Both Nilaparvata lugens Stål and Laodelphax striatellus Fallén has been known as the major rice pests which were irregularly migrated into Korea by wind current from China. We re-arranged and compared the resistance profiles to detect the existence convergent adaptation by using the previously published dataset (N. lugens at 2014, 17:711-716 and L. Striatellus at 2016, 19:247-252 in J. Asia Pac. Entomol., respectively). Both species commonly exhibited the high level of resistance to imidacloprids. Especially, the immigrant populations of L. Striatellus exhibited higher resistance level to indigenous populations, suggesting that they would settle down in Korea with insecticide resistance traits being predisposed. To detect the convergent adaptation to insecticide, pearson correlation analysis were employed by comparing mean dosage of LD50 and resistance ratio to nine insecticides. Strikingly, high and similar dosage responses were observed between the two species with high correlation coefficients of 0.928 (df=7, P <0.001) and 0.950 (df=7, P <0.001), respectively, in the comparison of LD50 vs. resistance ratio. This finding indicates that convergent adaption has occurred in both species through consistent selection by insecticides with similar usage patterns.

The bean bug, Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae), is a major pest of soybean and tree fruit in Korea. To protect crops, chemical insecticides have been widely used. However, the effects of insecticides is not only reduce the pest population but also change of pest behavior. In this study, we tested the effects of two insecticides, etofenprox (pyrethroid) and acetamiprid (neonicotinoid), on the behavior of R. pedestris. Two insecticides were diluted with water based on the conventional spray dose. After exposed to insecticide residue, adult R. pedestris was put individually into a clean petri dish with soybean. The behavior of R. pedestris was video-recorded for 16 hours. The frequencies of approaching to food and feeding were compared to the untreated control group. R. pedestris exposed to etofenprox made more frequent approaching to the food, but those exposed to acetamiprid made less frequent approaching compared to the control group. When compared to the control group, the feeding frequency of acetamiprid-exposed group was significantly reduced but etofenprox-exposed group showed more frequent feeding activity. In both treatments, the feeding probability, calculated by feeding frequency divided by approaching frequency, was reduced compared to the control. We conclude that acetamiprid may protect crops by reducing the frequency of R. pedestris to approach and feed on crops.

Repetitive applications of drugs to tumor tissues and animals induced resistance and/or tolerances which caused severe problem in agriculture and medicine. However, we still do not clearly understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying development of resistance and tolerance to chemicals. Drosophila is one of the most widely used model for studying fundamental phenomena in sciences using its available genetic and genomic resources. To investigate unknown molecular and cellular basis of drug resistance development, we applied Drosophila with two different concentrations of a chemical after treating them with Ethyl methanesulfonate mutatgenesis. We found that flies treating with two different concentration of chemicals showed different susceptibility to a chemical. We have established two different lines showing different susceptibility to a chemical. We will use these lines to compare any differences in mRNA expression profiling and enzyme activities. (This work was supported by project title: Investigation on cross drug resistance mechanisms using Drosophila as a model (PJ010821032016) from Rural Development Administration).

Coccoidea (scale insects and mealybugs) are some of the most potentially detrimental pests for agriculture and ornamental plant industries in worldwide and the same in Cambodia and Laos. Scale insects were collected on branches, leaves, peduncles, petioles and fruits of hosts in January to July, 2015 and February, 2016. Previously, Coccoidea fauna of Cambodia and Laos comprise 41 and 35 species respectively. Recently we collected 25 species belong to 3 families of Coccoidea. Among these, nine species are first found in these countries; [Coccidae] Ceroplastes ceriferus (Fabricius, 1798) in Laos, Ceroplastes stellifer (Westwood 1871) in Cambodia, Milviscutulus mangiferae (Green, 1904) in Laos and Cambodia, [Pseudococcidae] Kiritshenkella sacchari (Green, 1900), Phenacoccus parvus (Morrison, 1924 ) in Laos, Palmicultor lumpurensis (Takahashi, 1951) in Cambodia, Rastrococcus invadens (Williams,1986) in Cambodia and Laos, [Diaspididae] Aulacaspis tubercularis (Newstead, 1906) in Cambodia, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell, 1879) in Laos and Cambodia.

