The Black pine bast scale, Matsucoccus thunbergianae is one of the most serious in black pine, Pinus thunbergii forests in Korea. Since this pest was first reported in Goheung, Korea in 1963, which is gradually spread into neighboring regions and now occurs in many regions of the southern and eastern part of the Korean peninsula. The monitoring for distribution of M. thunbergianae was able to observed by naked eye egg sacs and pupa of male on the host until now. Therefore, this monitoring was very difficult in the low density of M. thubergianae. This experiment was conducted to use simple and practical moving cross-shaped flat trap for monitoring of M. thunbergianae. The monitoring of M. thunbergianae using the device was carried out to southern regions of the Korean peninsula. The first emergence of male showed mid. March in Namhae and late march in Busan, Jinju and Pohang. The peak of emergence showed late March in Namhae and early April in the other regions. When the number of M. thunbergianae intermediate nymph showed 58~59, 11~44 and 8~25 on 39.25 ㎠ bark area of the black pine, Pinus thubergii for 1 week, the number of captured its male adult was 58~83, 67~488 and 1~55 on the moving cross-shaped flat trap (10× 13㎝), respectively. The low density of M. thunbergianae was some few the number of capture, but there were no significant difference in its high density. Also, the number of captured its male adult was no significant in the different color (yellow, red, white and blue) of the moving cross-shaped flat trap.

Host plants of insect pest in turfgrass and ornamental tree, Popillia flavosellata (Coleoptera: Ruteridae) were investigated in golf courses and forest. Twenty six species in 18 families were observed to be fed on from this research and 22 species in 15 families were recorded newly host plants of P. flavosellata. Thus, total number of host plants of P. flavosellata were 49 species in 23 species. P. flavosellata adult mainly fed on flower of host plants. Seasonal prevalence of P. flavosellata adult was investigated in East Valley Country Club in Gwangju, Gyeonggii, Korea using Japanese beetle pheromone lure and a eugenol feeding attractant. Peak activity of P. flavosellata adult was nearby 20 June. Mean attracted number of P. flavosellata adult at peak day were 197.6 individuals/ trap/day at 2008 and 268.1 individuals at 2010. Occurrence of P. quadriguttata were very lower then P. flavosellata. Mean attracted number of P. quadriguttata adult at peak day were 17.5 individuals/trap/day at 2008 and 2.3 individuals at 2010 in same trap.

Step feed process was analyzed stoichiometrically for the optimal operation conditions in this study. In case of optimal operation conditions, minimum R (sludge recycling) value, r (internal recycling ratio) value, and n (influent allocation ratio) value for the step feed process to acquire the maximum TN removal efficiency were identified by theoretical analysis. Maximum TN removal efficiency, based on stoichiometric reaction, can be obtained by controlling n value for the step feed process.

In our present study, we investigated the effects of continentalic acid on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilm. Methanol extract of Aralia continentalis (A. continentalis) was suspended in water and sequentially partitioned with CHCl3, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and n-butanol (n-BuOH). The CHCl3 fraction showed the highest activity and an antibacterial compound against S. mutans was isolated from this preparation through various chromatography methods by bioassay guided fractionation. MS, 1H - NMR and 13C-NMR analysis showed that the active principle was continentalic acid which was confirmed to show significant inhibitory effects against S. mutans biofilm. These results may provide some scientific rationale for the traditional use these extracts for the treatment of dental diseases.

This study aims to reveal how EA affects BAX and NF-kB involved in cell deaths from global ischemia, and to do this, observes the changes of BAX and NF-kB caused by EA application after transient global ischemia. The experimental method is to give rise to global ischemia and apply EA to 27 SD rats with the particulars of being six-week-old, male, around-300 gram-weighing, and adapted to laboratory environment for more than a week, and divide them into three groups, that is, GV20 EA group(n=9), L14 EA group(n=9), no-treatment GI group(n=9), and then observe their changes of BAX and NF-kB at the time lapse of 6 hours, 9 hours and 12 hours after ischemia, using western blotting. The numerical decrease of BAX expression at the time lapse of 9 hours after EA application, though not statistically significant, was observed in GV20 EA group and L14 EA group, and the NF-kB expression appeared statistically significant decrease in GV20 EA group and L14 EA group, but the expression was higher in the group with EA application. Therefore, EA application at the early phase of global ischemia is considered to affect BAX and NF-kB and play a positive role in decreasing apoptosis and cell deaths by inflammation.

The effects of high energy ball-milling (HEBM) on the sintering behavior and piezoelectric properties of 0.1 wt% doped 0.8Pb()-0.2Pb() (PMN-PZT) ceramics were investigated. It was found that HEBM treatment was quite effective to reduce the average particle size down to 300 nm, leading to increased density as well as enhanced piezoelectric properties of a sintered specimen even though prolonged HEBM resulted in unwanted secondary phases that caused a degradation of piezoelectric properties. The dielectric constant (), piezoelectric coupling factor () and piezoelectric constant of 0.1 wt% doped PMN-PZT ceramics prepared via HEBM for 10 h reached 2040, 0.68 and 554 pC/N, respectively.

