The major limiting factor of the reproductive performance on many farms is the failure to detect estrus in a timely and accurate manner. The estrus detection for Hanwoo cows (Bos taurus coreanea) is generally performed by the visual observation which is estimated at about 40% detection rate only. This recurring problem among farmers has motivated the development of various estrus detection aids. The mounting event duration threshold, standing heat event frequency threshold, estrus detection algorithm and so on, are necessarily needed in order to detect the estrus of Hanwoo cows accurately when using some automatic devices. However, they are not yet investigated for Hanwoo cows. Therefore, the objective of this study was to establish a mounting event duration threshold and standing heat event frequency threshold more specifically for Hanwoo breed by discriminating the duration of standing heat mounting from shorter duration spurious mountings which routinely occur in cattle herds. One hundred and fifty Hanwoo cows with an age between 2 to 5 years were used in this study. Cows that were expected to come into estrus within 3days were randomly assigned to each compartment for the estrus group (EG). The heated cows were video recorded for about 24 hours until after post estrus. The results showed that Hanwoo cows can be considered on estrus when it stand immobile during mounted by any other cow in more than or equal to 3.15s and 3.22s in chest-tail head mount (CTM) and head-above back mount (HBM) and that occurs consecutively at least three times within 876.4s interval. The algorithm was also developed using the thresholds of the mount duration, mount interval and consecutive occurrence number.

본 연구는 팽이버섯 수확 후 배지에 3% 개미산 처리와 당밀 첨가수준별(0%, 2%, 4%, 6%)로 각각 25일 및 45일 동안 발효시켰을 때, 화학적 조성과 반추위내 in situ 분해율을 조사함으로써 반추가축용사료로서 적절한 처리방법을 규명해보고자 수행되었다. 반추위 cannula가 장착된 한우암소 3두(평균체중 450kg)를 이용하여 반추위내 발효시간별(0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48 시간)로 각각 3반복으로 in situ 시험을 실시하였으며, 공시축은 시판 배합사료와 볏짚을 4:1의 비율로 섭취하였다. 개미산 처리 후 당밀을 첨가하여 발효시킨 팽이버섯 수확 후 배지의 pH는 4이하이었으며, 일반성분함량으로 볼 때, 중국산 대두피정도의 수준이었다. 시험사료의 건물 중, 반추위내에서 분해가 빠르게 일어나는 ‘a’부분은 당밀첨가수준이 높아질수록 증가하는 경향이었고, 반추위내에서 서서히 분해될 수 있는 ‘b’부분은 25일 동안 발효 시에는 당밀4% 첨가구에서 높았으며, 45일동안 발효 시에는 당밀 6% 첨가구에서 높게 나타났다. 건물의 유효분해도(r=0.06)는 평균 45%로 처리간 비슷한 수준이었다. 시험사료의 NDF 중 ‘b’부분은 25일 동안 발효 시에는 당밀 6%첨가구가 타 처리구에 비해 낮았으나 45일 동안 발효 시에는 당밀 6%첨가구에서 높았다. 당밀 6%첨가구에서 시간당 NDF 분해속도가 가장 느렸으며, NDF의 반추위내 유효분해도는 평균 39%(r=0.06)로 처리간 비슷한 수준이었다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때, 본 시험에 사용된 팽이버섯 수확후 배지는 반추가축용 사료로서 보관성 향상을 위하여 탈병 후 3% 개미산(HCOOH)만 처리하여 혐기발효시켜도 무방할 것으로 판단된다.

