism sheetof no light blocking group has 2.5g and BDF of of no light blocking group has 3.21g. 30 % and 40% light blocking groups of LBF group and BDF group were light with 3.20~4.07g. Conclusion : Regarding the analysis result on micro-climate in facility with different cover materials for 2 years old ginseng in ginseng rain cover farming of Gyeonggi Province, the covering method suitable for high temperature damage mitigation in ginseng rain cover farming was that 1st covering was done by PE film+75% black light blocking net and then 75% black light blocking net is additionally covered at a time when outside temperatures reaches 30℃.

Background : The study about ginseng cultured roots have been reported mainly ginsenosides in saponins family. Other phytochemical such as non-saponins of fatty acid has been revealed its bioactive activity including anti-oxidation, whitening, anti-cancer. Supercritical extraction (SE) process mainly refer to the extraction with CO2, is usually from a solid matrix, is a sample preparation step for analytical purposes. SE produce no residual solvent and possess high stability of the extract component, which is advantageous for fatty acid analysis. Methods and Results : Fermented ginseng cultured roots used in the experiment were used for fermentation using Pediococcus pentosaceus. SE performed at different temperature, pressure and extraction time using non-fermented and fermented ginseng roots. Further we fractionated from fermented ginseng using Methanol, Hexane, Ethanol, Ethyl acetate and Butanol. We compared fatty acids contents ginseng extractions by GC analysis. Methyl linoleate contents was 44% of fatty acids supercritical extraction contained. The contents of Methyl linoleate was the most dominant component among 37 types of fatty acids by SE and other extractions solvent. Total fatty acids contents obtained by SE process from fermented ginseng (1325.61ppm) was twice than from non-fermented ginseng (618.47ppm). Conclusion : Fatty acids contents by SE was increased at high pressure. The best condition for fatty acids contents extraction was 60℃, 350bar and 3h.

Background : Plants are the rich source of antioxidants, which plays a very important role in maintaining human health. Their antioxidant property protects cells of different organs of human beings against free radicals and free radical mediated diseases. Even though, there is lack of knowledge on the antioxidant effect of lutein present in plants. In the present study, lutein was isolated from the GreenTea leaves (Camellia sinensis) which is used as a dietary source. Methods and Results : The procedure adopted for the isolation and purification of lutein using acetone extraction and preparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is simple and less time consuming. Free radicals scavenging activity of isolated lutein from acetone extract of GreenTea was assessed by DPPH radical scavenging assay and reducing power. The isolated lutein scavenged 79% of DPPH radicals at 20 ㎍/㎖ and two fold lower concentration compared to the standard antioxidants (α-tocopherol). No significant differences were found between the reducing power of the lutein and BHT when their concentrations were high. However, significant differences were observed at relatively low concentrations, the reducing power of lutein was isolated from the GreenTea leaves was stronger than those of their acetone extract and standard antioxidants (BHA). Both electron spin resonance (ESR) and in vitro assay confirmed that lutein was isolated from the GreenTea leaves, exhibited a greater capacity for scavenging superoxide (O2 •－) and hydroxyl (OH •) radicals than standard antioxidants β-carotene and α-tocopherol respectively. Conclusion : The results proven that lutein isolated from GreenTea leaves has an efficient antioxidant ability, it could serve as an antioxidant to scavenge reactive oxygen species.

Background : Lutein, a xanthophyll, consists of chains with 8 conjugated double bounds containing closed rings on each end of the chain. This carotenoid is found in fruits and vegetables, especially dark green leafy vegetables such as green tea. In this study, we investigated the anticancer effects of purified lutein from green tea on human cancer cell lines containing prostate carcinoma cancer cells (LNCaP). Methods and Results : Prostate carcinoma cancer cells (LNCaP) were cultured and evaluated the inhibitory effect of lutein isolated from green tea compared other carotenoids (β-carotene and lycopene) on cell proliferation. Cyclin D1 and PCNA were evaluated as cell differentiation. In results, PCNA/cyclin regulates the initiation of cell proliferation by mediating DNA polymerase. Under cultural conditions, lycopene remarkably suppressed the PCNA expression prostate cancer cell line LNCaP in higher doses (20 μM - 100 μM) statistically. However, β-carotene and lutein presented the less inhibitory effects on PCNA expression. Determination of PCNA expression in control and treated cells demonstrates that lycopene did affect proliferation in LNCaP cancer cells in dose-dependent manner. However, β-carotene and lutein suppressed the cyclin D1 expression in dose-dependent manner but no in lycopene group. These results indicate that differ carotenoids presented the various suppressive ability of PCNA and cyclin D1 expression in cell proliferation. Conclusion : In conclusion, lutein suppressed the carcinogenesis of induced prostate cancer cell line by acting as a suppressor for inhibiting the expression of cyclin D.