Temperature as a major environmental factor affects on organisms on various levels including molecular, physiological, behavioral and ecological levels. Transient receptor potential channels (TRPs) are a cation channel family. Among them, thermo-TRPs are known as a thermosensor. The potential role of thermo-TRPs have been identified in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, in thermotaxis and in thermal acclimation. With RNA interference (RNAi) technique, the role of thermo-TRPs in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, was identified by measuring thermal avoidance behavior in a behavioral assay. RNAi of trpA1 reduced high temperature avoidance, 39 and 42 °C. Moreover, the effects of RNAi of thermo-TRPs on the heat-induced knockout and the death after short exposure to high temperature was measured after one minute exposure at 52 °C, either with or without a 42 °C 10-minute thermal acclimation period. Even though it was relatively short time exposure to high temperature, it was enough to induce high temperature thermal acclimation. RNAi of trpA1 made faster knockout at 52 °C. With RNAi of painless, the recovery rates from heat-induced knockout after thermal acclimation. RNAi of pyrexia reduced long-term total survivorship without thermal acclimation.

The purpose of this study was to identify correlations among the continence function, cognitive function, and activities of daily living(ADL) in elderly male patients with dementia in geriatric hospitals. The subjects were 64 patients aged 65 or above who were diagnosed with dementia among the hospitalized male patients in a geriatric hospital. For the subjects' cognitive function, a questionnaire developed for the Korean Mini Mental Status Examination(K-MMSE) was used. For the continence function and ADL, data were collected using a patient evaluation table. As a result, a lower level of cognitive function resulted in corresponding higher levels of dependence in all items of ADL except bathing(p<.05), and a lower level of cognitive function led to corresponding declines in the continence function(bowel control, bladder control)(p<.01). In addition, a higher level of dependence in ADL resulted in corresponding higher levels of difficulty in bowel and bladder control(p<.01). This study showed correlations among the cognitive function, ADL, and continence function of elderly men with dementia. The results of this study may be used as basic data for the management and treatment of hospitalized elderly male patients with dementia in geriatric hospitals.

A simplified prerequisite program is a basic element for an effective HACCP system operating in small meat packaging plants. We analyzed current configuration of the prerequisite evaluation checklists and classified according to two categories of general hygiene management and prerequisite requirements. The general hygiene management items overlapping with non-HACCP plant evaluation items were excluded except for the high rate of non-compliances. Non-compliance rates were calculated to determine the weak points of the current prerequisite program operation, and the potential risk elements were included in the simplified prerequisite requirements. The data used for the analysis of non-compliance rates were from the HACCP accreditation evaluation inspection reports by the Korea Livestock Products HACCP Accreditation Service. Of the existing 54 evaluation items, we selected 37 core items as simplified prerequisite requirements for meat packaging plants. In addition, we recommended simple modification of the evaluation items, with one item for evaluation of one check point.

Taereung National Training Center is the most significant place in elite sports history of Modern Korea. There is filled with the collective memory of athletes even most of the Korean. This study interpreted an implicit meaning, symbol, action and relation to the place of memory. For this purpose were conducted open interviews and applied to the cultural valuation model. It sought to reveal the intrinsic value of cultural heritage for the conservation. As a result, the center is the cradle of elite sports, sense of kinship and Patriot on Korea. However, the site also has various places of memory where are contained intrinsic meaning and iconic symbol. For example, Wolgaegwan and rope-climbing show the place as a field of publicity for the raising of patriot on Korean. Mt. Buram training course remembers the place as a comradeship and specific training landscape for insiders, although not an official training ground. Playground means a rootage of athletes. Dormitories and champion house show the place of communication and rest as an ordinary life. Besides, gold medal, a symbol of perspiration and impression, and Dr. Min, the father of the center, are also important places of memory. This paper attempt to reveal the intrinsic values of authenticity and integrity of the modern cultural landscape. This study is an initial research about the place of memory. It will help to understand not only cultural heritage but also urban and landscape.