The objective of this study was to know the in vitro effects of supplemental anthelmintic plant extracts on the inhibition of protozoa for reducing methane production in the rumen. A fistulated Holstein cow was used as a donor of rumen fluid. The plant extracts (Lonicera japonica, Zanthoxylum piperitum, Pyrethrum, Torreya nucifera, Ruta graveolens) known to have anthelmintic effect were added to the in vitro fermentation bottles containing the rumen fluid and medium. The rumen protozoal population was depressed by the addition of Pyrethrum, Torreya nucifera and Ruta graveolens. The methane production was also significantly (p<0.05)reduced by addition of Pyrethrum (2.20 ml/g DM), Torreya nucifera (2.36 ml/g DM) and Ruta graveolens (2.20 ml/g DM). The microbial growth in the treatments of Ruta graveolens or anthoxylum piperitum was the greatest after 12 h and 24 h incubations, respectively. The results of this study indicated that anthelmintic plant extracts appeared to reduce methane production by inhibition of ruminal protozoa related with the methanogens living endosymbiotic in protozoal cells.

Withthe increasing trend of global trades and protection of agro-ecosystem in importing and exporting countries against quarantine pest, quarantine and pre-shipment(QPS) fumigation in perishable commodities is now more important to maintain postharvest quality until delivering to end user not just eradiation of quarantine pest. However, there are limited use of MB fumigation on export fruits and vegetables due to phytotoxic damages of fumigated one. VapormateTM, alternative to methyl bromide(MB), a gas formulation of ethyl formate(EF) with carbon dioxide, is commercially in use for imported fruits fumigation such as bananas and lemon. Herein, based on previous preliminary studies, scale-up and commercial scale fumigation of ethyl formate is presented for promising export paprika and tomato. Efficacy of ethyl formate was described in terms of concentration × time (CT) products to Myzus persicae for paprika and Bemisia tabaci for tomato.

Since Montreal protocol in1989 designated MB(methyl bromide) as ozone depleting chemicals, IPPC(International Plant Protection Convention) has adopted replacing the MB with alternative chemical and reducing the rate of MB use in plant quarantine in 2008. Pineapples are one of the most frequently fumigated imported fruit with MB in Korea. However, there was no technically available replacement. Therefore, we evaluated phosphine(PH3) fumigation as alternative to MB in applying pineapples. In the preliminary test, PH3 gas in 12L desicators to calculate ranged to 0.1 from 2g/m3 was tested at 2 and 24hr exposure to target pest, citrus mealy bug(CMB, Planococcus citri). All different of stage of CMB was shown 100% mortality when 2g/m3 of PH3 applied for 24hrs at 8℃. To confirm studies designed in 0.5m3 fumigation chamber, all egg, nymph and adult stages of CMB was killed completely and there wasn’t any phytotoxic and quality damages on pineapples for 2 weeks post-fumigation periods at 8℃. In terms of commercial use, further commercial research will need to be carry out in cooperation with importers and fumigators.

The present investigation establishes deltamethrin resistance in the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius, populationcollected from New York City (NY-BB). The mortality resistance ratio indicated that NY-BB population was 264-fold more resistant to 1% deltamethrin in contact bioassay compared to one insecticide- susceptible population collected in Florida (FL-BB). Specific enzyme activities (general esterase, glutathione S-transferase, and 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase) of NY-BB were not statistically different from those of FL-BB, indicating that the metabolic factors are not associated with the deltamethrin resistance in NY-BB. Complementary DNA fragments that encoded the open reading frame of voltage-sensitive sodium channel α-subunit genes from the FL-BB and NY-BB were obtained by homology probing PCR and sequenced. Sequence alignment of the internal and 5’ and 3’ RACE fragments generated a 6500 bp cDNA sequence contig, which was composed of a 6084 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 2027 amino acid residues and 186 bp 5’ and 230 bp 3’ untranslated regions (5’ and 3’UTRs, respectively). Sequence comparisons of the complete open reading frames of the sodium channel genes identified two point mutations (V419L and L925I) that were presented only in the NY-BB population. L925I, located the intracellular loop between IIS4 and IIS5, has been previously found in the pyrethroid-resistant populations of whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) that was more than 100-fold resistant to fenpropathrin. V419L, located in the IS6 transmembrane segment, is a novel mutation. This evidence suggests that the two mutations are likely the major resistance-causing mutations in the deltamethrin-resistant NY-BB via a knockdown-type nerve insensitivity mechanism.