Background : The research is designed to investigate the optimal cultivation technology and the growth of above-ground and below-ground sections as well as the photosynthetic characteristics for new ginseng variety “K-1” by differentiating the planting density under the conditions of transplanting and direct seedling. Methods and Results : The K-1 variety and hybrid variety (Jakyungjong) were selected for the research and the ginseng varieties were transplanted and directly sown in Yeoncheon area in 2013. The transplanting was made in the form of 5 lines × 9 rows (45 plants), 6 lines x 9 rows (54 plants), 7 lines × 9 rows (63 plants) and 8 lines × 9 rows (72 plants) in each lot (1.65㎡) while the direct seedling for testing was conducted three times in randomly blocked design in the form of 11 lines × 14 rows (154 plants), 12 lines × 14 rows (168 plants), 13 lines × 14 rows (182 plants). Various measures were collected from the 4-year transplanted ginseng and 3-year direct seedling ginseng in 2015 to find out the growth features and photosynthesis of above-ground section (rate of germination, leaf length, leaf width, stem length and leaf area index (LAI)) and the below-ground section (length, diameter, weight and class of roots). Conclusion : After the planting of the ginseng, the germination rate of K-1 for the transplanting was 85.1 ~ 92.0% across different plantation densities while that for the direct seedling was 67.7% ~ 77.9% across plantation densities, thus showing no significant difference between the two planting methods. LAI was higher for the higher planation density for both transplanting and direct seedling. As for the photosynthesis speed, the form of 6 lines × 9 rows showed the higher speed in transplanting while the form of 12 lines x 14 rows showed the higher speed in direct seedling. The photosynthesis of K-1 was higher than that of Jakyungjong. In the 4-year ginseng cultivated under the transplanting, diameter of roots, number of branch roots and weight of raw ginseng were the highest in the plantation density of 5 lines × 9 rows. The distribution of root weight was high with 23.3% and 20.0% for the 51~70g group and the 71g or above group, respectively, for the 4 year transplanted plants in the form of 5 lines × 9 rows. The growth for above-ground and below-ground sections for K-1 was better than that for Jakyungjong. As a result, it was found that the proper plantation density for the 4-year root in the transplanted K-1 was 5 lines × 9 rows considering the growth of the above-ground section, quantity and distribution of root weight.

The microbial composition in Nuruk, a Korean cereal fermentation starter, is a critical factor for the quality and organoleptic properties of traditional alcoholic beverages. This study was aimed at monitoring the compositional change and enzyme activity of culturable lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in two types of Nuruk fermented at different temperatures. All culturable LAB were isolated at various time points (0, 3, 6, 10, 20, and 30 days) and identified by 16S rRNA sequencing. In traditional Nuruk type A (TN-A), which was fermented at 36℃, the population of total culturable LAB during the fermentation period was between 104 and 105 log CFU/mL. On the other hand, the LAB population in traditional Nuruk type B (TN-B) fermented at 45℃ (primary fermentation for 10 days) and 35℃ (secondary fermentation for 20 days) was 102 log CFU/mL; however, these bacteria could not be detected after 6 days. Major LAB strains were identified in both Nuruk types: (1) from the MRS-culture of TN-A, Pediococcus pentosaceus at 3-30 days; (2) from MRS-culture of TN-B, P. pentosaceus at 3 days and Enterococcus hirae at 6 days. The protease activities of the dominant LAB isolated from the TN-A and TN-B cultures were within the ranges of 0.64~1.03 mg/mL and 0.74~0.81 mg/mL (tyrosine content), respectively, whereas the α-amylase activities were 0.75~0.98 mg/mL and 0.78~0.79 mg/mL (amylose content), respectively.