캐러독 에반스는 단편집 『마이 피플』을 통하여 웨일즈 인들의 삶을 지배해 왔던 비국교주의를 신랄하게 비판한다. 웨일즈의 신앙과 문화, 관습을 비판적으 로 인식했던 20세기 웨일즈 문학의 선두주자로 평가되는 에반스는 비국교주의 의 타락을 작품의 주제로 삼아, 가부장적인 남성신을 섬기는 율법 중심의 폐쇄 적인 공동체를 그려내었다. 『마이 피플』에서 그의 비판 대상은 예배당의 목사 와 장로들뿐만 아니라 예배당 중심의 공동체 바깥에 위치한 거짓 예언자와 가 난한 노파에까지 다양하다. 이들은 모두 구약적인 세계관에 근거하여 성경과 말 씀을 문자 그대로 고수하거나 자신들의 이익을 추구하기 위해 의도적으로 오역 하는 잘못을 저지른다. 성경의 자유로운 해석을 그 존재의 근거로 시작되었던 웨일즈의 비국교주의는 웨일즈인의 선민의식과 율법주의에 기초한 예배당 중심 의 신앙생활을 강조하는 방식으로 제도화되었고, 공동체 내의 어느 구성원도 비 국교주의의 부정적 영향력으로부터 자유롭지 못함을 작품에서 보여준다.

The marine microalgae Isochrysis galbana was cultured under various light–emitting diode (LED) light conditions with different wavelengths to examine changes in growth and in amino acid and fatty acid profiles. The culture conditions for the microalgae were Conway medium, salinity of 33 psu, temperature of 24°C, and a 16/8 h light/dark photoperiod. Six light sources, including 5 units of 180W LED lamps (peak wavelength: blue [LB] 470 nm; green [LG] 525 nm; yellow [LY] 595 nm; red [LR] 636 nm; white [LW] 442 nm) and 1 unit of a 175W metal halide (MH) lamp, were used for the experiment. The dry cell weights (gL–1) of I. galbana under different light conditions were in the order of LW>LB≥MH>LR>LG>LY. Levels of essential amino acids were revealed to be significantly higher under LW, LG, and MH than under the other wavelengths (P<0.05). The fatty acid, unsaturated fatty acid, and DHA contents of I. galbana were higher under MH, LW, and LG. In addition, the carotenoid content was higher under MH, LW, and LG than under the other wavelengths (P<0.05). The fucoxanthin content was highest under MH (0.28%) and lowest under LY (0.2%), and it was 0.26% under LW and LG. The results indicate that the combined use of LW and LG is effective when using LED lamps for I. galbana cultivation.

히니는 그의 첫 시 땅파기 에서 “내 검지와 엄지 사이에 뭉뚝한 연필 쉬고 있네/ 나 그것으로 팔 것이요.”라고 선언했다. 그의 시를 읽은 이제까지의 결론 은 그는 산고의 고통으로 새 스타일의 시를 만들기 위해 끊임없이 노력함으로써 위의 공언을 실천했다는 것이다. 본 논문은 시집 밭일, 산사나무 등불 그리고 환영보기의 시들만을 다루지만 필자의 결론은 히니는 그의 아버지가 경작에 있어 완벽을 추구하던 장인이었던 것처럼 글쓰기의 장인이라는 것이다.

In Brazil, agricultural sector accounts for 15 percent of total employment and agricultural export takes 36 percent of the national merchandise exports. Particularly agricultural export has played an important role in Brazilian economic growth and stabilization. Brazil is a substantial agricultural exporter which obtains huge trade surplus in agricultural trade amounting USD 73,300 million. Major agricultural exports are grain and grain-processed products such as soybean, soybean cake, corn and soybean oil. Particularly soybean is the top exporting commodity in Brazil. Our Study overviews the situation of Brazilian agriculture and analyzes the export competitiveness of Brazilian soybean in the World and Korean markets. We employ several indexes such as price competitiveness, Market Share (MS), Revealed Comparative Advantage Index (RCA), and Comparative Advantage by countries (CAC) to analyze international competitiveness of Brazilian soybean. The main results of our study are as follows : First, U.S. Argentina, Paraguay and Canada are rivals with Brazil in the global soybean market. Second, Brazilian soybean has the 3rd highest price competitiveness following Paraguay and Argentina. Third, Brazilian soybean is second highest following Paraguay in a sense of export competitiveness through RCA and CAC index. Brazilian soybean has competitiveness in respect of comparative advantage not only in Korean market but also in global market. Especially CAC index of Brazilian soybean in the Korean market is higher than those of USA and China which have larger Korean market share than Brazil. However, the competition seems to be even more intensifying because Korea has already agreed on FTA with USA and China, and also Paraguay expands soybean export to Korea recently.

한반도 하늘소과의 미기록 Parechthistatus속을 처음 확인하고, Parechthistatus gibber (Bates)의 한반도 분포를 보고한다. 성충 및 유충의 사진 및 서식처 등 형태학적 정보와 생태학적 정보를 함께 제공한다.