The effects of doping on the crystal structure, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric properties of (K,Na) (KNN) ceramics have been investigated. was found to be effective in enhancing the densification and grain growth during sintering. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that Mn ions substituted B-site Nb ions up to 2 mol%, however, further doping induced unwanted secondary phases. In comparison with undoped KNN ceramics, the well developed microstructure and the substitution to B-sites in 2 mol% Mn-doped KNN ceramics resulted in significant improvements in both piezoelectric coupling coefficient and electromechanical quality factor.

This study was conducted to investigate the change of moth communities by the effect of forest fire in Samcheok, Korea. Moths were collected 4 times a year from 2006 to 2009 with UV light traps at 3sites: Unburned area (Site 1), Surface fire area (Site 2), and Crown fire area (Site 3). A total of 3,804 individuals belonging to 727 species from 30 families were captured at the 3 sites. A total of 3,804 individuals belonging to 727 species from 30 families were captured at the 3 sites: 1,727 individuals of 505 species (27 families) at Site 1, 1,193 individuals of 353 species (24 families) at Site 2, 885 individuals of 340 species (25 families). The index of similarity (Index α) was higher between Site 2 and 3 in 2006, while higher between Site 1 and 2 in 2009. Moths were grouped into 16 categories by hosts of the larva stage. Based on our results, we discussed the change of moth communities by the effect of forest fire.

Luteal cells produce progesterone that supports pregnancy. Steroidogenesis requires coordination of the anabolic and catabolic pathways of lipid metabolism. In the present study, the corpus luteum (CL) in early pregnancy established from luteal phase and pregnant phase was analyzed. The first study determined progesterone changes in the bovine CL at day 19 (early maternal recognition period) and day 90 in mid-pregnancy and compared them to the CL from day 12 of the estrous cycle. CL alternation was tested using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI- TOF). Comparing CL from luteal phase to those from pregnant phase counterparts, significant changes in expression level were found in 23 proteins. Of these proteins 17 were not expressed in pregnant phase CL but expressed in luteal phase counterpart, whereas, the expression of the other 6 proteins was limited only in pregnant phase CL. Among these proteins, vimentin is considered to be involved in regulation of post-implantation development. In particular, vimentin may be used as marker for CL development during pregnancy because the expression level changed considerably in pregnant phase CL tissue compared with its luteal phase counterpart. Data from 2-DE suggest that protein expression was disorientated in mid pregnancy from luteal phase, but these changes was regulated with progression of pregnancy. These findings demonstrate CL development during mid-pregnancy from luteal phase and suggest that alternations of specific CL protein expression may be involved in maintenance of pregnancy.

The research discussed in this paper was conducted to evaluate an intensive English teacher training program (IETTP) and to consider implications for in-service English teacher education. Data was gathered from a variety of sources including trainees’ self-evaluation of their teaching and English language proficiency, feedback on sessions of the program, interviews, and documents. The analysis of the gathered data revealed that the trainees perceived their teaching improved. The comparison of the pre- and post-tests of language skills showed that the level of the trainees’ English language significantly improved. The trainees’ feedback on the program and the trainers revealed that they were satisfied with the course components, and with the trainers’ enthusiasm, materials, motivation and demonstrations. It was also found that the program management was process-focused; the evaluation was conducted on a regular basis and the results were fed back into the program. The findings of the program evaluation supported the conclusion that the trainees benefitted from the programs and that the goals of the training program were achieved at a satisfactory level in most areas. The findings provide guidelines for the further development of IETTPs, and implications for policy-making on English teacher education.

Boron doped fullerene C60 (B:C60) films were prepared by the thermal evaporation of C60 powder using argon plasma treatment. The morphology and structural characteristics of the thin films were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) and x-ray photo electron spectroscopy (XPS). The electrochemical application of the boron doped fullerene film as a coating layer for silicon anodes in lithium ion batteries was also investigated. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements were applied to the B:C60 coated silicon electrodes at a scan rate of 0.05 mVs-1. The CV results show that the B:C60 coating layer act as a passivation layer with respect to the insertion and extraction of lithium ions into the silicon film electrode.

We prepared polycarbonate (PC)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) nanocomposites by co-rotating twin screw extruder at 533 K. Thermal analysis results indicate that the miscibility of PC and PMMA is enhanced by MWCNTs. Bead necklace-like morphology of PMMA-rich phase is observed in PC/PMMA/MWCNT nanocomposites with increasing PMMA weight fraction due to the bead necklace-like morphology. The tensile strength of PC/PMMA (75/25)/MWCNT (1 wt.%) nanocomposite is 3% higher than those of PC/PMMA (75/25) alloy. Suppression of die swell by MWCNT filler is observed in the melt flow of PC/PMMA/MWCNT nanocomposites during extrusion.

The toxicity of methanol extract from 28 plants toward four agricultural insect pests were examined using contact toxicity bioassay with spray methods. At a concentration of 1,000 ppm Achyranthes japonica whole body was observed strong activity against Myzus persicae. Paeonia lactiflora root and Corydalis turtschaninovii rhizome methanol extract were observed strong activity toward Tetranychus urticae. Catalpa ovata leaf and Ginkgo biloba leaf and stem methanol extracts were revealed high activity toward Nilaparvata lugens. Actium lap root methanol extract was observed moderate activity against Plutella xylostella. High or moderate insecticidal activity of plant extracts were listed in Fig.1. These plant resource, particularly plant methanol extract or insecticidal constituents, merit further as potential insect pest control agents or leads because of their great activity as a insecticide.