본 연구는 rutin 및 rutin 대사체인 DHPAA, HPAA, DHT, HVA가 버섯 유래 tyrosinase 활성과 마우스 피부표피 세포주인 JB6 P+ 세포의 증식에 미치는 영향에 대해 살펴보았다. HVA가 버섯유래 티로시나제 저해활성이 가장 우수한 것으로 관찰되었으며, DHPAA, HPAA, rutin, DHT 순서로 저해효능을 나타내었다. DHT를 제외한 rutin 및 rutin 대사체들 모두 100 μM 까지 세포 독성이 관찰되지 않은 것으로 관찰되었으며, DHT는 50 또는 100 μM에서 세포증식을 저해하였으나 그 이하의 농도에서는 세포독성을 유도하지 않았다. 따라서 본 연구결과, rutin 대사체 모두 세포 독성이 없는 수준에서 버섯 유래 티로시나제 활성을 효과적으로 억제하였으므로, 앞으로 미백제제로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Superjami is a new rice breed resulted from crossing ‘C3GHi (has high amount of Cyanidin 3-glucoside, and was developed from a cross between ‘Heugjinjubyeo’ and ‘Suweon 425’) and ‘Daeribbyeo 1’. Superjami has 10.9 times higher C3G content compared with ‘Heugjinjubyeo’. It also contains the highest essential amino acids of all kinds (except tryptophan content). This study was done to investigate the effects of extracts from superjami bran on the in-vitro antioxidant metabolism, in-vivo antioxidant metabolism and bone metabolism on menopause- induced condition in experimental rats. Overall, extract from superjami bran was confirmed of improving antioxidant and bone metabolism which can be considered as a good dietary supplement.

The ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley female rats were randomly assigned to Sham-Control, OVX-Control, OVX-Superjami (extract) groups. The results showed that the activity of glucokinase to keep the blood sugar constant is increased by increasing insulin secretion from pancreatic β- cells and the homeostatic regulation of glucose. Meanwhile the glyconeogenesis which is involved in the actions of the enzymes glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase showed that the glucose level is decreased. It was confirmed that these enzymes regulate the carbohydrate metabolism. On the other hand, results of the measurement of the lipid metabolism in the fat tissue and liver tissue, effect of β-oxidation enzymes and carnitine palmitoyl transferase which is involved in fatty acid oxidation for energy generation is increased. Moreover, the activity of fatty acid synthase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme have been reduced, therefore, it was confirmed that these enzymes regulate the lipid metabolism.

Foxglove aphid, Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach), is a Hemipteran insect that infected a wide variety of plants worldwide and caused serious yield losses in crops. The foxglove aphid resistance gene, Raso2 was previously mapped from PI 366121 (Glycine soja Sieb. and Zucc.) to a 26cM marker interval on soybean chromosome 7. The development of additional genetic markers, which are mapped closer to Raso2 were required to accurately position the gene to improve the effectiveness of marker assisted selection. The objective of this study was to narrow down the putative QTL region, which is responsible to foxglove aphid resistance in PI366121 using recently developed high-density 180K Axiom SoyaSNP genotyping array. One hundred and forty one F8-derived F12 recombinant inbred lines developed from a cross of susceptible Williams 82 and resistant PI 366121, were used to generate a fine map of Raso2 interval. The phenotyping of antibiosis and antixenosis was done through choice and no-choice assays with total plant damage (TPD) and primary infestation leaf damage (PLD). The composite interval mapping analysis showed that the physical interval between two flanking makers, which was corresponding to Raso2, was narrowed down to 500kb on the Williams 82 genome assembly (Glyma2.0), instead of 4Mb in the previous report using Goldengate assay. In the Raso2 interval, there are about 60 candidate genes, including 4 of NBS-containing putative R genes. This result could be useful in breeding for new foxglove aphid resistant soybean cultivars.